Temporal-Spatial Distribution of Vegetation in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau During the Past 12 ka BP

Comprehensive studies on the basis of pollen records from lake cores at 30 sites in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau have been used to reconstruct temporal-spatial distributions of Holocene vegetations. Before the, Holocene (prior to 12.0 ka BP) desert steppe vegetation was developed from the, east to the west in the most parts of the Plateau, with a few exceptions in the extreme southeastern appeared. During the early Holocene ( 12.0 - 9.0 ka BP) deciduous broad-leaved forest/conifer and broad-leaved deciduous mixed forest were distributed in the east of Plateau (104degrees - 98degrees E). Meadows or shrub, meadow appeared in the middle of tire Plateau (98degrees - 92degrees E). Farther west to about 80degrees E, a steppe landscape was present. During the middle Holocene (9.0 - 3.2 ka BP), the palaeovegetations were sequentially conifer and broad-leaved deciduous mixed forest and sclerophyllous broad-leaved forest (104degrees - 98degrees E) - conifer and broad-leaved deciduous mixed forest (98degrees - 94degrees E) - shrub meadow (94degrees - 92degrees E) - steppe (92degrees - 80degrees E). During the late Holocene (after 3.2 ka BP), the palaeovegetations were sequentially sclerophyllous broad-leaved forest - conifer and broad-leaved deciduous mixed forest - meadow - steppe - desert from east to west of the Plateau.

Strong motion observations and recordings from the great Wenchuan Earthquake

The National Strong Motion Observation Network System （NSMONS） of China is briefly introduced in this paper. The NSMONS consists of permanent free-field stations, special observation arrays, mobile observatories and a network management system. During the Wenchuan Earthquake, over 1,400 components of acceleration records were obtained from 460 permanent free-field stations and three arrays for topographical effect and structural response observation in the network system from the main shock, and over 20,000 components of acceleration records from strong aftershocks occurred before August 1, 2008 were also obtained by permanent free-field stations of the NSMONS and 59 mobile instruments quickly deployed after the main shock. The strong motion recordings from the main shock and strong aftershocks are summarized in this paper. In the ground motion recordings, there are over 560 components with peak ground acceleration （PGA） over 10 Gal, the largest being 957.7 Gal. The largest PGA recorded during the aftershock exceeds 300 Gal.

The 2018 M_S 5.9 Mojiang Earthquake:Source model and intensity based on near-field seismic recordings

On September 8, 2018, an M_S 5.9 earthquake struck Mojiang, a county in Yunnan Province, China. We collect near-field seismic recordings(epicentral distances less than 200 km) to relocate the mainshock and the aftershocks within the first 60 hours to determine the focal mechanism solutions of the mainshock and some of the aftershocks and to invert for the finite-fault model of the mainshock.The focal mechanism solution of the mainshock and the relocation results of the aftershocks constrain the mainshock on a nearly vertical fault plane striking northeast and dipping to the southeast. The inversion of the finite-fault model reveals only a single slip asperity on the fault plane. The major slip is distributed above the initiation point, ～14 km wide along the down-dip direction and ～14 km long along the strike direction, with a maximal slip of ～22 cm at a depth of ～6 km. The focal mechanism solutions of the aftershocks show that most of the aftershocks are of the strike-slip type, a number of them are of the normal-slip type, and only a few of them are of the thrust-slip type.On average, strike-slip is dominant on the fault plane of the mainshock, as the focal mechanism solution of the mainshock suggests, but when examined in detail, slight thrust-slip appears on the southwest of the fault plane while an obvious part of normal-slip appears on the northeast, which is consistent with what the focal mechanism solutions of the aftershocks display. The multiple types of aftershock focal mechanism solutions and the slip details of the mainshock both suggest a complex tectonic setting, stress setting, or both. The intensity contours predicted exhibit a longer axis trending from northeast to southwest and a maximal intensity of Ⅷ around the epicenter and in the northwest.

Sediment records of environmental changes in the south end of the Zhejiang-Fujian coastal mud area during the past 100 years

Previous studies carried out in the East China Sea （ECS） mud area focused on long-term environmental changes in sedimentary records during the Holoeene, especially during the mid-Holocene high-stand water levels period. These results indicate that sensitive grain size groups can be used as a sedimentary proxy to reconstruct the evolution of the East Asian Winter Monsoon （EAWM）. The studies have been carried out mainly in the northern and middle portions of the Zhejiang-Fujian coastal mud, however, similar research in the southern portion and the comparison between sedimentary proxy and modern measured data of EAWM are lacking. In this paper, we focused on a sedimentary record of the past 100 years with an enhanced resolution of 1.8 years. Investigations of the southern end of the Zhejiang-Fujian coastal mud area were conducted on the basis of 21~Pb chronology, grain-size analysis and chemical element analysis. The correspondence between the mean grain size （Mz） of sediment sensitive grain size and the measured EAWM was confirmed for the first time. We found that during the recent 100 years, the variation of the mean grain size of the sensitive population in the southern portion of the Zhejiang-Fujian mud was mainly controlled by the EAWM intensity changes; and not directly related to changes in the sediment discharge from Datong station of the Changjiang River （DTSD）. Finally, recent changes in the content of heavy metals in study area reflect the impact of human activities on the environment.

An Effective Method to Determine the Distribution Boundary of Cobalt-Rich Fe-Mn Crusts on a Guyot: Synchronous Application of Sub-bottom Profiling and Deep-Sea Video Recording

Determining the upper boundary of the cobalt-rich crust distribution of a guyot is important for estimating the mineral resources available, however, it has also long been an unsolved question. Correlations between the sub-bottom structures, revealed by sub-bottom profiling, and crust distribution can be revealed for the first time by the synchronous application of sub-bottom profiling and deep-sea video recording. The lower boundary of the sediment corresponds with the upper boundary of the crust. By analysis of these two kinds of data, the lower boundary of the sediment can be determined; therefore, the upper boundary of the crust distribution can be deduced. According to this method of analysis, the upper boundary of water depth of crust distribution of a seamount in the western Pacific is about 1 560 m.

Characteristics of response spectra for long-periods of main-shock recordings of the Chi-Chi earthquake

Current practice uses predictive models to extrapolate long-period response spectra based on far-field recordings in moderate and weak earthquakes. However, the spectra are not long enough and the data are often not reliable, which means that the seismic design code cannot accurately define seismic design requirements for long-period structures. The near-field recordings in the main-shock of the Chi-Chi earthquake have a large signal-to-noise ratio （SNR）, which makes them suitable for studying the long-period acceleration response spectrum up to 20 sec. The acceleration response spectra from 246 stations within 120 km of the causative fault are statistically analyzed in this paper. The influence of distance and site conditions on long-period response spectrum is discussed, and the shapes of the amplification spectra are compared with the standard spectra specified in the seismic design code of China. Finally, suggestions for future revisions to the code are proposed.

Whole-cell recording of the robust nucleus of the arcopallium neurons in the adult zebra finch

BACKGROUND： Electrophysiological properties of the song nucleus have been revealed using conventional techniques, such as intracellular and extracellular recording. Research concerning the neuronal activation properties and regulations of the song system at the cellular and ion channel level may help reveal the neural mechanism of song learning. OBJECTIVE： To perform whole-cell recording of robust nucleus of the arcopallium （RA） neurons in brain slices from adult zebra finches （Taeniopygia guttata） and observe the action potential, sodium/potassium current and the spontaneous postsynaptic current of RA neurons. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Self-controlled, neuroelectrophysiological experiment. The study was performed at the Neurophysiology Laboratory of South China Normal University from April to September 2008. MATERIALS： Flaming/Brown puller P-97 was purchased from Sutter Ins, USA; Axopatch 700B amplifier and Digidata 1332A converter were purchased from Axon Instrument, USA; pClamp software was provided by Axon Instrument, USA. METHODS： RA neurons were acutely isolated from 24 healthy male zebra finches. The action potential, voltage-gate sodium/potassium current and spontaneous postsynaptic current were recorded by whole-cell recording technology. Data were analyzed by pClamp software. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The amplitude and frequency of the action potential, and the amplitude of the voltage-dependent and spontaneous postsynaptic currents, were measured. RESULTS： （1） Testing of action potential： Cells exhibited a stable current-voltage relationship following a series of hyperpolarization stepped currents, and an action potential was triggered by the spike threshold. All the recorded cells displayed repetitive firing following depolarizing current injection, with a frequency beyond 100 Hz. （2） Testing of voltage-gate currents： The inward and outward whole-cell currents were observed after a series of depolarizing voltage steps. The inward current disappeared following the application of tetrodotoxin and the outward current was significantly inhibited by application of 4-aminopyfidione and tetraethylammonium chloride. （3） Testing of spontaneous postsynaptic current： The majority of recorded cells exhibited an inward synaptic current when the membrane potential was maintained at -60 mV, with some cells exhibiting a robustly outward current when the membrane potential was maintained at -30 mV. Tetrodotoxin was unable to affect the spontaneous postsynaptic current. Following application of bicuculline [y-aminobutyric acid （A） receptor antagonist] and high concentration kynurenic acid （ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonist）, the inward and outward currents were completely inhibited. CONCLUSION： Under these experimental conditions, the action potential, sodium/potassium current and spontaneous postsynaptic current were recorded successfully in RA neurons. This indicates that the cells preserved relatively intact synaptic connections and normal physiological activity, which is required for investigating ion channels. The inward and outward whole-cell currents were sodium and potassium currents, respectively. The postsynaptic y-aminobutyric acid （A） receptors and ionotropic glutamate receptors contributed to the spontaneous postsynaptic current.

In vivo patch clamp recording technique in the study of neurophysiology

The patch clamp recording technique in vivois a blind patch clamp recording methods to record the current of the spinal or cereral neurons of anaes：hesia （ or awake） animals. This technique can be used to study the synaptic function and plasticity in central nervous system in vivoin order to understand the physiological properties of the ion channels from an integrated point of view. The advantage of this technique have already presented itself in the study of the synaptic transmission and nervous network. Nowadays, in vivo patch whole-cell recording technique in combination with other techniques is becoming a common method in the research fields.

Carbon isotopes and lignin phenols for tracing the floods during the past 70 years in the middle reach of the Changjiang River

The Lake Tian E Zhou(TEZ,an oxbow lake)was formed during the rerouting of the Changjiang River in 1972,with strong influences from the main river channel and flood events.Herein,a sediment core was collected from the Lake TEZ for the measurements of carbon isotopes and biomarkers,including stable carbon isotopes(δ13C),radiocarbon composition(?14C),and lignin phenols,as well as lead-210 to reconstruct recent heavy flood events over the past 70 years.At the 24–26 cm interval,the sediment contained the highest OC%,TN%,and lignin phenols content,as well as significantly depleted 13C but enriched 14C,corresponding to the extreme flood event in 1998.In addition,statistics from t-test showed that lignin phenols normalized to OC(Λ8),the concentration of 3,5-dihydroxy benzoic acid(3,5-BD),and the ratio of p-hydroxy benzophenone to total hydroxyl phenols(PHB/HP)were all significantly different between the layers containing flood deposits and the layers deposited under normal non-flood conditions(p<0.05).These results indicate that the later three parameters are highly related to flood events and can be used as compelling proxies,along with sediment chronology,for hydrological changes and storm/flood events in the river basin and coastal marine environments.

Morphological disruption and visual tuning alterations in the primary visual cortex in glaucoma(DBA/2J)mice

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreve rsible blindness wo rldwide,and previous studies have shown that,in addition to affecting the eyes,it also causes abnormalities in the brain.However,it is not yet clear how the primary visual cortex(V1)is altered in glaucoma.This study used DBA/2J mice as a model for spontaneous secondary glaucoma.The aim of the study was to compare the electrophysiological and histomorphological chara cteristics of neurons in the V1between 9-month-old DBA/2J mice and age-matched C57BL/6J mice.We conducted single-unit recordings in the V1 of light-anesthetized mice to measure the visually induced responses,including single-unit spiking and gamma band oscillations.The morphology of layerⅡ/Ⅲneurons was determined by neuronal nuclear antigen staining and Nissl staining of brain tissue sections.Eighty-seven neurons from eight DBA/2J mice and eighty-one neurons from eight C57BL/6J mice were examined.Compared with the C57BL/6J group,V1 neurons in the DBA/2J group exhibited weaker visual tuning and impaired spatial summation.Moreove r,fewer neuro ns were observed in the V1 of DBA/2J mice compared with C57BL/6J mice.These findings suggest that DBA/2J mice have fewer neurons in the VI compared with C57BL/6J mice,and that these neurons have impaired visual tuning.Our findings provide a better understanding of the pathological changes that occur in V1 neuron function and morphology in the DBA/2J mouse model.This study might offer some innovative perspectives regarding the treatment of glaucoma.

The Recording and Analysis of Downtime in Processing Enterprises

The paper discusses the importance of recording and analyzing downtime in processing enterprises, and takes Shanghai Mila Brew Company Limited as the example to analyze the problems in recording and analyzing downtime. Finally, suggestions of improvement are given out.

The photorefractive sensitivity and the effective electron transport length in two-centre holographic recording

In this paper the photorefractive sensitivity defined for single-centre holographic recording is modified to adapt two-centre holographic recording. Based on the time analytic solution of Kukhtarev equations for doubly doped crystals, the analytical expression of photorefractive sensitivity is given. For comparison with single-centre holographic recording and summing the electron competition effects between the deeper and shallower traps, an effective electron transport length is proposed, which varies with the intensity ratios of recording light to sensitive light. According to analyses in this paper, the lower photorefractive sensitivity in two-centre holographic recording is mainly due to the lower concentration of unionized dopants in the shallower centre and the lower effective electron transport length.

The optimal distance between two electrode tips during recording of compound nerve action potentials in the rat median nerve

The distance between the two electrode tips can greatly influence the parameters used for record- ing compound nerve action potentials. To investigate the optimal parameters for these recordings in the rat median nerve, we dissociated the nerve using different methods and compound nerve action potentials were orthodromically or antidromically recorded with different electrode spac- ings. Compound nerve action potentials could be consistently recorded using a method in which the middle part of the median nerve was intact, with both ends dissociated from the surrounding fascia and a ground wire inserted into the muscle close to the intact part. When the distance be- tween two stimulating electrode tips was increased, the threshold and supramaximal stimulating intensity of compound nerve action potentials were gradually decreased, but the amplitude was not changed significantly. When the distance between two recording electrode tips was increased, the amplitude was gradually increased, but the threshold and supramaximal stimulating intensity exhibited no significant change. Different distances between recording and stimulating sites did not produce significant effects on the aforementioned parameters. A distance of 5 mm between recording and stimulating electrodes and a distance of 10 mm between recording and stimulating sites were found to be optimal for compound nerve action potential recording in the rat median nerve. In addition, the orthodromic compound action potential, with a biphasic waveform that was more stable and displayed less interference （however also required a higher threshold and higher supramaximal stimulus）, was found to be superior to the antidromic compound action potential.

Foraminiferal Changes and Response to the Channel Diversion and Discharge Fluctuation of the Yellow River in the North Yellow Sea During the Past Century

Diversion of the Yellow River is a unique geological event in offshore China,causing changes of the sedimentary environment in eastern China Seas.The last diversion took place in AD 1855,with the estuary diverted from the Yellow Sea into the Bohai Sea.The identification of the river diversion events in the shelf sediments would not only provide the definite ages for the sediments,but also give a clue for better understanding of the sedimentation in that area.In this study,210 Pb,grain size,geochemical element,and foraminiferal data in core H205 from the north Yellow Sea were systematically investigated.A high-resolution sedimentary record was established,which was coupled with the Yellow River diversion and runoff changes.The results show that the foraminiferal composition and foraminiferal abundance of the sediments from the north Yellow Sea had good response to the Yellow River diversion in 1855.Before the change,shallow water assemblages dominated the foraminifera,and the abundance of each foraminiferal species was very low.After the diversion event,the abundance of most foraminifera increased sharply,with a maximum increase of 16 times,and the assemblage was still dominated by shallow water species.Furthermore,the changes in foraminiferal abundance in the core sediments corresponded well with the discharge fluctuation of the Yellow River since 1855.When the Yellow River began entering the Bohai Sea,the Yellow River water,which is rich in nutrients,along with the coastal currents affected the north Yellow Sea,increased the primary productivity in the north Yellow Sea,which is the main reason for the abrupt increase and fluctuation of foraminiferal abundance in this area.At the meantime,the East Asian winter monsoon could also promote the development of nearshore foraminiferal species by enhancing the coastal currents.

A Sheeted Dike Complex in the Protrozoic Miaowan Ophiolite Complex on the Northern Yangtze Craton: Recording Seafloor Spreading

The Proterozoic Miaowan Ophiolite Complex is a highly dismembered ophiolitic complex cropping out near the northern margin of the Yangtze Craton(Peng et al.,2012).The rocks of this complex consist of,from bottom

Recording the direct surgeon’s view with an operating microscopic view improves microscopic ophthalmic surgery training

AIM:To establish a recording system with a direct view of the surgeon to supplement video recording under an operating microscope,which lacks information on the movement and position of the surgeon’s hands,and to facilitate the reproduction of a skilled surgeon’s technique by a surgeon in training.METHODS:A small camera was attached to the operating microscope with a custom adapter.Microscopic surgeon’s view and direct surgeon’s view through this new camera were recorded in the surgical recording system.Both movies were synchronized and analyzed how do surgeons handle the instruments.RESULTS:A small camera attached to the operating microscope allowed the surgeon’s hands motion to be recorded without interfering with the surgeon’s movements.Different surgeons used different methods to manipulate the ultrasound handpiece and the irrigation/aspiration device.Even in the simple paracentesis procedure,different surgeons used different methods.Surgeons-in-training were able to identify and improve their weaknesses by watching synchronized movies of their hand motions and microscopic view.CONCLUSION:Simultaneous recording the surgical field out of the operating microscopic view by a small camera set on the microscope is comprehensive and improves surgeons-in-training understanding and learning surgeries.

The invention of an automatic measurement and data recording method of a fluorescence spectrophotometer

1.Objectives The laboratory of Xi’an Center,China Geological Survey has long been engaged in the testing of oil and gas geochemical samples.Among the different indexes,the measurement of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon needs to be completed by the fluorescence spectrophotometer which is made in PE Company.According to the standard method,the fluorescence intensity values of three emission wavelengths under a certain excitation wavelength should be provided.

Coherency Evaluation of Spatiotemporal Neural Activities in the Molluscan Olfactory Center Applying Extracellular Recording with Wavelet Analysis

The procerebrum (PC) of the land slug Limax is the olfactory center involved in olfactory discrimination and learning. In the PC, an oscillation of local field potential (LFP) with 0.5 - 1 Hz is observed by electrophysiological extracellular recording. Additionally, spatiotemporal neural activities in the PC have been examined using optical recordings. However, extracellular recording is preferable to measure neural activities for a long time with a high speed, while it is not abundant in spatial information. In this study, we therefore attempted to elicit spatial information from extracellular recording. For this purpose, we evaluated spatial information included in the LFP compared with the spatiotemporal neural activities measured by the fluorescent voltage imaging. As a result, aversive odors induced the coherent spatiotemporal neural activities in the PC, and the increase in coherency was observed as a change in the LFP waveform. It was also evaluated as a decrease in entropy by analyzing the LFP oscillation patterns and wavelet analysis. Thus, although the LFP provides only one series of signals, the coherency of the spatiotemporal neural activities in the PC can be evaluated by applying extracellular recording with wavelet analysis.

Synthesis, Photochromic Property and Application for Optical Recording of a New Asymmetrical Diarylethene

The reversible molecule switching of an assymmetrical photochromic diarylethene 1-[2-methy1-5-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-thienyl]-2-(1,2-dimethy1-3-indol) perfluorocyelopentene (1a) has been prepared for the examination of photo-switching, fluorescence switching. This compound exhibited reversible photochromism, changing from colorless to blue after irradiation with UV light both in solution and in poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) amorphous film. Also, it exhibited remarkable fluorescence switching in the solid state. Using diarylethene 1b/PMMA film as recording medium, polarization optical recording was performed perfectly by a He-Ne laser with 633 nm wavelength. The results demonstrated that it can be potentially used as polarization optical recording medium.

Research on the Developmental Trend of Computer Music Technology under the Background of Multi-channel Stereo Recording

In this paper, we conduct research on the developmental trend of the computer music technology under the background of multichannelstereo recording. Surround sound is not only used in the fi lm, home theater, also penetrated the digital TV and digital broadcasting.But because of the limitation of storage media capacity and transmission bandwidth must use all kinds of that audio compression technologyto transmit audio data. As a more general and more practical signifi cance, as masking and by masking sound are not limited to their respectiveresend by a single speaker, but in different proportion to their respective ‘channel sound level is poor. To deal with this issue, this paperintegrates the signal denoising method as the optimization and achieves better performance.