Role of Histamine H1 Receptors in Vestibular Nucleus in Motion Sickness

Objectives To investigate the expression of histamine H1 receptors （H1R） in the vestibular nucleus of brainstem in rats and the role of H1R in motion sickness （MS）. Methods A total of 24 healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into four groups （n=6 each） which determined if the animals would receive induction of MS or drug （promethazine） treatment： MS （ - ）/Drug （ - ）; MS（＋）/Drug （ - ）; MS （ - ）/Drug （ ＋ at 0.25 mg）; and MS （ ＋ ）/ Drug（＋）. MS was induced by complex motion stimulation and the conditioned taste aversion was used as a behavioral indicator of MS. The volume of 0.15% sodium saccharin solution （SS） intake within 45 minutes after motion stimulation was measured. H1R in the vestibular nucleus was examined by immunofluorescence staining. The expression of H 1R protein in brainstem tissue at vestibular nucleus level was detected by western blot. Results The mean SS intake volume in the MS （ ＋ ）/Drug （ - ） group （8.8 ml） was significantly less than that of the MS （ - ）/Drug （ - ） group （15.1 ml） （P 〈 0.01）. The mean SS intake volume of the MS （-）/Drug （＋） group （14.8 ml） was similar to that of the MS（-）/Drug（-） group. The mean SS intake volume （9.6 ml） of the MS（＋）/Drug（＋） group was more than that of the MS（＋）/Drug（-）group （P〈0.01）, but less than that of the MS（-）/Drug（-） group or MS（-）/Drug（＋） group （P 〈 0.01）. Immunofluorescence staining showed positive expression of H1R in the vestibular nucleus of brainstem and the expression was enhanced by motion stimulation. Western blot analysis showed that H1R protein expressed in the brainstem tissue at vestibular nucleus level and the expression also increased significantly after motion stimulation. The MS-induced increase of H1R was not affected significantly by promethazine. Conclusions H1Rs exist in the vestibular nucleus in rats and H 1R expression is up-regulated by motion stimulation, but not affected by promethazine. The findings indicate that the histaminergic system is involved in MS. Promethazine, as an H1R blocker, may play its anti-MS role by competing the binding site on H1Rs with histamine rather than inhibiting H1R expression.

In vivo immunomodulatory profile of histamine receptors(H1,H2,H3 and H4):a comparative antagonists study

Objective:To delineate the comparative immunomodulatory roles of H1R-H4R in antibody generation profile in rabbit model.Methods:The cohort comprised of eight groups containing 18(9 male and 9 female) rabbits in each group.GroupⅠremained non-immunized and received only vehicle(sterile distilled water,1 mL/kg×b.i.d.) intramuscularly.GroupⅡreceived vehicle (1 mL/kg×b.i.d.) while GroupsⅢ-Ⅶ(drugs-treated) received subcutaneous histamine (100μg/kg×b.i.d.),and intramuscular H1R-antagonist(pheniramine,10 mg/kg×b.i.d.), H2R-antagonist(ranitidine,10 mg/kg×b.i.d.),H3R-antagonist(iodophenpropit,1μg/kg×b.i.d.) and H4R-antagonist(JNJ 7777120,10μg/kg×b.i.d.),and GroupⅧDMSO(1 mL/kg×b.i.d.),respectively for 10 days(starting from day 1).They were subsequendy immunized with intravenous injection of sheep red blood cells(SRBC) at day 3.The estimation of serum Igs,IgM and IgG were done by ELISA,and observed at day 0(pre-immunization),and 7,14,21,28 and 58(post-immunization).Results:It was shown that histamine and HRs-antagonists could influence a detectable antibody response to SRBC as early as day 7-post-immunization(post-Ⅰ), which lasted until day 58 post-Ⅰ.The results were found statistically significant(P【0.05,). Conclusions:This study suggests that histamine receptors play important roles in modulation of antibody generation in which H1R,H2R and H4R have immunosuppressive roles and conversely, H3R playes an immune enhancing role.The findings of this study may have clinical significance and provide the baseline information for future study.

H_1 and H_2 receptors in the locus ceruleus are involved in the intracere-broventricular histamine-induced carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex reset-ting in rats

Objective To investigate the role of H1 and H2 receptors in the locus ceruleus （LC） in carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex （CSR） resetting induced by intracerebroventricular （i.c.v.） injection of histamine （HA）. Methods The left and right carotid sinus regions were isolated from the systemic circulation in 18 male Sprague-Dawley rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. The intracarotid sinus pressure （ISP） was altered in a stepwise manner in vivo. ISP-mean arterial pressure （MAP） relationship curve and its characteristic parameters were constructed by fitting to the logistic function with five parameters. The changes in CSR performance induced by i.c.v. HA and the effects of pretreatment with H1 or H2 receptors selective antagonist, chlorpheniramine （CHL） or cimetidine （CIM） into the LC, on the responses of CSR to HA were examined. Results I.c.v. HA （100 ng in 5 μl） significantly shifted the ISP-MAP relationship curve upwards （P 〈 0.05） and obviously decreased the value of the reflex parameters such as MAP range and maximum gain （P 〈 0.05）, but increased the threshold pressure, saturation pressure and ISP at maximum gain （P 〈 0.05）. The pretreatment with CHL （0.5 μg in 1 μl） or CIM （1.5 μg in 1 μl） into the LC could obviously attenuate the changes mentioned above in CSR performance induced by HA, but the alleviative effect of CIM was less remarkable than that of CHL （P 〈 0.05）. Respective microinjection of CHL or CIM alone into the LC with the corresponding dose and volume did not change CSR performance significantly （P 〉 0.05）. Conclusion Intracerebroventricular administration of HA results in a rapid resetting of CSR and a decrease in reflex sensitivity, and the responses of CSR to HA may be mediated, at least in part, by H1 and H2 receptors activities in the LC, especially by H1 receptors. Moreover, the effects of the central HA on CSR might be related to a histaminergic descending pathway from the hypothalamus to LC.

Changes in hippocampal histamine receptors in rats after treatment with Trimeresurus albolabris venom

BACKGROUND： It has been demonstrated that histamine and its receptors in the hippocampus play an important role in memory and/or learning behaviors.OBJECTIVE： To investigate the expression levels of the histamine receptor gene and protein in the hippocampi of rats prior to and after administration of Trimeresurus albolabris venom using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） and Western blot techniques. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A controlled observation based on cellular protein level was performed in the College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University between March 2005 and April 2007. MATERIALS： Eighty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were provided by the Laboratory Animal Center of the Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA. The lyophilized powder of Trimeresurus albolabris venom was collected from Jin-Hu-Shan in Chongqing, China. METHODS： Twenty rats were randomly and evenly divided into an experimental group and a control group The experimental group was subcutaneously injected with 0.65 mg/mL Trimeresurus albolabris venom, 0.5 mL for each rat. The control group was subcutaneously injected with an equal amount of 0.9% physiological saline. Prior to and after injection, rats from these two groups were placed in the Morris Water Maze for recording of path length and escape latency. The remaining 60 rats were randomly allocated to another experimental group （n = 50） and another control group （n = 10）. Rats were correspondingly injected as described above. At different time points （0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 hours after injection）, rats were decapitated and bilateral hippocampal tissues were dissociated （approximately 100 mg for each sample）. Then, the acquired hippocampal tissue was immediately preserved at -70 ℃ for subsequent experiments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： （1） The levels of histamine receptor （including H1R, H2R, and H3R） mRNA and protein in the hippocampi of rats were measured prior to and after injection of Trimeresurus albolabris venom using RT-PCR and Western Blot techniques. （2） Escape latency （namely, time to reach a platform） and path length were examined by Morris Water Maze testing. RESULTS： All 80 rats were included in the final analysis. In the experimental group, the level of mRNA for H3R receptor in rat hippocampi was just slightly changed, but the level of H3R receptor protein was significantly down-regulated compared with that in the control group （P 〈 0.05）. Both mRNA and protein levels for H1R receptor were initially downregulated and then recovered to normal levels. Expression of H2R receptor mRNA was initially upregulated, then downregulated, and finally restored to the control level. The level of H2R receptor protein showed a tendency for downregulation. In the Morris Water Maze testing, escape latency and path length were significantly longer in the experimental group than in the control group （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Within three hours of injection with Trimeresurus albolabris venom, mRNA and protein levels of most histamine receptors in rat hippocampi were downregulated. Such changes possibly contribute to an impairment of memory and/or learning behaviors in rats following injection of Trimeresurus albolabris venom.

Imetit Dihydrobromide and Thioperamide Medication in Cough Hypersensitivity Model—The Role of H3 Receptors

Chronic cough is a troublesome problem and it is frequently associated with diseases such as gastroesophageal reflux, asthma and upper airway diseases—so called diagnostic triade. The magnitude and severity of cough is strongly associated with the ongoing nasal inflammation in subjects with rhinosinusitis and treatment of nasal inflammation leads to the down regulation of pathologically up-regulated cough. Histamine plays a key role in the inflammation of the upper airways of different aetiologies;therefore histamine receptors seem to be promising targets. The aim of our study was to ascertain the effect of H3R agonist imetit and H3R antagonist thioperamide on cough and symptoms of allergic rhinitis (AR) in an animal model of upper airway cough syndrome in ovalbumin sensitized guinea pigs. OVA sensitized guinea pigs (n = 10) were repeatedly challenged with i.n. allergen-OVA to induce allergic rhinitis and to enhance cough reflex according to the validated model of experimental allergic rhinitis. Animals were pre-treated by i.p. administration of imetit (1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg of body weight) and thioperamide 30 min. prior i.n. OVA administration. Rhinitis evaluation was based on the occurrence of typical symptoms. The effect on cough was assessed from the response to inhalation of citric acid (0.4 M, 10 min), final cough count and cough latency were analysed from the airflow traces, cough motor pattern and the cough sound. AR up-regulated the cough response from 9 ± 2 to 16 ± 1 cough per provocation, med ± IQR, p < 0.05 and shortened cough latency. Imetit (1 mg/kg) suppressed nasal symptoms and decreased number of cough from 16 ± 1 to 12 ± 1;however the data did not reach significance. Imetit (2 mg/kg) significantly suppressed the nasal symptoms, and number of coughs from 16 ± 1 to 6 ± 2, med ± IQR, p < 0.05. Thioperamide (5 mg/kg of body weight) did not have expected effects on tested parameters. H3R agonist imetit, unlike H3R antagonist thioperamide has antitussive potential and ability to suppress nasal symptoms in animal model of allergic rhinitis.

Histamine Excites Rat GABAergic Ventral Pallidum Neurons via Co-activation of H1 and H2 Receptors

The ventral pallidum(VP) is a crucial component of the limbic loop of the basal ganglia and participates in the regulation of reward, motivation, and emotion.Although the VP receives afferent inputs from the central histaminergic system, little is known about the effect of histamine on the VP and the underlying receptor mechanism. Here, we showed that histamine, a hypothalamicderived neuromodulator, directly depolarized and excited the GABAergic VP neurons which comprise a major cell type in the VP and are responsible for encoding cues of incentive salience and reward hedonics. Both postsynaptic histamine H1 and H2 receptors were found to be expressed in the GABAergic VP neurons and co-mediate the excitatory effect of histamine. These results suggested that the central histaminergic system may actively participate in VP-mediated motivational and emotional behaviors via direct modulation of the GABAergic VP neurons. Our findings also have implications for the role of histamine and the central histaminergic system in psychiatric disorders.

Exosome-transported IncRNA H19 regulates insulin-like growth factor-1 via the H19/let-7a/insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor axis in ischemic stroke

LncRNA(long non-coding RNA) H19 is a transcript of the H19 gene that is expressed during embryogenesis.We previously discove red a role for circular lncRNA H19 in the onset and prognosis of cerebral ischemic stroke.In this study,we used serum from patients with ischemic stroke,and mouse and cell culture models to elucidate the roles of plasma and neuronal exosomes in the regulatory effect of lncRNA H19 on insulin-like growth factor-1 and its mechanism in ischemic stroke,using western blotting,quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction,and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.Plasma exosomal IncRNA H19 was negatively associated with blood levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 in samples from patients with cerebral ischemic stroke.In a mouse model,levels of exosomal IncRNA H19 were positively correlated with plasma and cerebral lncRNA H19.In a cell co-culture model,we confirmed that IncRNA H19 was transported from neuro ns to astrocytes by exosomes to induce downregulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 through the H19/let-7 a/insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor axis.This study provides the first evidence for the transpo rtation of IncRNA H19 by exosomes and the relationship between IncRNA H19 and insulinlike growth factor-1.

Effects of splice sites on the intron retention in histamine H_3 receptors from rats and mice

In the alternative splicing, intron retention, of histamine H3 receptors in rats and mice, the short transcript isoforms that are excised alternatively spliced introns are easily detected in a very low level in rats and are undetectable in mice using the regular PCR protocol. The retained introns have common 5＇ splice site and different 3＇ splice sites. The detailed mechanism for the special alternative splicing remains largely unclear. In this study, we developed a minigene splicing system to recapitulate natural alternative splicing of the receptors and investigated the effects of 5＇ and 3＇ splice sites on intron retention in HeLa cells. Mutating weak 5＇ and 3＇ splice sites of the alternatively spliced introns toward the canonical consensus sequences promoted the splicing of the corresponding introns in rat and mouse minigenes. The effect of splice site strength was context-dependent and much more sigiaificant for the 3＇ splice site of the longer alternative intron than for the 3＇ splice site of the shorter alternative intron and the common 5＇ splice sites; it was also more significant in the rat minigene than in the mouse minigene. Mutating the 3＇ splice site of the longer alternative intron resulted in almost complete splicing of the intron and made the corresponding isoform to become the nearly exclusive transcript in the rat minigene.

组胺H 1受体激动剂通过Akt/NF-κB通路抑制脂多糖诱导的星形胶质细胞炎症反应

目的探讨组胺H 1受体(histamine H 1 receptor,H 1R)对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导的星形胶质细胞炎症反应的影响及其调控机制。方法采用LPS建立体外星形胶质细胞炎症模型,随机将大鼠原代星形胶质细胞分为对照组、LPS组、LPS+H 1R激动剂组(2-pyridylethlamine,Pyri)和H 1R激动剂组。对照组仅加入培养液,LPS+H 1R激动剂组提前在培养液中加入100μmol·L-1的Pyri,1 h后再加入终浓度为100μg·L-1的LPS。CCK-8法检测细胞活性;免疫荧光法检测活化标记物GFAP和H 1R的表达;倒置相差显微镜下观察星形胶质细胞的形态变化;ELISA法检测细胞上清中炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6水平;Western blot检测p-Akt、Akt、p-NF-κB p65、NF-κB p65的蛋白表达。结果与对照组比较,LPS组星形胶质细胞分支和辐射状突起减少,GFAP表达增加,细胞表面H 1R表达下调,上清液中TNF-α和IL-6含量增加,Akt和NF-κB p65的磷酸化水平明显增加;与LPS组相比,LPS+H 1R激动剂组激活态星形胶质细胞减少,GFAP表达降低,培养基上清中TNF-α和IL-6的含量明显下降,Akt和NF-κB p65的磷酸化表达明显降低。结论H 1R激动剂能够抑制LPS诱导的星形胶质细胞活化和炎症因子的表达,且Akt/NF-κB通路可能是H 1R参与星形胶质细胞免疫调节的重要途径。

雷公藤多苷联合他克莫司及激素治疗难治性肾病综合征的效果及对血清sTNF-R1、IGFBP-2、CFH水平的影响

目的 探讨雷公藤多苷联合他克莫司及激素治疗难治性肾病综合征(RNS)的疗效对血清可溶性肿瘤坏死因子受体1(s TNF-R1)、胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-2(IGFBP-2)、补体因子H(CFH)水平的影响。方法 研究对象为2018年8月至2021年8月于江南大学附属医院治疗的RNS患者102例,以随机数字表法分为对照组(n=51,采取甲泼尼龙片加他克莫司胶囊治疗)和观察组(n=51,在对照组基础上给予雷公藤多苷片治疗)。评估两组的治疗效果、血清相关指标,统计两组的不良反应。结果 观察组治疗总有效率(96.08%)高于对照组(80.39%)(χ^(2)=6.044,P=0.014);治疗后,观察组患者血清白蛋白、CFH水平[分别为(36.54±8.11) g·L^(-1)、(586.20±100.72)μg·m L^(-1)],高于对照组[分别为(32.58±6.12) g·L^(-1)、(540.11±100.47)μg·m L^(-1)],差异均有统计学意义(t=2.783,P=0.006;t=2.314,P=0.023);观察组患者24 h尿蛋白、肌酐、s TNF-R1、IGFBP-2水平[分别为(2.67±0.69) g、(82.25±16.13)μmol·L^(-1)、(1.56±0.45) ng·m L^(-1)、(51.34±10.44) ng·m L^(-1)],低于对照组[分别为(3.24±1.02) g、(92.68±17.35)μmol·L^(-1)、(1.91±0.58) ng·m L^(-1)、(57.79±12.58) ng·m L^(-1)],差异均有统计学意义(t=3.306,P=0.001;t=3.135,P=0.002;t=3.405,P=0.001;t=2.820,P=0.005);观察组复发率(1.96%)低于对照组(13.73%)(χ^(2)=4.883,P=0.027)。结论 公藤多苷联合他克莫司及激素治疗RNS效果佳,降低复发率,改善肾功能,减轻炎症,有望作为辅助治疗RNS的药物。

H型高血压患者血清DcR3、ADAMTS13浓度与其心血管功能及预后的关系

目的探究H型原发性高血压(高血压)患者血清诱骗受体3(decoy receptor 3,DcR3)、含1型血小板反应蛋白基序的去整合素金属蛋白酶13(A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with A thrombospondin type 1 motif member 13,ADAMTS13)浓度与其心血管功能及预后的关系。方法选取大庆市人民医院2020年6月至2022年6月收治的132例高血压患者作为观察对象,根据同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)浓度分为非H型高血压组40例和H型高血压组92例,根据预后情况将H型高血压患者分为预后良好组和预后不良组,并选择同期来大庆市人民医院健康体检的成年人70名作为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附试验法检测受试者血清中DcR3、ADAMTS13浓度,Pearson法分析血清中DcR3、ADAMTS13浓度与心血管功能指标的相关性,多因素Logistic回归分析H型高血压患者1年预后不良的影响因素。绘制受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)分析血清DcR3、ADAMTS13浓度对H型高血压患者1年预后不良的预测价值。结果与对照组[(122.28±32.34)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)、(48.16±8.65)mmHg、(8.59±1.25)mm、(118.34±34.25)g/m2、(1.48±0.34)g/L、(57.15±14.94)mg/L、(1.45±0.31)、70.28%±15.21%]比较,H型高血压组患者的收缩压[(139.35±38.21)mmHg]、脉压[(57.37±11.75)mmHg]、左心室后壁厚度(posterior wall thickness,PWT)[(11.69±2.00)mm]以及左心室质量指数(left ventricular mass index,LVMI)[(148.54±38.22)g/m2]显著升高,DcR3[(0.74±0.19)g/L]、ADAMTS13浓度[(14.13±4.62)mg/L]、二尖瓣舒张早期血流峰值/二尖瓣舒张晚期血流峰值(E-peak to A-peak of the mitral flow spectrum,E/A)(0.65±0.13)、左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)(64.26%±12.75%)显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与非H型高血压组患者组比较,H型高血压组患者的DcR3、ADAMTS13浓度及E/A显著降低,LVMI显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。H型高血压组患者血清中DcR3、ADAMTS13浓度均与收缩压、脉压和LVMI呈负相关(P<0.05),而与E/A、LVEF呈正相关(P<0.05)。预后不良组患者的年龄显著高于预后良好组,E/A(0.38±0.07)、DcR3[(0.45±0.13)g/L]、ADAMTS13浓度[(8.45±2.11)mg/L]显著低于预后良好组[0.75±0.11、(0.85±0.27)g/L、(16.25±4.85)mg/L],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。DcR3、ADAMTS13是H型高血压患者预后不良的保护因素(P<0.05)。血清DcR3、ADAMTS13浓度单独及二者联合预测H型高血压患者1年发生预后不良的曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)分别为0.906、0.844、0.950。结论H型高血压疾病患者血清DcR3、ADAMTS13浓度降低,与心血管功能及预后密切相关,对该疾病的预后评估有重要价值。

辛芩颗粒联合H1受体拮抗剂治疗变应性鼻炎实验研究

目的探索辛芩颗粒联合H1受体拮抗剂氯雷他定对豚鼠变应性鼻炎(allergic rhinitis,AR)模型的治疗作用和对P物质(substanceP,SP)及其受体(substance P receptor,SP-R)mRNA表达的影响。方法 36只清洁级豚鼠随机分为4组,每组9只,分别为AR模型无干预组(A组)、辛芩颗粒干预组(B组)、H1受体拮抗剂氯雷他定干预组(C组)、辛芩颗粒联合氯雷他定干预组(D组)。各组分别给予不同药物干预后进行喷嚏、抓鼻、呼吸频率的行为学观察,同时应用免疫组化检测鼻中隔黏膜中SP分泌,逆转录聚合酶链反应测定鼻中隔黏膜中SP-R mRNA表达。结果各组间在喷嚏、抓鼻、呼吸频率、SP细胞计数及SP-R mRNA的相对表达量比较均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。实验分析显示,辛芩颗粒联合氯雷他定对上述影响具有协同作用(P值均<0.05)。结论辛芩颗粒联合氯雷他定在缓解豚鼠AR的症状,减少鼻黏膜中SP阳性细胞数量以及降低SP-R mRNA的表达优于单独用药组,并且具有协同作用。

New mutational trends in the HA protein of 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus from May 2010 to February 2011

As we enter the year of 2011, the 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus is in the news again. At least 20 people have died of this virus in China since the beginning of 2011 and it is now the predominant flu strain in the country. Although this novel virus was quite stable during its run in the flu season of 2009-2010, a genetic variant of this virus was found in Singapore in early 2010, and then in Australia and New Zealand during their 2010 winter influenza season. Several critical mutations in the HA protein of this variant were uncovered in the strains collected from January 2010 to April 2010. Moreover, a structural homology model of HA from the A/Brisbane/10/2010(H1N1) strain was made based on the structure of A/California/04/2009 (H1N1). The purpose of this study was to investigate mutations in the HA protein of 2009 H1N1 from sequence data collected worldwide from May 2010 to February 2011. A fundamental problem in bioinformatics and biology is to find the similar gene sequences for a given gene sequence of interest. Here we proposed the inverse problem, i.e., finding the exemplars from a group of related gene sequences. With a clustering algorithm affinity propagation, six exemplars of the HA sequences were identified to represent six clusters. One of the clusters contained strain A/Brisbane/12/2010(H1N1) that only differed from A/Brisbane/10/2010 in the HA sequence at position 449. Based on the sequence identity of the six exemplars, nine mutations in HA were located that could be used to distinguish these six clusters. Finally, we discovered the change of correlation patterns for the HA and NA of 2009 H1N1 as a result of the HA receptor binding specificity switch, revealing the balanced interplay between these two surface proteins of the virus.

探讨CRTh2、CysLT1R及H1R在支气管哮喘患者外周血CD3^(+)CD56^(+)NKT细胞中的表达

目的:探讨Th2细胞趋化因子同源分子(chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells,CRTh2)、半胱氨酸白三烯受体1(cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor,CysLT1R)及组胺1型受体(histamine 1 receptor,H1R)在支气管哮喘(bronchial asthma,BA)患者外周血CD3^(+)CD56^(+)自然杀伤T细胞(natural killer T cells,NKT)中的表达情况及临床意义。方法:收集2020年9月至2021年9月锦州医科大学附属医院BA患者(BA组,n=40)和健康对照组(healthy control,HC组,n=38)的外周血,流式细胞仪检测BA组和HC组外周血中CRTh2、CysLT1R及H1R在CD3^(+)CD56^(+)标记的NKT细胞上的表达,同时对其与血清总IgE(total immunoglobulin E,TIgE)、呼出气一氧化氮(fractional exhaled nitric oxide,FeNO)及肺功能第一秒用力呼气量/用力肺活量%(forced expiratory volume in the first second/forced vital capacity%,FEV1/FVC%)的相关性分析。结果:BA组[22.50(15.78,29.20)]外周血CD3^(+)CD56^(+)NKT细胞百分比较HC组[27.90(21.50,32.45)]降低(P=0.024);进一步比较BA组[70.05(63.20,78.45)]CD3^(+)淋巴细胞百分比低于HC组[73.70(69.88,79.38)](P=0.035)。BA组[0.08(0.05,0.17)]CysLT1R百分比较HC组[0.16(0.10,0.34)]降低(P=0.004);BA组CRTH2、H1R百分比[1.12(0.53,1.88);5.21(1.41,10.10)]与HC组[1.17(0.60,4.25);4.61(1.42,8.53)]比较,无统计学差异(P=0.234;P=0.697)。进一步对比CRTh2、H1R的平均荧光强度(mean fluorescence intensity,MFI),BA组[925.52(623.50,1279.25)]CRTh2 MFI较HC组[1345.50(891.00,1977.75)]降低(P=0.002);BA组[769(657.50,975.00)]H1R MFI与HC组[835.00(560.00,959.25)]无统计学差异(P=0.834)。CD3^(+)CD56^(+)NKT细胞与血清TIgE、FeNO无明显相关性(r=-0.052、r=0.014),与FEV1/FVC%水平呈正相关(r=0.402,P=0.01)。CRTH2(r=0.166、r=-0.040)、CysLT1R(r=0.114、r=-0.150)及H1R(r=0.103、r=-0.096)与血清TIgE、FeNO无明显相关性。结论:CD3^(+)CD56^(+)NKT细胞可能在支气管哮喘发病过程中起重要作用,H1R在CD3^(+)CD56^(+)NKT细胞上可能不表达,CRTh2与CysLT1R在BA患者CD3^(+)CD56^(+)NKT细胞上表达减少可能会为临床精准诊疗提供依据。

Receptor binding specificity and origin of 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus

Recently, a genetic variant of 2009 H1N1 has become the predominant virus circulating in the southern hemisphere, particularly Australia and New Zealand, and in Singapore during the winter of 2010. It was associated with several vaccine breakthroughs and fatal cases. We analyzed three reported mutations D94N, N125D, and V250A in the HA protein of this genetic variant. It appeared that the reason for D94N and V250A to occur in pairs was to maintain the HA binding to human type receptor, so the virus could replicate in humans efficiently. Guided by this interpretation, we discovered a new mutation V30A that could compensate for N125D as V250A did for D94N. We demonstrated that the presence of amino acids 30A and 125N in HA enhanced the binding to human type receptor, while 30V and 125D favored the receptors of avian type and of A/South Carolina/1/18 (H1N1). Furthermore, a combination of 94D, 125D, and 250V made the primary binding preference similar to that of A/South Carolina/1/18 (H1N1) and a combination of 94N, 125D, and 250A resulted in the primary binding affinity for avian type receptor, which clearly differed from that of A/California/07/2009 (H1N1), a strain used in the vaccine for 2009 H1N1. We also re-examined the origin of 2009 H1N1 to refine our knowledge of this important issue. Although the NP, PA, PB1, and PB2 of 2009 H1N1 were closest to North American swine H3N2 in sequence identity, their interaction patterns were closest to swine H1N1 in North America.

Stimulation by nizatidine,a histamine H_2-receptor antagonist,of duodenal HCO_3^-secretion in rats:relation to anti-cholinesterase activity

AIM To examine whether nizatidine stimulates duodenal HCO_3^- secretion in rats by inhibiting AChE activity. METHODS Under pentobarbital anesthesia,a proximal duodenal loop was perfused with saline,and the HCO_3 secretion was measured at pH 7.0 using a pH-stat method and by adding 10mM HCI.Nizatidine,neostigmine,carbachol or famotidine was administered i.v.as a single injection. RESULTS Intravenous administration of nizatidine(3-30 mg/kg)dose-dependently increased duodenal HCO_3^- secretion,and the effect at 10mg/kg was equivalent to that obtained by carbachol at 0.01 mg/kg.This nizatidine action was observed at the same dose range that inhibited acid secretion and enhanced gastric motility,mimicked by i.v.injection of neostigmine(0.03 mg/kg),and significantly attenuated by bilateral vagotomy and prior s.c. administration of atropine but not by indomethacin,a cyclooxygenase inhibitor,or N^G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester,a NO synthase inhibitor.The HCO_3^- secretory response to acetylcholine(0.001 mg/kg)was significantly potentiated by the concurrent administration of nizatidine(3mg/kg,i.v.).The IC_(50)of nizatidine for AChE of rat erythrocytes was 1.4×10^(-6)M,about 12 times higher than that of neostigmine.Neither famotidine(>10^(-3)M, 30mg/kg,i.v.)nor cisapride(> 10^(-3)M, 3mg/kg,i.v.)had any influence on AChE activity or duodenal HCO_3^- secretion.Duodenal damage induced by acid perfusion(100 mM HCI for 4 h)in the presence of indomethacin was significantly prevented by nizatidine and neostigmine,at the doses that increased the HCO_3^- secretion. CONCLUSION Nizatidine stimulates duodenal HCO_3^- secretion,in both vagal-dependent and atropine-sensitive manners,and the action is associated with the anti-AChE activity of this agent.

Histamine H2 receptor deletion in glutamatergic neurons causes schizophrenia-like pheno⁃ types

OBJECTIVE Genetic variation in histamine H2 receptor(H2R)and H2R ligands are linked to schizophrenia,however little is known about how H2R contributes to pathogenesis of schizophrenia.Here,we detected a decreased expression of H2R in medial prefrontal cortex(mPFC)glutamatergic neurons in schizophrenia patients.METHODS AND RESULTS Selective knockout of H2R gene(Hrh2)in glutamatergic neurons induced schizophrenia-like behaviors including sensorimotor gating deficit,increased locomotor activity,social withdrawal and anhedo⁃nia in behavior tests,as well as reduced sponta⁃neous firing of mPFC glutamatergic neurons in electrophysiological tests.Selective deletion of the Hrh2 in mPFC glutamatergic neurons but not hippocampus glutamatergic neurons also induced such schizophrenia-like behaviors.Patch-clamp electrophysiology establishes that H2R deficiency reduced the intrinsic excitability of glutamatergic neurons by up-regulation of hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels.Fur⁃thermore,either overexpression of H2R in gluta⁃matergic neurons or activation of H2R in the mPFC reversed the MK-801-induced schizophrenia-like symptoms.CONCLUSION H2R can serve as a novel drug target given that functional deficiency of this receptor in mPFC glutamatergic neurons may be crucial for the pathogenesis of schizo⁃phrenia.H2R agonists can be viewed as drug candidates for the treatment of schizophrenia.

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并冠心病患者组胺、可溶性髓样细胞触发受体-1、微小核糖核酸-145、超敏C反应蛋白的表达特征及检测价值

目的 探讨组胺(HA)、可溶性髓样细胞触发受体-1(sTREM-1)、微小核糖核酸-145(miR-145)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并冠心病(CHD)患者中的表达特征及检测价值。方法 将107例COPD合并CHD患者设为研究组,同期健康体检者107例设为对照组。抽取受检者血液样本,检测miR-145、HA及sTREM-1、hs-CRP水平。比较2组HA、sTREM-1、miR-145、hs-CRP水平,并比较研究组不同病情严重程度和纽约心脏病协会(NYHA)分级患者的HA、sTREM-1、miR-145、hs-CRP水平。观察各指标水平与病情严重程度、NYHA分级的关联性。结果 研究组HA、sTREM-1、hs-CRP水平高于对照组,miR-145水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。不同COPD病情严重程度患者的HA、sTREM-1、miR-145、hs-CRP水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);随着病情严重程度的加剧,HA、sTREM-1、hs-CRP水平持续增高,miR-145持续降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。不同NYHA分级患者的HA、sTREM-1、miR-145、hs-CRP水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);随着NYHA分级的增高,HA、sTREM-1、hs-CRP水平持续增高,miR-145持续降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。HA、sTREM-1、hs-CRP与COPD病情严重程度、NYHA分级呈正相关,miR-145与COPD病情严重程度、NYHA分级呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论 COPD合并CHD患者的HA、sTREM-1、miR-145、hs-CRP表达异常,且与COPD病情严重程度、NYHA分级密切相关。

子痫前期患者的胎盘环状RNA表达谱及与病情的相关性

目的分析子痫前期患者胎盘环状RNA(circRNA)表达谱基因表达情况及其与患者病情的相关性。方法选取子痫前期患者(子痫前期组)15例,重度子痫前期患者(重度子痫前期组)25例及正常妊娠女性(对照组)30例。收集患者临床资料,检测各组24 h尿蛋白定量;采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测血清中的STOX1蛋白、血清可溶性血管内皮生长因子受体1(sFlt-1)、胎盘生长因子(PLGF)及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)水平。于胎盘娩出后收集胎盘组织,检测胎盘circRNA表达情况,选取上调及下调基因各自差异表达水平由高到低排名前3位的基因进行分析;分析孕妇差异表达基因与24 h尿蛋白定量、平均动脉压、STOX1、sFlt-1、PLGF和VEGF的相关性;采用多元线性回归模型分析影响孕妇24 h尿蛋白定量的相关因素。结果与对照组比较,子痫前期组及重度子痫前期组的孕前体质量指数和平均动脉压升高(P<0.05);对照组、子痫前期组及重度子痫前期组24 h尿蛋白定量、STOX1、sFlt-1、胎盘hsa_circ_0014736、hsa_circ_0015383及hsa_circ_0004904表达水平依次升高,而hsa_circ_0063517、hsa_circ_0007121及hsa_circ_0003171表达水平依次降低(P<0.05);子痫前期组及重度子痫前期组hsa_circ_0014736、hsa_circ_0015383及hsa_circ_0004904分别与BMI、平均动脉压、24 h尿蛋白定量、STOX1、sFlt-1呈正相关,与VEGF、PLGF呈负相关(P<0.05),而hsa_circ_0063517、hsa_circ_0007121及hsa_circ_0003171与临床特征的相关性与此相反(P<0.05)。多元线性回归分析显示,hsa_circ_0015383与孕妇24 h尿蛋白定量呈正向线性相关,hsa_circ_0063517及hsa_circ_0007121与孕妇24 h尿蛋白定量呈负向线性相关(P<0.05)。结论子痫前期孕妇胎盘中hsa_circ_0063517及hsa_circ_0007121表达水平下调,hsa_circ_0015383表达水平上调,与患者病情密切相关。

柚皮苷抑制致敏肥大细胞脱颗粒及相关炎症因子表达的效应机制研究

目的探讨柚皮苷(naringin,NG)对小鼠肥大细胞瘤细胞系(P815)脱颗粒及相关炎症因子的影响及对瘙痒相关受体的调控作用。方法采用Compound 48/80刺激P815细胞方法建立细胞模型,细胞增殖与活性检测(CCK8)法筛选柚皮苷药物安全浓度,设空白组、模型组、柚皮苷高、中、低剂量组(31.2μg/mL、15.6μg/mL、7.8μg/mL)。采用甲苯胺蓝染色进行肥大细胞计数;联酶免疫吸附法(ELISA法)检测细胞上清液中肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)及组胺含量;采用实时荧光定量PCR法(Real-time PCR)检测细胞沉淀中的瞬时受体电位锚蛋白1(transient receptor potential ankyrin 1,TRPA1)、瞬时受体电位香草酸受体1(transient potential vanilloid receptor1,TRPV1)、组胺能第四受体(histamine-4 receptor,H4R)及mRNA的表达。结果(1)与空白组比较,模型组、柚皮苷高、中、低剂量组(NG-H、NG-M、NG-L)组胺及TNF-α含量显著升高(P<0.05),TRPA1、TRPV1及H4R表达均明显上调(P<0.01),模型组、NG-M、NG-L组细胞脱颗粒数目明显增多(P<0.01);(2)与模型组比较,NG-H、NG-M、NG-L组组胺及TNF-α含量降低(P<0.05),NG-H组、NG-M组TRPA1、TRPV1及H4R表达显著下降(P<0.01),NG-L组TRPA1、TRPV1及H4R表达降低(P<0.05);(3)NG-H组抑制组胺及TNF-α释放的作用优于NG-M、NG-L组(P<0.01,P<0.05),抑制TRPV1及H4R表达的作用优于NG-M组、NG-L组(P<0.05)。结论柚皮苷能够抑制体外Compound 48/80诱导的P815细胞脱颗粒及促炎介质释放,对瘙痒相关受体的表达具有抑制作用。