Impact of technology on indications and limitations for transanal surgical removal of rectal neoplasms

Transanal surgery has and continues to be well accepted for local excision of benign rectal disease not amenable to endoscopic resection. More recently, there has been increasing interest in applying transanal surgery to local resection of early malignant disease. In addition, some groups have started utilizing a transanal route in order to accomplish total mesorectal excision(TME) for more advanced rectal malignancies. We aim to review the role of various transanal and endoscopic techniquesin the local resection of benign and malignant rectal disease based on published trial data. Preliminary data on the use of transanal platforms to accomplish TME will also be highlighted. For endoscopically unresectable rectal adenomas, transanal surgery remains a widely accepted method with minimal morbidity that avoids the downsides of a major abdomino-pelvic operation. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery and transanal minimally invasive surgery offer improved visualization and magnification, allowing for finer and more precise dissection of more proximal and larger rectal lesions without compromising patient outcome. Some studies have demonstrated efficacy in utilizing transanal platforms in the surgical management of early rectal malignancies in selected patients. There is an overall higher recurrence rate with transanal surgery with the concern that neither chemoradiation nor salvage surgery may compensate for previous approach and correct the inferior outcome. Application of transanal platforms to accomplish transanal TME in a natural orifice fashion are still in their infancy and currently should be considered experimental. The current data demonstrate that transanal surgery remains an excellent option in the surgical management of benign rectal disease. However, care should be used when selecting patients with malignant disease. The application of transanal platforms continues to evolve. While the new uses of transanal platforms in TME for more advanced rectal malignancy are exciting, it is important to remain cognizant and not sacrifice long term survival for short term decrease in morbidity and improved cosmesis.

Minimally invasive pelvic exenteration for primary or recurrent locally advanced rectal cancer:A glimpse into the future

Surgeons have grappled with the treatment of recurrent and T4b locally advanced rectal cancer(LARC)for many years.Their main objectives are to increase the overall survival and quality of life of the patients and to mitigate postoperative complications.Currently,pelvic exenteration(PE)with or without neoadjuvant treatment is a curative treatment when negative resection margins are achieved.The traditional open approach has been favored by many surgeons.However,the technological advancements in minimally invasive surgery have radically changed the surgical options.Recent studies have demonstrated promising results in postoperative complications and oncological outcomes after robotic or laparoscopic PE.A recent retrospective study entitled“Feasibility and safety of minimally invasive multivisceral resection for T4b rectal cancer:A 9-year review”was published in the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.As we read this article with great interest,we decided to delve into the latest data regarding the benefits and risks of minimally invasive PE for LARC.Currently,the small number of suitable patients,limited surgeon experience,and steep learning curve are hindering the establishment of minimally invasive PE.

Feasibility and safety of minimally invasive multivisceral resection for T4b rectal cancer:A 9-year review

BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the second highest cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide.About 5%-10%of patients are diagnosed with locally advanced rectal cancer(LARC)on presentation.For LARC invading into other structures(i.e.T4b),multivisceral resection(MVR)and/or pelvic ex-enteration(PE)remains the only potential curative surgical treatment.MVR and/or PE is a major and complex surgery with high post-operative morbidity.Minimally invasive surgery(MIS)has been shown to improve short-term post-operative outcomes in other gastrointestinal malignancies,but there is little evi-dence on its use in MVR,especially so for robotic MVR.This is a single-center retrospective cohort study from 1st January 2015 to 31st March 2023.Inclusion criteria were patients diagnosed with cT4b rectal cancer and underwent MVR,or stage 4 disease with resectable systemic metastases.Pa-tients who underwent curative MVR for locally recurrent rectal cancer,or me-tachronous rectal cancer were also included.Exclusion criteria were patients with systemic metastases with non-resectable disease.All patients planned for elective surgery were enrolled into the standard enhanced recovery after surgery pathway with standard peri-operative management for colorectal surgery.Complex sur-gery was defined based on technical difficulty of surgery(i.e.total PE,bladder-sparing prostatectomy,pelvic lymph node dissection or need for flap creation).Our primary outcomes were the margin status,and complication rates.Cate-gorical values were described as percentages and analysed by the chi-square test.Continuous variables were expressed as median(range)and analysed by Mann-Whitney U test.Cumulative overall survival(OS)and recurrence-free survival(RFS)were analysed using Kaplan-Meier estimates with life table analysis.Log-rank test was performed to determine statistical significance between cumulative estimates.Statistical significance was defined as P<0.05.Meier estimates with life table analysis.Log-rank test was performed to determine statistical significance between cumulative estimates.Statistical significance was defined as P<0.05.RESULTS A total of 46 patients were included in this study[open MVR(oMVR):12(26.1%),miMVR:36(73.9%)].Patients’American Society of Anesthesiologists score,body mass index and co-morbidities were comparable between oMVR and miMVR.There is an increasing trend towards robotic MVR from 2015 to 2023.MiMVR was associated with lower estimated blood loss(EBL)(median 450 vs 1200 mL,P=0.008),major morbidity(14.7%vs 50.0%,P=0.014),post-operative intra-abdominal collections(11.8%vs 50.0%,P=0.006),post-operative ileus(32.4%vs 66.7%,P=0.04)and surgical site infection(11.8%vs 50.0%,P=0.006)compared with oMVR.Length of stay was also shorter for miMVR compared with oMVR(median 10 vs 30 d,P=0.001).Oncological outcomes-R0 resection,recurrence,OS and RFS were comparable between miMVR and oMVR.There was no 30-d mortality.More patients underwent robotic compared with laparoscopic MVR for complex cases(robotic 57.1%vs laparoscopic 7.7%,P=0.004).The operating time was longer for robotic compared with laparoscopic MVR[robotic:602(400-900)min,laparoscopic:Median 455(275-675)min,P<0.001].Incidence of R0 resection was similar(laparoscopic:84.6%vs robotic:76.2%,P=0.555).Overall complication rates,major morbidity rates and 30-d readmission rates were similar between la-paroscopic and robotic MVR.Interestingly,3-year OS(robotic 83.1%vs 58.6%,P=0.008)and RFS(robotic 72.9%vs 34.3%,P=0.002)was superior for robotic compared with laparoscopic MVR.CONCLUSION MiMVR had lower post-operative complications compared to oMVR.Robotic MVR was also safe,with acceptable post-operative complication rates.Prospective studies should be conducted to compare short-term and long-term outcomes between robotic vs laparoscopic MVR.

Preoperative rectal tumor embolization as an adjunctive tool for bloodless abdominoperineal excision:A case report

BACKGROUND Abdominoperineal excision(APE)-related hemorrhage can be challenging due to difficult access to pelvic organs and the risk of massive blood loss.The objective of the present study was to demonstrate the use of preoperative embolization(PE)as a strategy for blood preservation in a patient with a large low rectal tumor with a high risk of bleeding,scheduled for APE.CASE SUMMARY A 56-year-old man presented to our institution with a one-year history of anal bleeding and rectal tenesmus.The patient was diagnosed with bulky adenocarcinoma limited to the rectum.As the patient refused any clinical treatment,surgery without previous neoadjuvant chemoradiation was indicated.The patient underwent a tumor embolization procedure,two days before surgery performed via the right common femoral artery.The tumor was successfully devascularized and no major bleeding was noted during APE.Postoperative recovery was uneventful and a one-year follow-up showed no signs of recurrence.CONCLUSION Therapeutic tumor embolization may play a role in bloodless surgeries and increase surgical and oncologic prognoses.We describe a patient with a bulky low rectal tumor who successfully underwent preoperative embolization and bloodless abdominoperineal resection.

Simple instruments facilitating achievement of transanal total mesorectal excision in male patients

AIM To assess the efficacy of a modified approach with transanal total mesorectal excision(ta TME) using simple customized instruments in male patients with low rectal cancer.METHODS A total of 115 male patients with low rectal cancer from December 2006 to August 2015 were retrospectively studied. All patients had a bulky tumor(tumor diameter ≥ 40 mm). Forty-one patients(group A) underwent a classical approach of transabdominal total mesorectal excision(TME) and transanal intersphincteric resection(ISR), and the other 74 patients(group B) underwent a modified approach with transabdominal TME,transanal ISR, and ta TME. Some simple instruments including modified retractors and an anal dilator with a papilionaceous fixture were used to perform ta TME. The operative time, quality of mesorectal excision, circumferential resection margin, local recurrence, and postoperative survival were evaluated.RESULTS All 115 patients had successful sphincter preservation. The operative time in group B(240 min, range: 160-330 min) was significantly shorter than that in group A(280 min, range: 200-360 min; P = 0.000). Co m pa r e d w it h g r o up A, m o r e c o m p le t e d is t a l mesorectum and total mesorectum were achieved in group B(100% vs 75.6%, P = 0.000; 90.5% vs 70.7%, P = 0.008, respectively). After 46.1 ± 25.6 mo followup, group B had a lower local recurrence rate and higher disease-free survival rate compared with group A, but these differences were not statistically significant(5.4% vs 14.6%, P = 0.093; 79.5% vs 65.1%, P = 0.130). CONCLUSION Retrograde ta TME with simple customized instruments can achieve high-quality TME, and it might be an effective and economical alternative for male patients with bulky tumors.

基于倾向性评分匹配的机器人与腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术的短期疗效分析

目的:对比机器人与腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术的短期临床疗效。方法:回顾分析2020年8月至2022年12月行机器人与腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术的112例患者的临床资料。采用倾向评分匹配法对两组患者的临床资料进行1∶1匹配,两组各30例患者匹配成功,匹配后对比分析两组手术情况、术后恢复情况及术后30 d并发症。结果:匹配后两组患者临床资料差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。机器人组中1例中转腹腔镜手术,腹腔镜组无中转开腹。两组左结肠动脉保留、盆底腹膜关闭、环周切缘阳性率、远切缘距离、淋巴结清扫数量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。机器人组预防性回肠造口率低于腹腔镜组,术中出血量少于腹腔镜组,吻合口加固缝合数量多于腹腔镜组,术后第1天C-反应蛋白水平低于腹腔镜组,总手术时间长于腹腔镜组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组首次排气时间、拔除尿管时间、肛管留置时间、首次进食时间、术后住院时间、术后30 d并发症差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:机器人全直肠系膜切除术可获得与腹腔镜手术相似的短期临床疗效,机器人手术时间更长,但具有组织损伤轻、术中出血少、回肠造口率低的优势。

Robotic surgery for rectal cancer: Current immediate clinical and oncological outcomes

Laparoscopic rectal surgery continues to be a challenging operation associated to a steep learning curve. Robotic surgical systems have dramatically changed minimally invasive surgery. Three-dimensional, magnified and stable view, articulated instruments, and reduction of physiologic tremors leading to superior dexterity and ergonomics. Therefore, robotic platforms could potentially address limitations of laparoscopic rectal surgery. It was aimed at reviewing current literature on short-term clinical and oncological(pathological) outcomes after robotic rectal cancer surgery in comparison with laparoscopic surgery. A systematic review was performed for the period 2002 to 2014. A total of 1776 patients with rectal cancer underwent minimally invasive robotic treatment in 32 studies. After robotic and laparoscopic approach to oncologic rectal surgery, respectively, mean operating time varied from 192-385 min, and from 158-297 min; mean estimated blood loss was between 33 and 283 mL, and between 127 and 300 mL; mean length of stay varied from 4-10 d; and from 6-15 d. Conversion after robotic rectal surgery varied from 0% to 9.4%, and from 0 to 22% after laparoscopy. There was no difference between robotic(0%-41.3%) and laparoscopic(5.5%-29.3%) surgery regarding morbidity and anastomotic complications(respectively, 0%-13.5%, and 0%-11.1%). Regarding immediate oncologic outcomes, respectively among robotic and laparoscopic cases, positive circumferential margins varied from 0% to 7.5%, and from 0% to 8.8%; the mean number of retrieved lymph nodes was between 10 and 20, and between 11 and 21; and the mean distal resection margin was from 0.8 to 4.7 cm, and from 1.9 to 4.5 cm. Robotic rectal cancer surgery is being undertaken by experienced surgeons. However, the quality of the assembled evidence does not support definite conclusions about most studies variables. Robotic rectal cancer surgery is associated to increased costs and operating time. It also seems to be associated to reduced conversion rates. Other short-term outcomes are comparable to conventional laparoscopy techniques, if not better. Ultimately, pathological data evaluation suggests that oncologic safety may be preserved after robotic total mesorectal excision. However, further studies are required to evaluate oncologic safety and functional results.

MR多模态成像在直肠癌TN分期及手术方式选择中的应用

目的探讨MR多模态成像在直肠癌TN分期及手术方式选择中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析我院2020年1月—2022年5月396例直肠癌患者的MR征象,以此进行术前TN分期并模拟制定手术方式,分析手术前后TN分期的准确性,并比较拟定手术方式与实际手术方式的一致性。结果MR多模态成像辅助术前拟定直肠癌T分期的符合率为90.15%,与术后病理结果的一致性较高(K=0.82,P<0.01),且对于T2~T4分期的诊断准确率较高;N分期的符合率为71.46%,与术后病理结果的一致性适中(K=0.53,P<0.01)。MR多模态成像辅助拟定手术方式的符合率为89.14%,与实际术式一致性较高(K=0.79,P<0.01),且对于直肠癌各种术式拟定的准确率均较高。结论MR多模态成像对直肠癌的术前TN分期以及手术方式的制定有较高的临床价值。

荧光图像引导手术在妇科恶性肿瘤的研究进展

荧光图像引导手术(fluorescence image-guided surgery,FIGS)是现代外科实践中的新兴技术,通过近红外荧光(near-infeared fluorecence,NIR)显像剂介导在手术中显影目的组织,作为实时、非侵入性和高分辨率的诊断方式,为手术医生提供屏幕图像,实现术中实时导航。FIGS在妇科恶性肿瘤可用于检测前哨淋巴结、淋巴造影、指示肿瘤边界、检测组织污染以及在手术中显影重要血管以评估血供等。由于NIR染料自身没有靶向性,与荧光染料结合的靶向分子探针正在被广泛研发并用于妇科恶性肿瘤的临床试验中,但假阳性率高仍是阻碍其临床应用的主要问题。随着新型荧光染料和成像系统的不断发展,FIGS可能会改变妇科恶性肿瘤的诊疗策略,为手术医生提供新的治疗选择。

Biochemical recurrence of pathological T2+localized prostate cancer after robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy:A 10-year surveillance

BACKGROUND pT2+prostate cancer(PCa),a term first used in 2004,refers to organ-confined PCa characterized by a positive surgical margin(PSM)without extracapsular extension.Patients with a PSM are vulnerable to biochemical recurrence(BCR)following radical prostatectomy(RP);however,whether adjuvant radiotherapy(aRT)is imperative to PSM after RP remains controversial.This study had the longest follow-up on pT2+PCa after robotic-assisted RP since 2004.Moreover,we discussed our viewpoints on pT2+PCa based on real-world experiences.AIM To conclude a 10-year surveillance on pT2+PCa and compare our results with those of the published literature.METHODS Forty-eight patients who underwent robotic-assisted RP between 2008 and 2011 were enrolled.Two serial tests of prostate specific antigen(PSA)≥0.2 ng/mL were defined as BCR.Various designed factors were analyzed using statistical tools for BCR risk.SAS 9.4 was applied and significance was defined as P<0.05.Univariate,multivariate,linear regression,and receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analyses were performed for statistical analyses.RESULTS With a median follow-up period of 9 years,25(52%)patients had BCR(BCR group),and the remaining 23(48%)patients did not(non-BCR group).The median time for BCR test was 4 years from the first postoperative PSA nadir.Preoperative PSA was significantly different between the BCR and non-BCR groups(P<0.001),and ROC curve analysis of preoperative PSA suggested a cutoff value of 19.09 ng/mL(sensitivity,0.600;specificity:0.739).The linear regression analysis showed no correlation between time to BCR and preoperative PSA(Pearson’s correlation,0.13;adjusted R2=0.026).CONCLUSION Robotic-assisted RP in pT2+PCa of worse conditions can provide better BCR-free survival.A surgical technique limiting the PSM in favorable situations is warranted to lower the pT2+PCa BCR rate.Preoperative PSA cut-off value of 19.09 ng/mL is a predictive factor for BCR.Based on our experiences and review of the literature,we do not recommend routine aRT for pT2+PCa.

机器人直肠癌根治术后并发症Clavien-Dindo 分级及危险因素分析

目的:探讨达芬奇机器人直肠癌根治术后并发症的分级及影响术后并发症的危险因素。方法:回顾分析2012年3月至2022年12月接受机器人直肠癌根治术的923例患者的临床、病理资料及并发症情况,采用Clavien-Dindo系统对术后并发症进行分级评价,分析影响术后并发症的危险因素。结果:923例患者中143例出现术后并发症,并发症发生率为15.5%(143/923),其中术后严重并发症(Ⅲ级以上)发生率为6.4%,术后Ⅲ级以上吻合口漏(4.2%)为术后严重并发症最常见的原因。多因素分析结果显示,年龄>65岁是影响术后总体及系统并发症发生的独立危险因素,BMI>25 kg/m~2是影响术后总体、局部、严重并发症发生的独立危险因素,术者经验≤20例是影响术后局部及严重并发症发生的独立危险因素。结论:达芬奇机器人直肠癌根治术后并发症以Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级并发症为主。年龄、BMI、术者经验、肿瘤位置、合并症、术中出血量是影响术后并发症发生的主要独立危险因素。临床开展机器人直肠癌手术时应重点关注此类高危人群,积极防治并发症,降低术后并发症发生率。

Critical analysis of the literature investigating urogenital function preservation following robotic rectal cancer surgery

AIM To analyses the current literature regarding the urogenital functional outcomes of patients receiving robotic rectal cancer surgery. METHODS A comprehensive literature search of electronic databases was performed in October 2015. The following search terms were applied: "rectal cancer" or "colorectal cancer" and robot* or "da Vinci" and sexual or urolog* or urinary or erect* or ejaculat* or impot* or incontinence. All original studies examining the urological and/or sexual outcomes of male and/or female patients receiving robotic rectal cancer surgery were included. Reference lists of all retrieved articles were manually searched for further relevant articles. Abstracts were independently searched by two authors. RESULTS Fifteen original studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. A total of 1338 patients were included; 818 received robotic, 498 laparoscopic and 22 open rectal cancer surgery. Only 726(54%) patients had their urogenital function assessed via means of validated functional questionnaires. From the included studies, three found that robotic rectal cancer surgery leads to quicker recovery of male urological function and five of male sexual function as compared to laparoscopic surgery. It is unclear whether robotic surgery offers favourable urogenital outcomes in the long run for males. In female patients only two studies assessed urological and threesexual function independently to that of males. In these studies there was no difference identified between patients receiving robotic and laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery. However, in females the presented evidence was very limited making it impossible to draw any substantial conclusions. CONCLUSION There seems to be a trend towards earlier recovery of male urogenital function following robotic surgery. To evaluate this further, larger well designed studies are required.

Evaluating the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with ypT0-1 rectal cancer treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy

BACKGROUND Adjuvant chemotherapy(ACTx)is recommended in rectal cancer patients after preoperative chemoradiotherapy(PCRT),but its efficacy in patients in the early post-surgical stage who have a favorable prognosis is controversial.AIM To evaluate the long-term survival benefit of ACTx in patients with ypT0–1 rectal cancer after PCRT and surgical resection.METHODS We identified rectal cancer patients who underwent PCRT followed by surgical resection at the Asan Medical Center from 2005 to 2014.Patients with ypT0–1 disease and those who received ACTx were included.The 5-year overall survival(OS)and 5-year recurrence-free survival(RFS)were analyzed according to the status of the ACTx.RESULTS Of 520 included patients,413 received ACTx(ACTx group)and 107 did not(no ACTx group).No significant difference was observed in 5-year RFS(ACTx group,87.9%vs no ACTx group,91.4%,P=0.457)and 5-year OS(ACTx group,90.5%vs no ACTx group,86.2%,P=0.304)between the groups.cT stage was associated with RFS and OS in multivariate analysis[hazard ratio(HR):2.57,95%confidence interval(CI):1.07–6.16,P=0.04 and HR:2.27,95%CI:1.09–4.74,P=0.03,respectively].Furthermore,ypN stage was associated with RFS and OS(HR:4.74,95%CI:2.39–9.42,P<0.00 and HR:4.33,95%CI:2.20–8.53,P<0.00,respectively),but only in the radical resection group.CONCLUSION Oncological outcomes of patients with ypT0–1 rectal cancer who received ACTx after PCRT showed no improvement,regardless of the radicality of resection.Further trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy of ACTx in these group of patients.

腹腔镜或机器人胰腺肿瘤局部切除术围手术期安全性评价

目的:探讨腹腔镜或达芬奇机器人辅助局部切除术治疗胰腺良性及低度恶性肿瘤的围手术期安全性及可行性。方法:回顾分析2020年12月至2021年5月收治的33例行腹腔镜或达芬奇机器人辅助局部切除的胰腺良性肿瘤及低度恶性肿瘤患者的临床资料。肿瘤位于胰头部14例,钩突部5例,胰颈部及体部14例。肿瘤直径平均(3.2±0.8)cm。结果:33例患者中21例行腹腔镜手术,12例行达芬奇机器人手术,手术均获成功,无一例中转开腹,切除肿瘤边界完整。病理结果:导管内乳头状黏液瘤9例,实性假乳头状瘤1例,胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤6例,囊腺瘤17例。术后发生胰瘘29例,其中生化漏16例,B级胰瘘13例,未发生C级胰瘘;腹腔出血1例。无围手术期死亡病例,平均住院(9.8±3.0)d。结论:对于胰腺良性或低度恶性肿瘤,腹腔镜或达芬奇机器人辅助胰腺肿瘤局部切除术创伤小,围手术期安全性高,严重并发症发生率低,可最大限度地保留胰腺功能,减少术后内外分泌功能缺失,值得临床推广。

局部晚期/复发直肠癌行全盆腔脏器切除术的焦点和挑战

全盆腔脏器切除术(TPE)已成为治疗局部晚期/复发直肠癌的重要方式。随着手术技术的进步、围手术期管理水平的提高及多学科诊疗模式的开展,TPE在正确解剖入路的引导下提高了手术根治性、长期生存率并降低了再复发率。骨性骨盆(尤其是高位骶骨)和坐骨神经的切除有助于进一步提高R0切除率。由于切除了更多的盆腔器官和组织,TPE后空盆腔综合征发生率较高、处理棘手,生物补片和肌皮瓣重建盆底缺损可能有助于减少术后并发症。泌尿系统重建和血管重建是TPE手术的难点,选择合适的重建方式尤为重要。

中低位直肠癌腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术难易程度的骨盆MRI分析

目的:通过测量中低位直肠癌患者骨盆MRI扫描图像数据,分析影响腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术难易程度的相关指标。方法:回顾性收集2020年3月至2022年4月确诊为直肠癌且行腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术的180例患者的临床资料,患者均于术前1周内行盆腔MRI检查。分析患者的MRI测量指标、人口及临床指标、手术难度指标。MRI测量指标包括入口前后径、入口横径、出口前后径、出口横径、中骨盆平面横径、骶骨长度、骶骨深度;人口及临床指标包括年龄、性别、BMI、肿瘤最大径、肿瘤MRI分期、病理分期、环周切缘阳性情况及肿瘤下缘距肛缘距离;手术难度指标为手术时间、术中出血量。单因素分析采用Spearman秩相关性分析,并进行多因素Logistic回归分析,确定MRI测量指标、人口及临床指标与手术难度的相关性。结果:单因素相关分析结果显示,年龄与术中出血量相关(P<0.05),入口横径、肿瘤下缘距肛缘距离、骶骨深度与手术时间相关(P<0.05)。多因素相关分析结果显示,入口横径、肿瘤下缘距肛缘距离是影响手术时间的主要因素(P<0.05)。结论:中低位直肠癌患者的骨盆MRI参数中,入口横径越小、肿瘤下缘距肛缘距离越近行腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术的难度越大,术前骨盆MRI可为中低位直肠癌腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除手术难度的评估提供帮助。

两种拖出式超低位直肠癌保肛术疗效分析

目的探讨双吻合器法与免吻合器法两种拖出式超低位直肠癌保肛术的优缺点。方法 我院2004年8月—2009年8月行拖出式超低位直肠癌保肛术患者52例,随机分为双吻合器组和免吻合器组,对比分析两组患者术后并发症、术后肛门功能恢复情况、复发转移情况及住院费用。结果两组患者各有1例吻合口狭窄,经扩肛治疗后缓解,均无吻合口漏并发症发生。无吻合器组术后3个月肛门功能恢复优良患者较双吻合器组明显增多,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后随访1～6年,两组患者均无肿瘤局部复发及远处转移。无吻合器组住院费用较双吻合器组明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论免吻合器较双吻合器拖出式超低位直肠癌保肛术更简单易行、安全可靠、经济实用,在严格掌握适应证的前提下,作为超低位直肠癌的一种保肛术式选则,更值得推广。

术前经直肠超声评估直肠癌手术方案的随机对照试验

目的探讨经直肠超声(transrectal ultrasound,TRUS)术前评估对直肠癌手术方案选择的影响。方法纳入病理诊断为直肠癌且肿瘤下缘距齿状线≤10cm者110例,将患者根据电脑产生的随机序列随机分为A组和B组,每组各55例。A组患者术前行TRUS评估分期和Clinical Stage System(CS分期),B组患者术前只行CS分期。记录术前TRUS分期、CS分期和预计手术方案,与术后病理分期和实际手术方案进行比较。结果本研究纳入研究病例99例,A组49例,B组50例,两组基线差异无统计学意义。A组行TRUS分期的准确度为91.8%,B组行CS分期的准确度为48.0%,二者差异有统计学意义(P=0.000)。A组术前预测手术方案的准确度为93.9%,B组为76.0%,二者差异也有统计学意义(P=0.013)。结论TRUS评估直肠癌术前分期的准确性明显高于CS分期,运用TRUS进行术前评估可以使术前预估直肠癌手术方案的准确性明显提高,TRUS在直肠癌术前评估中具有较高的临床应用价值。

早期中低位直肠癌经肛门切除的疗效分析

目的:探讨早期中低位直肠癌经肛门局部切除术的临床应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2012年至2015年期间我院收治的112例早期中低位直肠癌患者,分为经肛门局部切除组(n=52)和根治性切除组(n=60)。术后标本行常规免疫组化病理检测,同时对比两组患者的各种临床病理特征。结果 :两组患者肿瘤大小、肿瘤距肛缘距离比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后住院天数、术中出血量、术后并发症发生率及手术时间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:早期中低位直肠癌经肛门切除与根治性手术比较治疗效果相当,但操作更简便易行,创伤小,恢复快、并发症少、术后生活质量高,具有一定优势,特别是内镜切割吻合器的联合应用,使得该术式更简便易行,在具有适应征患者中可以推广。

低位直肠癌前切除术后肛门直肠功能研究进展

低位直肠癌前切除术+全系膜切除(totalmesorectalexcision,TME)+保留植物神经(autonomicnervepreservation,ANP)已成为外科治疗低位直肠癌的常规术式,低位直肠癌的外科治疗越来越倾向于在彻底切除肿瘤的前提下尽量保留肛门,但保留肛门后患者肛门直肠功能常常并不令人满意。许多学者从肛肠动力学角度探讨了前切除术后综合征的发生机制及改善前切除术后肛门直肠功能的方法。前切除术后综合征的发生与新建直肠的容量、顺应性改变、肛门内外括约肌功能损伤内括约肌神经反射通路损伤、及排便感觉等病理生理机制有关。针对以上前切除术后的病理生理改变,许多学者提出了一系列方法来改善前切除术后的肛门直肠功能,包括术中保留植物神经、保留耻骨直肠肌及肛门直肠角重建以及增加新建直肠的容量。目前的研究表明,通过手术方式的改进在一定程度上可改善直肠前切除术后肛门直肠功能。