Effects of Combined Application of Inorganic Fertilizer and Organic Manures on Nitrogen Use and Recovery Efficiencies of Hybrid Rice (Palethwe-1)

We conducted two field experiments to investigate combined effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on nitrogen use and recovery efficiencies of hybrid rice (Palethwe-1) during dry and wet seasons, 2015. Four levels of inorganic fertilizer (0%, 50%, 75%, and 100% NPK), based on recommended rates of 150 kg N ha-1, 70 kg P2O5 ha-1, and 120 kg K2O ha-1, were used with cow manure, poultry manure, and vermicompost (5 t·ha-1each) in a split-plot design with three replicates. In both seasons, with 50% NPK, the N uptake level achieved with poultry manure was similar to that obtained with 75% and 100% NPK. The greatest N use, internal, agronomic N use, and recovery efficiencies were obtained with 50% NPK + poultry manure, but were similar to those obtained from cow manure and vermicompost subplots. As the amount of applied N from organic and inorganic fertilizer increased, the N use efficiency and related parameters decreased, due to similar yields among plots with different NPK application levels. Poultry manure resulted in the highest significant correlations between applied N and N accumulation, followed by cow manure and vermicompost, in both seasons. Neither chemical fertilizer nor organic manure alone led to optimum N use and N recovery efficiencies. The combination of 50% inorganic fertilizer (75 kg N ha-1) and poultry manure (5 t·ha-1) enhanced the N uptake, the N use and recovery efficiencies of hybrid rice. Cow manure (5 t·ha-1) in combination with 75% inorganic fertilizer (112.5 kg N ha-1) was an adequate substitute for reduced chemical fertilizer usage. Therefore, this study highlighted combined application of inorganic fertilizers and organic manures had the benefits not only in reducing the need for chemical fertilizers but also in improving N uptake by hybrid rice (Palethwe-1) leading to the better environment.

Effects of nitrogen fertilization strategies on nitrogen use efficiency in physiology, recovery, and agronomy and redistribution of dry matter accumulation and nitrogen accumulation in two typical rice cultivars in Zhejiang, China

Field experiments were conducted in farmers’ rice fields in 2001 and 2002 to study the effects of nitrogen (N) man-agement strategies on N use efficiency in recovery (RE), agronomy (AE) and physiology (PE) and redistribution of dry matter accumulation (DMA) and nitrogen accumulation (NA) in two typical rice cultivars in Jinhua, Zhejiang Province. This study aimed mainly at identifying the possible causes of poor fertilizer N use efficiency (NUE) of rice in Zhejiang by comparing farmers’ fertilizer practice (FFP) with advanced site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) and real-time N management (RTNM). The results showed that compared to FFP, SSNM and RTNM reduced DMA and NA before panicle initiation and increased DMA and NA at post-flowering. There is no significant difference between SSNM and FFP in post-flowering dry matter redistribution (post-DMR) and post-flowering nitrogen redistribution (post-NR). These results suggest that high input rate of fertilizer N and improper fertilizer N timing are the main factors causing low NUE of irrigated rice in the farmer’s routine practice of Zhejiang. With SSNM, about 15% of the current total N input in direct-seeding early rice and 45% in single rice could be reduced without yield loss in Zhejiang, China.

Using irrigation intervals to optimize water-use efficiency and maize yield in Xinjiang,northwest China

Worldwide, scarce water resources and substantial food demands require efficient water use and high yield.This study investigated whether irrigation frequency can be used to adjust soil moisture to increase grain yield and water use efficiency(WUE) of high-yield maize under conditions of mulching and drip irrigation.A field experiment was conducted using three irrigation intervals in 2016: 6, 9, and 12 days(labeled D6, D9, and D12) and five irrigation intervals in 2017: 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days(D3, D6, D9, D12, and D15).In Xinjiang, an optimal irrigation quota is 540 mm for high-yield maize.The D3, D6, D9, D12, and D15 irrigation intervals gave grain yields of 19.7, 19.1–21.0, 18.8–20.0, 18.2–19.2, and 17.2 Mg ha^-1 and a WUE of 2.48, 2.53–2.80, 2.47–2.63, 2.34–2.45, and 2.08 kg m-3, respectively.Treatment D6 led to the highest soil water storage, but evapotranspiration and soil-water evaporation were lower than other treatments.These results show that irrigation interval D6 can help maintain a favorable soil-moisture environment in the upper-60-cm soil layer, reduce soilwater evaporation and evapotranspiration, and produce the highest yield and WUE.In this arid region and in other regions with similar soil and climate conditions, a similar irrigation interval would thus be beneficial for adjusting soil moisture to increase maize yield and WUE under conditions of mulching and drip irrigation.

Simulation and visualization of the displacement between CO2 and formation fluids at pore-scale levels and its application to the recovery of shale gas

This article reports recent developments and advances in the simulation of the CO2-formation fluid displacement behaviour at the pore scale of subsurface porous media. Roughly, there are three effective visualization approaches to detect and observe the CO2-formation fluid displacement mechanism at the micro-scale, namely, magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray computed tomography and fabricated micromodels, but they are not capable of investigating the dis- placement process at the nano-scale. Though a lab-on-chip approach for the direct visualization of the fluid flow behaviour in nanoscale channels has been developed using an advanced epi-fluorescence microscopy method combined with a nanofluidic chip, it is still a qualitative analysis method. The lattice Boltzmann method （LBM） can simulate the CO2 displacement processes in a two-dimensional or three-dimensional （3D） pore structure, but until now, the CO2 displace- ment mechanisms had not been thoroughly investigated and the 3D pore structure of real rock had not been directly taken into account in the simulation of the CO2 displacement process. The status of research on the applications of CO2 displacement to enhance shale gas recovery is also analyzed in this paper. The coupling of molecular dynamics and LBM in tandem is proposed to simulate the CO2-shale gas displacement process based on the 3D digital model of shale obtained from focused ion beams and scanning electron microscopy.

Fate of ^(15)N Labeled Nitrate and Ammonium Salts Added to an Alpine Meadow in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, China

To understand the dynamics of added nitrogen (N) in alpine meadow and the role of alpine plants and soil microorganisms in the retention of deposited N, the fate of 15 N labeled nitrate and ammonium salts was determined in an alpine meadow for two months. Two weeks after 15 N application, total recovery of 15 N from NO - 3_ 15 N was 73.5% while it was 78% from NH + 4_ 15 N. More 15 N was recovered in plants than in soil organic matter or in microbial biomass, irrespective of forms of N added. After one month, 70.6% of added NO - 3_ 15 N and 57.4% of NH + 4_ 15 N were recovered in soils and plants. 15 N recovered in soil organic matter decreased greatly while that recovered in plants varied little, irrespective of the form N. Compared with the results of two weeks after 15 N application, more NO - 3_ 15 N than NH + 4_ 15 N was recovered in microbial biomass. Total recovery was 58.4% (six weeks) and 67% (eight weeks) from NO - 3_ 15 N, and 43.1% and 49% from NH + 4_ 15 N, respectively. Both plants and soil microorganism recovered more NO - 3_ 15 N than NH + 4_ 15 N. But plants recovered more 15 N than soil microorganisms. During the whole experiment plants retained more NO - 3_N and 15 N than soil microorganisms while 15 N recovered in inorganic N pool did not exceed 1% due to lower amount of inorganic N. This indicates that plants play more important roles in the retention of deposited N although microbial biomass can be an important sink for deposited N in early days after N application.

Araucaria cunninghamii Seedling Response to Different Forms and Rates of ^(15)N-Labelled Fertiliser

Nitrogenous fertilisers are under consideration for promoting the growth of nursery-reared hoop pine （Araucaria cunninghamii Alton ex A. Cunn） seedlings in the establishment phase of second rotation （2R） plantations. Using ^15N- labelled fertilisers, we investigated the effect of different forms （ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate and urea） and rates of application （0, 150 and 300 mg N kg^-1 dried soil） of fertilisers on the growth, ^15N recovery and carbon isotope composition （δ^13C） of hoop pine seedlings in a 12-month glasshouse trial in southeast Queensland, Australia. The ^15N-labelled fertilisers were applied to nursery-reared hoop pine seedlings, which were then grown in pots, containing ca. 1.2 kg dried soil, under well watered conditions for 12 months. Four seedlings from each treatment were harvested at 4-month intervals, divided into roots, stem and foliage, with a further subdivision for new and old foliage, and then analysed for ^15N, total N, δ^13C and total C. There was no significant response in the seedling growth to the form or rate of application of nitrogen （N） fertiliser within the 12-month period, indicating that the seedlings did not experience N deficiency when grown on second rotation hoop pine soils. While the combined ^15N recovery from soil and plant remained at around 70% throughout the experiment, the proportion of ^15N recovered from the plants increasing steadily over time. Nitrate containing fertilisers at 150 mg N kg^-1 soil gradually increased seedling foliage δ^13C over the 12-month period, indicating an increase in seedling water use efficiency.

TaNRT2.1-6B is a dual-affinity nitrate transporter contributing to nitrogen uptake in bread wheat under both nitrogen deficiency and sufficiency

Multiple nitrate transporter(NRT)genes exist in the genome of bread wheat,and it is of great importance to identify the elite NRT genes for N-efficient wheat cultivar breeding.A candidate gene association study(CGAS)of six N use efficiency(NUE)related traits(grain N concentration(GNC),straw N concentration(SNC),grain yield(GY),grain N accumulation(GNA),shoot total N accumulation(STN)and N harvest index(NHI))was performed based on SNPs in 46 NRT2 genes using a panel composed of 286 wheat cultivars.CGAS identified TaNRT2.1-6B as an elite NRT gene that is significantly associated with four(NHI,SNC,GNA and GY)of the six NUE-related traits simultaneously.TaNRT2.1-6B is located on the plasma membrane and acts as a dual-affinity NRT.The overexpression of TaNRT2.1-6B increased the N influx and root growth of wheat,whereas gene silence lines resulted in the opposite effects.The overexpression of TaNRT2.1-6B also improved GY and N accumulation of wheat under either limited or sufficient N conditions.The data provide the TaNRT2.1-6B gene and the two associated SNP markers as promising powerful tools for breeding wheat cultivars with high N uptake ability and NUE.

Economical Analysis and Optimization of Recovery Processing Policies about Discarded Product

On the foundation of analyzing the closed loop logistics chain of product with multi-lifecycle, the connotation of environmental value is set forth, recurring to such conceptions as supply chain and value chain. The plotting rules about disassembly tree are discussed in detail. The reachable matrix R of components’ disas- sembly is introduced into distinguishing if disassembly is needed, in combination with disassembly-deciding vector X. Furthermore, the arithmetic of disassembly cost is put forward. And the cost-benefits of components’ reusing, materials’ recycling, safety disposing are dissertated based on the activity-based costing. Then the 0-1 goal-programming model on product recovery processing is established, with components’ demotion calculated. In addition, taking the PC’s recovery processing for example, we put it into application.

On the direct use of recovered scrap copper and saving copper with aluminum in the Chinese cable industry

The copper consumption by the Chinese cable industry amounted to 354×104 t in 2006, taking over 70 % of the total copper consumption in China in that year. At present, making copper rod directly from recovered scrap copper and saving copper with aluminum have become topics of general interests in the Chinese cable industry. The quality of the copper conductors in the industry is declining, resulting in sharp decrease in the rate of qualified wire and cable products. More and more copper wires are drawn from the rods made directly from scrap copper. The manufacturers know well some of the wires or rods are unqualified products though, they continue to use or produce products not complying with standards in order to make profits. Now the consumption of copper-clad-aluminum and copper-clad-steel is growing gradually. In 2006, the consumption of copper-clad-aluminum in China amounted to ca. 5×104 t. But in some applications, neither the common understanding between buyer and supplier nor the results of feasibility study are achieved in the product orientation and technical/economic feasibility in terms of saving copper with aluminum. This paper presents the status-quo, problems arisen and suggestions in terms of making copper rod directly from recovered scrap copper and saving copper with aluminum, in a view to promote these two topics of general interests to go toward a virtuous circle.

EXACT SOLUTION FOR RECTANGULAR SLAB WITH THREE EDGES SIMPLY-SUPPORTED AND OTHER FREE

In this paper,we give all-sided pastic analysis of the rectangular slab with three edges simply-supported and other free.Here we discuss the following four cases:(1)The uniformly distributedload over the area a slab.(2).A concentrated load act at midpoint of free edges slab.(3)A concen-trated load act at the center a slab.(4)The line load act along free edge of slab.

Symantec LiveState Recovery快速恢复数据

赛门铁克公司最近推出了Symantec LiveState Recovery家族系列产品，基于磁盘的系统及数据恢复解决方案。它包括Symantec LiveState Recovery Advanced Server3．0．Symantec Live State Recovery Standard Server 3．0和Symantec Live State Recovery Desktop 3.0三个版本．

威尔曼—洛德法(W-L SO_2 Recovery)

应用范围:废气流的脱硫原料气:克劳斯装置尾气产品:浓缩的 SO_2气体适于循环到克劳斯装置或者进一步加工,例如制成硫酸。概述:首先把克劳斯装置尾气中原有的所有含硫化合物(H_2S、COS、CS_2等)灼烧转化成 SO_2。热气在废热锅炉中冷却,然后骤冷并送到 SO_2吸收塔中去。吸收塔送入亚硫酸钠贫液,亚硫酸钠吸收 SO_2,并与它反应生成亚硫酸氢钠。

Vapour Treatment Method Against Other Pyro-and Hydrometallurgical Processes Applied to Recover Platinum From Used Auto Catalytic Converters

Today more and more cars are produced every year. All of them have to be equipped with catalytic converters, the main role of which is to obtain substances harmless to the environment instead of exhausted gases. Catalytic converters contain platinum group metals （PGM） especially platinum, palladium and rhodium. The price of these metals and their increasing demand are the reasons why today it is necessary to recycle used auto catalytic converters. There are many available methods of recovering PGM metals from them, especially platinum. These methods used mainly hydrometallurgical processes; however pyrometallurgical ones become more and more popular. The article presents results of the research mainly concerning pyrometallurgical processes. Two groups of research were carried out. In the first one different metals such as lead, magnesium and copper were used as a metal collector. During the tests, platinum went to those metals forming an alloy. In other research metal vapours were blown through catalytic converter carrier （grinded or whole）. In the tests metals such as calcium, magnesium, cadmium and zinc were applied. As a result white or grey powder （metal plus platinum） was obtained. The tables present results of the research. Processing parameters and conclusions are also shown. To compare efficiency of pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods catalytic converter carrier and samples of copper with platinum obtained from pyrometallurgical method were solved in aqua regia, mixture of aqua regia and fluoric acid.

Monitoring the spatio-temporal dynamics of swidden agriculture and fallow vegetation recovery using Landsat imagery in northern Laos

Swidden agriculture is an age-old, widespread but controversial farming practice in Montane Mainland Southeast Asia （MMSEA）. In the uplands of northern Laos, swidden ag- riculture has remained a predominant human-dominated land-use type for centuries. However swidden system has undergone dramatic transformations since the mid-1990s. Debates on changes in swidden cultivation are linked to globally critical issues, such as land use/cover changes （LUCC）, biodiversity loss and environmental degradation. Since the implementation of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation （REDD）, much attention has been paid nationally and internationally to swidden agriculture in the tropics. However, knowledge of the explicitly spatial characteristics of swidden agriculture and the conse- quences of these transitions at macroscopic scale is surprisingly scarce. In this study, the intensity of swidden use and fallow forest recovery in northern Laos in 1990, 2002, and 2011 were delineated by means of Landsat Thematic Mapper （TM） and Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus （ETM＋） imagery （30 m） using a decision tree classification approach, followed by an analysis of the spatio-temporal changes in swidden agriculture. Next, annual successive TM/ETM＋ images during 2000-2010 were used to delineate the dynamics of the burning and cropping phase. Subsequently, the burned pixels identified in 2000 were compared respectively with their counterparts in the following years （2001-2011） to investigate temporal trends, land-use frequency, and the swidden cycle using time-series Landsat-based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI） data. Finally, as the swidden cycle changed from 1 to 11 years, the fallow vegetation recovery process was studied. The results showed that： （1） from 1990 to 2011, the area of swidden agriculture increased by 54.98%, from 1.54× 10^5 ha to 2.38×10^5 ha in northern Laos. The increased swidden cultivation area was mainly distributed in Luang Prabang and southern Bokeo, whereas the decreased parts were mainly found in Phongsali; （2） swidden agriculture increased mainly at elevations of 500-800 m, 300-500 m, and 800-1000 m and on slopes of 10°-20° and 200-30°. Over 80% of swidden fields were transformed from forests; （3） during 2000-2011, the frequency of swidden use in northern Laos was about two or three times. The interval between two successive utilization of a swidden ranged from one to seven years. Comparison of swidden cycles and the related proportions of swidden farming in 2000, 2003, and 2007 revealed that swidden cycles in most areas were shortened; and （4） there was a significant correlation （0.97） between fallow vegetation recovery and the swidden cycle. The NDVI of regenerated vegetation could approach the average level of forest when the swidden cycle reached 10 years.

Dissipative particle dynamics simulation of wettability alternation phenomena in the chemical flooding process

Wettability alternation phenomena is considered one of the most important enhanced oil recovery （EOR） mechanisms in the chemical flooding process and induced by the adsorption of surfactant on the rock surface. These phenomena are studied by a mesoscopic method named as dissipative particle dynamics （DPD）. Both the alteration phenomena of water-wet to oil-wet and that of oil-wet to water-wet are simulated based on reasonable definition of interaction parameters between beads. The wetting hysteresis phenomenon and the process of oil-drops detachment from rock surfaces with different wettability are simulated by adding long-range external forces on the fluid particles. The simulation results show that, the oil drop is liable to spread on the oil-wetting surface and move in the form of liquid film flow, whereas it is likely to move as a whole on the waterwetting surface. There are the same phenomena occuring in wettability-alternated cases. The results also show that DPD method provides a feasible approach to the problems of seepage flow with physicochemical phenomena and can be used to study the mechanism of EOR of chemical flooding.

Clock recovery from NRZ data at 10 Gb/s using SOA loop mirror and mode-locked fiber ring laser based on SOA

All optical clock recovery from non return-to-zero （NRZ） data using an semiconductor optical amplifier （SOA） loop mirror and a mode-locked SOA fibcr lascr is firstly schematically explained and experimentally demonstrated at 10 Gb/s. Furthermore, the pulse quality of tile recovered cluck is cffcctivcly improved by using a continuous-wave （CW） assist light in the gain region of SOA, through which the amplitude modulation is reduced from 57.2% to 8.47%. This scheme is a promising method for clock recovery from NRZ data in the future all-optical communication networks.

Remaining useful life prediction of lithium-ion batteries using a fusion method based on Wasserstein GAN

Lithium-ion batteries are the main power supply equipment in many fields due to their advantages of no memory, high energy density, long cycle life and no pollution to the environment. Accurate prediction for the remaining useful life(RUL) of lithium-ion batteries can avoid serious economic and safety problems such as spontaneous combustion. At present, most of the RUL prediction studies ignore the lithium-ion battery capacity recovery phenomenon caused by the rest time between the charge and discharge cycles. In this paper, a fusion method based on Wasserstein generative adversarial network(GAN) is proposed. This method achieves a more reliable and accurate RUL prediction of lithium-ion batteries by combining the artificial neural network(ANN) model which takes the rest time between battery charging cycles into account and the empirical degradation models which provide the correct degradation trend. The weight of each model is calculated by the discriminator in the Wasserstein GAN model. Four data sets of lithium-ion battery provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA) Ames Research Center are used to prove the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method.

Effect of a pain diary use on recovery from acute whiplash injury: a cohort study

Previously,it was shown that the use of a symptom diary for two weeks,even in generally healthy subjects,results in increased recall of daily symptoms and increased perception of symptom severity(Ferrari and Russell,2010).In that study,generally healthy female subjects were asked to recall symptoms experienced in the previous two weeks,after keeping a symptom diary for two weeks,while a control group was asked to recall symptoms experienced in the previous two weeks without having kept a symptom diary.While both groups had

The Business of Managing Risk and Network Security:An Exploration of Knowledge Transfer Issues within the Context of Data Security and Countermeasure Trade Offs

The contemporary environment within which command,control,communications,computers and intelligence (C4I platforms exist, have a number of characteristics. These characteristics may be most obviously identified as interconnectivity, international networking, speed of data transfer, the compact nature of electronic information and rapidly changing technology. Information security professionals employ a variety of approaches in order to counter risks within this complex and fluid environment. The gamut of potential security activities ranges form access control through a variety of auditing techniques to secure data communications. This field is broad and well documented. Indeed, the discipline of network risk management and data security is both well developed and sophisticated.This paper addresses twin themes:i.The fundamental issue of the method by which specific approaches are employed. This is a precursor to the adoption of an eventual strategy.ii.The crucial issues revolving around the