To study the impact of an artificial waterfall using reclaimed water on volatile organic compounds （VOCs） in air, air samples around the waterfall sight and over the CASS pond of a wastewater treatment plant were co...To study the impact of an artificial waterfall using reclaimed water on volatile organic compounds （VOCs） in air, air samples around the waterfall sight and over the CASS pond of a wastewater treatment plant were collected and VOCs were analyzed by MC-MS with USEPA Method TO-14. The total volatile organic compounds （TOVCs） concentration of a background sample is 2112 μg/m^3, and the sample over the CASS pond has a TVOC concentration of 1858μg/m^3. The TVOC concentrations of air samples within 10 m of the artificial waterfall are between 3216 μg/m^3 and 6362 μg/m^3, which are 1.52 - 3.0 times that of the background sample. The VOCs in air sample impacted by reclaimed water or waste water exhibit a relatively high proportion of toluene but low proportion of benzene. B/T/E/X （ Benzene/Toluene/Ethylbenzene/Xylene ） ratio of the air sample around the artificial water fall is（O. 36/11.78/1/1.10）. Health risk assessment （HRA） was done with the USEPA four-step approach. The result indicates that the artificial waterfall using reclaimed water indeed leads to the increase of human risk value. The total risk value of the sample around the waterfall is 2. 8 - 1.6 times that of the background sample. However, the total risk value of the air sample around the waterfall （2. 8 × 10^-6 ） for common people is still lower,compared to the acceptable public risk level（ 10^-5 ）. For occupational workers of the wastewater treatment plant, the sum of lifetime non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk values （ 1.26 × 10^ -5 ） is higher than that of the acceptable public risk level.展开更多
As an important means to solve water shortage,reclaimed water has been widely used for landscape water supply.However,with the emergence of large-scale epidemic diseases such as SARS,avian influenza and COVID-19 in re...As an important means to solve water shortage,reclaimed water has been widely used for landscape water supply.However,with the emergence of large-scale epidemic diseases such as SARS,avian influenza and COVID-19 in recent years,people are increasingly concerned about the public health safety of reclaimed water discharged into landscape water,especially the pathogenic microorganisms in it.In this study,the water quality and microorganisms of the Old Summer Palace,a landscape water body with reclaimed water as the only replenishment water source,were tracked through long-term dynamic monitoring.And the health risks of indicator microorganisms were analyzed using Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment(QMRA).It was found that the concentration of indicator microorganisms Enterococcus(ENT),Escherichia coli(EC)and Fecal coliform(FC)generally showed an upward trend along the direction of water flow and increased by more than 0.6 log at the end of the flow.The concentrations of indicator microorganisms were higher in summer and autumn than those in spring.And there was a positive correlation between the concentration of indicator microorganisms and COD.Further research suggested that increased concentration of indicator microorganisms also led to increased health risks,which were more than 30%higher in other areas of the park than the water inlet area and required special attention.In addition,(water)surface operation exposure pathway had much higher health risks than other pathways and people in related occupations were advised to take precautions to reduce the risks.展开更多
The concentrations of PAHs in the surface waters from seven river basins in China were summarized from literature published from 2000-2010. Subsequently, the risks from individual PAHs and Y. PAHs in the surface water...The concentrations of PAHs in the surface waters from seven river basins in China were summarized from literature published from 2000-2010. Subsequently, the risks from individual PAHs and Y. PAHs in the surface waters of China were quantified by comparing the overlap between the probability distributions of exposure concentrations with the probability distributions of toxicity data. The results show that the concentrations of 15 PAHs in the surface waters ranged from 3.09 to 38139.00 ng L-a, with a geometric mean of 474.93 ng L-1. The significantly higher concentrations of the 15 PAHs occurred in the surface waters from northern China when compared with those from southern China. The concentrations of the 15 PAHs in Chinese surface waters were higher than those in other waters worldwide. The MOSI0 （margin of safety） values were calculated at 90th percen- tile values of exposure concentrations and 10th percentile values of toxicity data, with 5.75, 0.17, 2.33, 0.30, 0.57, 1.74, 1.05, and 0.11 for Ace, Ant, Flu, BaP, Flua, Nap, Phe, and Pyr, respectively. The probabilities of the individual PAH concentrations exceeding the 10th percentile value of the toxicity data were 6.06%, 2.07%, 9.51%, and 2.07% for Nap, Ace, Phe, and Flu, re- spectively, suggesting minimal risk to aquatic organisms; however, the probabilities of BaP, Ant, Flua, and Pyr exceeding this value were 19.49%, 25.46%, 15.15%, and 30.50%, respectively, indicating potential risks. Among the individual PAHs, the ecological risk from Pyr was the highest, followed by, in descending order of risk, Ant, Bap, Flua, Phe, Nap, Flu, and Ace. Additionally, the combined ecological risk of ~ PAH8 in Chinese surface waters was significantly higher than any that of in- dividual PAHs alone. The MOS0 values in the river basins were 〈 1, except for the Haihe River Basin, suggesting a potential combined risk from E PAH8 in the other six fiver basins. The probabilities calculation indicate that low to high ecological risk from E PAH8 for all aquatic species was reported in the Liaohe River Basin （65.58%）, Huaihe River Basin （57.15%）, Songhua River Basin （46.49%）, Pearl River Basin （38.41%）, Yangtze River Basin （25.98%）, Yellow River Basin （15.92%）, and Haihe River Basin （5.22%）.展开更多
Chlorination disinfection has been widely used in reclaimed water treatment plants to ensure water quality. In order to assess the downstream quality risk of a running reclaimed water disinfection process, a set of dy...Chlorination disinfection has been widely used in reclaimed water treatment plants to ensure water quality. In order to assess the downstream quality risk of a running reclaimed water disinfection process, a set of dynamic equations was developed to simulate reactions in the disinfection process concerning variables of bacteria, chemical oxygen demand （COD）, ammonia and monochloramine. The model was calibrated by the observations obtained from a pilot disinfection process which was designed to simulate the actual process in a reclaimed water treatment plant. A Monte Carlo algorithm was applied to calculate the predictive effluent quality distributions that were used in the established hierarchical assessment system for the downstream quality risk, and the key factors affecting the downstream quality risk were defined using the Regional Sensitivity Analysis method. The results showed that the seasonal upstream quality variation caused considerable downstream quality risk; the effluent ammonia was significantly influenced by its upstream concentration; the upstream COD was a key factor determining the process effluent risk of bacterial, COD and residual disinfectant indexes; and lower COD and ammonia concentrations in the infiuent would mean better downstream quality.展开更多
[Objectives]To study the impact of heavy metal pollution of soil and plants during the process of reclaimed water for irrigation of green land in arid areas and the potential health risks to humans during use.[Methods...[Objectives]To study the impact of heavy metal pollution of soil and plants during the process of reclaimed water for irrigation of green land in arid areas and the potential health risks to humans during use.[Methods]Taking Zhongwei City in Ningxia,a typical arid area,as the research area,the irrigation water,soil and green grass in the reclaimed water irrigation region and the original green water irrigation region were sampled,the heavy elements Hg,As,Zn,Pb,Cd,Cr were detected,and the Nemerow method,biological absorption coefficient,and health risk assessment were employed to evaluate the degree of soil pollution,plant absorption capacity,and human health risks.[Results]Compared with the original green water,the Hg,Cd,and Cr pollution of the reclaimed water irrigated green land was higher,the As,Zn,Pb pollution was lower,and the content of Hg and Cd was higher than the environmental background values of soil in Ningxia;the Cr content exceeded the risk intervention values of the first type of land in the Soil Environmental Quality—Risk Control Standard for Soil Contamination of Development Land(GB 36600-2018).Compared with the original green water irrigation region,it is found that the reclaimed water irrigation reduced the heavy metal pollution of the soil to a certain extent.The heavy metal content of tall fescue grass(Festuca arundinacea)in the reclaimed water irrigation region was Zn,Cr,Pb,As,Cd,and Hg from high to low;the order of the biological absorption coefficient was Cd>As>Zn>Pb>Hg>Cr;irrigation water exerted a certain effect on the content of heavy metals in plants and the biological absorption coefficient through the soil.Using the health risk assessment method recommended by Environmental Protection Agency of the United States of America(USEPA),it was found that the reclaimed water has the highest risk through the inhalation route,and the occupational population has a higher risk of skin contact with soil and plants.[Conclusions]This study is intended to provide data support and theoretical basis for the environmental safety risk research of the application of reclaimed water in arid areas to urban greening.展开更多
Objectives: To conduct health risk assessment on drinking water in 2012 in Shenzhen of China. Methods: The water quality monitoring data on product water and pipe water in 2012 were collected and analyzed, and the ris...Objectives: To conduct health risk assessment on drinking water in 2012 in Shenzhen of China. Methods: The water quality monitoring data on product water and pipe water in 2012 were collected and analyzed, and the risk evaluation models recommended by the U.S. environmental protection agency (US EPA) were employed, to perform adults and children’s health risk assessments on the three kinds of genetic toxic substances such as hexavalent chromium, cadmium and arsenic and the 12 non-carcinogenic materials such as iron, manganese, lead, fluoride, volatile phenol, cyanide, mercury, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate, copper, zinc and selenium. Results: The results about water quality from the 150 factory samples and 207 peripheral water samples showed that the measured indicators in other water samples were accord with the National Health Standards (GB5749-2006) released by Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China, except manganese level in one factory sample and the same index in one peripheral sample, and nitrate concentration in another water sample were out of limit, respectively. Namely, the total of 3 samples was disqualification. The adults and children’s health risks (HI) on the 12 non-carcinogenic materials were 178.04 × 10-8 and 249.96 × 10-8 in the factor water samples, and 363.02 × 10-8 and 509.66 × 10-8 in the pipe samples, respectively. Lead in factory water and fluoride in peripheral water samples were the most serious harm in the all measured non-carcinogenic indicators. The adults and children’s cancer risks (R) on the 3 genetic toxic substances were 25.60 × 10-6 and 28.51 × 10-6 in the factor water samples, and 23.47 × 10-6 and 26.08 × 10-6 in the pipe samples, respectively. Hexavalent chromium was the most damage among the three detected carcinogenic indicators. Therefore, the total adults and children’s health hazard risks including the 3 carcinogenic and 12 non-carcinogenic substances were 27.38 × 10-6 and 31.00 × 10-6 in the factor water samples, and 27.10 × 10-6 and 31.17 × 10-6 in the pipe samples, respectively. Genetic toxic matters in drinking water are the main hazard and more children’s health risk than adults’ risk. Conclusions: The health risk (R) on the 15 kinds of chemicals in Shenzhen’s municipal water supply was in the range of maximum acceptable risk levels (5.0 × 10-5/a) recommended by the International Commission of Radiation Protection (ICRP). The results in this study indicate that the carcinogenic substances are greater risk comparing with the non-carcinogenic substances, and hexavalent chromium is the biggest carcinogenic risk, and lead and fluoride are the most non-carcinogenic risk, and the rather risk of children than adults.展开更多
Wastewater reclamation and reuse is an increasing global project,while the reclamation treatment on wastewater does not completely remove all pollutants in water.The residual pollutants in reclaimed water would cause ...Wastewater reclamation and reuse is an increasing global project,while the reclamation treatment on wastewater does not completely remove all pollutants in water.The residual pollutants in reclaimed water would cause potential risk on human health and ecosystem safety during the long-term use.It is impossible to analyze and control all pollutants one by one in practice,therefore,identification and control of priority pollutants will be efficient strategy to ensure the safe use of reclaimed water.An integrated three-step methodology for identifying priority pollutants in reclaimed water was proposed in this study.First,a comprehensive literature survey on the occurrence of pollutants in reclaimed water was conducted,and a dataset D PR for pollutants occurrence in reclaimed water was established,containing 1,113 pollutants.Second,611 chemicals that had been recommended as hazardous pollutants for various water bodies in previous literatures were summarized,and a dataset D HP for hazardous pollutants in water was obtained.Third,meta-analysis on these two datasets(D PR and D HP)was performed,a new dataset D HPR for hazardous pollutants in reclaimed water was established,including 265 candidates.Finally,59 substances out of dataset D HPR were identified as priority pollutants for reclaimed water based on their recommendation frequency.It is expected that this synthetical methodology will provide powerful support for scientific evaluating and managing water pollution and ensuring safe use of reclaimed water.展开更多
基金the Military Scientific Research Project (Grant No.c8630)
文摘To study the impact of an artificial waterfall using reclaimed water on volatile organic compounds （VOCs） in air, air samples around the waterfall sight and over the CASS pond of a wastewater treatment plant were collected and VOCs were analyzed by MC-MS with USEPA Method TO-14. The total volatile organic compounds （TOVCs） concentration of a background sample is 2112 μg/m^3, and the sample over the CASS pond has a TVOC concentration of 1858μg/m^3. The TVOC concentrations of air samples within 10 m of the artificial waterfall are between 3216 μg/m^3 and 6362 μg/m^3, which are 1.52 - 3.0 times that of the background sample. The VOCs in air sample impacted by reclaimed water or waste water exhibit a relatively high proportion of toluene but low proportion of benzene. B/T/E/X （ Benzene/Toluene/Ethylbenzene/Xylene ） ratio of the air sample around the artificial water fall is（O. 36/11.78/1/1.10）. Health risk assessment （HRA） was done with the USEPA four-step approach. The result indicates that the artificial waterfall using reclaimed water indeed leads to the increase of human risk value. The total risk value of the sample around the waterfall is 2. 8 - 1.6 times that of the background sample. However, the total risk value of the air sample around the waterfall （2. 8 × 10^-6 ） for common people is still lower,compared to the acceptable public risk level（ 10^-5 ）. For occupational workers of the wastewater treatment plant, the sum of lifetime non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk values （ 1.26 × 10^ -5 ） is higher than that of the acceptable public risk level.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52070192 and 51778618).
文摘As an important means to solve water shortage,reclaimed water has been widely used for landscape water supply.However,with the emergence of large-scale epidemic diseases such as SARS,avian influenza and COVID-19 in recent years,people are increasingly concerned about the public health safety of reclaimed water discharged into landscape water,especially the pathogenic microorganisms in it.In this study,the water quality and microorganisms of the Old Summer Palace,a landscape water body with reclaimed water as the only replenishment water source,were tracked through long-term dynamic monitoring.And the health risks of indicator microorganisms were analyzed using Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment(QMRA).It was found that the concentration of indicator microorganisms Enterococcus(ENT),Escherichia coli(EC)and Fecal coliform(FC)generally showed an upward trend along the direction of water flow and increased by more than 0.6 log at the end of the flow.The concentrations of indicator microorganisms were higher in summer and autumn than those in spring.And there was a positive correlation between the concentration of indicator microorganisms and COD.Further research suggested that increased concentration of indicator microorganisms also led to increased health risks,which were more than 30%higher in other areas of the park than the water inlet area and required special attention.In addition,(water)surface operation exposure pathway had much higher health risks than other pathways and people in related occupations were advised to take precautions to reduce the risks.
基金supported by National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No. 2008CB418200)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U0833603, 41130743)
文摘The concentrations of PAHs in the surface waters from seven river basins in China were summarized from literature published from 2000-2010. Subsequently, the risks from individual PAHs and Y. PAHs in the surface waters of China were quantified by comparing the overlap between the probability distributions of exposure concentrations with the probability distributions of toxicity data. The results show that the concentrations of 15 PAHs in the surface waters ranged from 3.09 to 38139.00 ng L-a, with a geometric mean of 474.93 ng L-1. The significantly higher concentrations of the 15 PAHs occurred in the surface waters from northern China when compared with those from southern China. The concentrations of the 15 PAHs in Chinese surface waters were higher than those in other waters worldwide. The MOSI0 （margin of safety） values were calculated at 90th percen- tile values of exposure concentrations and 10th percentile values of toxicity data, with 5.75, 0.17, 2.33, 0.30, 0.57, 1.74, 1.05, and 0.11 for Ace, Ant, Flu, BaP, Flua, Nap, Phe, and Pyr, respectively. The probabilities of the individual PAH concentrations exceeding the 10th percentile value of the toxicity data were 6.06%, 2.07%, 9.51%, and 2.07% for Nap, Ace, Phe, and Flu, re- spectively, suggesting minimal risk to aquatic organisms; however, the probabilities of BaP, Ant, Flua, and Pyr exceeding this value were 19.49%, 25.46%, 15.15%, and 30.50%, respectively, indicating potential risks. Among the individual PAHs, the ecological risk from Pyr was the highest, followed by, in descending order of risk, Ant, Bap, Flua, Phe, Nap, Flu, and Ace. Additionally, the combined ecological risk of ~ PAH8 in Chinese surface waters was significantly higher than any that of in- dividual PAHs alone. The MOS0 values in the river basins were 〈 1, except for the Haihe River Basin, suggesting a potential combined risk from E PAH8 in the other six fiver basins. The probabilities calculation indicate that low to high ecological risk from E PAH8 for all aquatic species was reported in the Liaohe River Basin （65.58%）, Huaihe River Basin （57.15%）, Songhua River Basin （46.49%）, Pearl River Basin （38.41%）, Yangtze River Basin （25.98%）, Yellow River Basin （15.92%）, and Haihe River Basin （5.22%）.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51178303)
文摘Chlorination disinfection has been widely used in reclaimed water treatment plants to ensure water quality. In order to assess the downstream quality risk of a running reclaimed water disinfection process, a set of dynamic equations was developed to simulate reactions in the disinfection process concerning variables of bacteria, chemical oxygen demand （COD）, ammonia and monochloramine. The model was calibrated by the observations obtained from a pilot disinfection process which was designed to simulate the actual process in a reclaimed water treatment plant. A Monte Carlo algorithm was applied to calculate the predictive effluent quality distributions that were used in the established hierarchical assessment system for the downstream quality risk, and the key factors affecting the downstream quality risk were defined using the Regional Sensitivity Analysis method. The results showed that the seasonal upstream quality variation caused considerable downstream quality risk; the effluent ammonia was significantly influenced by its upstream concentration; the upstream COD was a key factor determining the process effluent risk of bacterial, COD and residual disinfectant indexes; and lower COD and ammonia concentrations in the infiuent would mean better downstream quality.
基金Supported by Research and Development and Demonstration Project of Domestic Reclaimed Water Reuse Technology(2018YFC0408104)First-rate Discipline Project of Colleges and Universities in Ningxia(NXYLXK2017A03)Key Research and Development Plan Project of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(2018BEG03008).
文摘[Objectives]To study the impact of heavy metal pollution of soil and plants during the process of reclaimed water for irrigation of green land in arid areas and the potential health risks to humans during use.[Methods]Taking Zhongwei City in Ningxia,a typical arid area,as the research area,the irrigation water,soil and green grass in the reclaimed water irrigation region and the original green water irrigation region were sampled,the heavy elements Hg,As,Zn,Pb,Cd,Cr were detected,and the Nemerow method,biological absorption coefficient,and health risk assessment were employed to evaluate the degree of soil pollution,plant absorption capacity,and human health risks.[Results]Compared with the original green water,the Hg,Cd,and Cr pollution of the reclaimed water irrigated green land was higher,the As,Zn,Pb pollution was lower,and the content of Hg and Cd was higher than the environmental background values of soil in Ningxia;the Cr content exceeded the risk intervention values of the first type of land in the Soil Environmental Quality—Risk Control Standard for Soil Contamination of Development Land(GB 36600-2018).Compared with the original green water irrigation region,it is found that the reclaimed water irrigation reduced the heavy metal pollution of the soil to a certain extent.The heavy metal content of tall fescue grass(Festuca arundinacea)in the reclaimed water irrigation region was Zn,Cr,Pb,As,Cd,and Hg from high to low;the order of the biological absorption coefficient was Cd>As>Zn>Pb>Hg>Cr;irrigation water exerted a certain effect on the content of heavy metals in plants and the biological absorption coefficient through the soil.Using the health risk assessment method recommended by Environmental Protection Agency of the United States of America(USEPA),it was found that the reclaimed water has the highest risk through the inhalation route,and the occupational population has a higher risk of skin contact with soil and plants.[Conclusions]This study is intended to provide data support and theoretical basis for the environmental safety risk research of the application of reclaimed water in arid areas to urban greening.
文摘Objectives: To conduct health risk assessment on drinking water in 2012 in Shenzhen of China. Methods: The water quality monitoring data on product water and pipe water in 2012 were collected and analyzed, and the risk evaluation models recommended by the U.S. environmental protection agency (US EPA) were employed, to perform adults and children’s health risk assessments on the three kinds of genetic toxic substances such as hexavalent chromium, cadmium and arsenic and the 12 non-carcinogenic materials such as iron, manganese, lead, fluoride, volatile phenol, cyanide, mercury, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate, copper, zinc and selenium. Results: The results about water quality from the 150 factory samples and 207 peripheral water samples showed that the measured indicators in other water samples were accord with the National Health Standards (GB5749-2006) released by Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China, except manganese level in one factory sample and the same index in one peripheral sample, and nitrate concentration in another water sample were out of limit, respectively. Namely, the total of 3 samples was disqualification. The adults and children’s health risks (HI) on the 12 non-carcinogenic materials were 178.04 × 10-8 and 249.96 × 10-8 in the factor water samples, and 363.02 × 10-8 and 509.66 × 10-8 in the pipe samples, respectively. Lead in factory water and fluoride in peripheral water samples were the most serious harm in the all measured non-carcinogenic indicators. The adults and children’s cancer risks (R) on the 3 genetic toxic substances were 25.60 × 10-6 and 28.51 × 10-6 in the factor water samples, and 23.47 × 10-6 and 26.08 × 10-6 in the pipe samples, respectively. Hexavalent chromium was the most damage among the three detected carcinogenic indicators. Therefore, the total adults and children’s health hazard risks including the 3 carcinogenic and 12 non-carcinogenic substances were 27.38 × 10-6 and 31.00 × 10-6 in the factor water samples, and 27.10 × 10-6 and 31.17 × 10-6 in the pipe samples, respectively. Genetic toxic matters in drinking water are the main hazard and more children’s health risk than adults’ risk. Conclusions: The health risk (R) on the 15 kinds of chemicals in Shenzhen’s municipal water supply was in the range of maximum acceptable risk levels (5.0 × 10-5/a) recommended by the International Commission of Radiation Protection (ICRP). The results in this study indicate that the carcinogenic substances are greater risk comparing with the non-carcinogenic substances, and hexavalent chromium is the biggest carcinogenic risk, and lead and fluoride are the most non-carcinogenic risk, and the rather risk of children than adults.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2018YFC0406300,2016YFE0118800)。
文摘Wastewater reclamation and reuse is an increasing global project,while the reclamation treatment on wastewater does not completely remove all pollutants in water.The residual pollutants in reclaimed water would cause potential risk on human health and ecosystem safety during the long-term use.It is impossible to analyze and control all pollutants one by one in practice,therefore,identification and control of priority pollutants will be efficient strategy to ensure the safe use of reclaimed water.An integrated three-step methodology for identifying priority pollutants in reclaimed water was proposed in this study.First,a comprehensive literature survey on the occurrence of pollutants in reclaimed water was conducted,and a dataset D PR for pollutants occurrence in reclaimed water was established,containing 1,113 pollutants.Second,611 chemicals that had been recommended as hazardous pollutants for various water bodies in previous literatures were summarized,and a dataset D HP for hazardous pollutants in water was obtained.Third,meta-analysis on these two datasets(D PR and D HP)was performed,a new dataset D HPR for hazardous pollutants in reclaimed water was established,including 265 candidates.Finally,59 substances out of dataset D HPR were identified as priority pollutants for reclaimed water based on their recommendation frequency.It is expected that this synthetical methodology will provide powerful support for scientific evaluating and managing water pollution and ensuring safe use of reclaimed water.
