Endoscopic ultrasonography-related diagnostic accuracy and clinical significance on small rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms

This research aimed to examine the diagnostic accuracy and clinical significance of endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS)in the context of small rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms(NENs).A total of 108 patients with rectal subepithelial lesions(SELs)with a diameter of<20 mm were included in the analysis.The diagnosis and depth assessment of EUS was compared to the histology findings.The prevalence of NENs in rectal SELs was 78.7%(85/108).The sensitivity of EUS in detecting rectal NENs was 98.9%(84/85),while the specificity was 52.2%(12/23).Overall,the diagnostic accuracy of EUS in identifying rectal NENs was 88.9%(96/108).The overall accuracy rate for EUS in assessing the depth of invasion in rectal NENs was 92.9%(78/84).Therefore,EUS demonstrates reasonable diagnostic accuracy in detecting small rectal NENs,with good sensitivity but inferior specificity.EUS may also assist physicians in assessing the depth of invasion in small rectal NENs before endoscopic excision.

Enhancing prognostic accuracy in predicting rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms

The recently published retrospective study introduces the GATIS score,a new predictive model for rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms.By analyzing data from a large Chinese multicenter cohort,the study shows that the GATIS score,incor-porating tumor grade,T stage,tumor size,age,and prognostic nutritional index,demonstrates superior predictive power for overall survival and progression-free survival compared to traditional World Health Organization grade and tumor,nodes and metastases staging systems.This editorial aims to discuss the impor-tance of the GATIS score,its potential impact on clinical practice,and the strengths and limitations of the study.Finally,it explores the significance,methodology,and clinical implications of these findings.

GATIS score for predicting the prognosis of rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms:A Chinese multicenter study of 12-year experience

BACKGROUND There is currently a shortage of accurate,efficient,and precise predictive instruments for rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms(NENs).AIM To develop a predictive model for individuals with rectal NENs(R-NENs)using data from a large cohort.METHODS Data from patients with primary R-NENs were retrospectively collected from 17 large-scale referral medical centers in China.Random forest and Cox proportional hazard models were used to identify the risk factors for overall survival and progression-free survival,and two nomograms were constructed.RESULTS A total of 1408 patients with R-NENs were included.Tumor grade,T stage,tumor size,age,and a prognostic nutritional index were important risk factors for prognosis.The GATIS score was calculated based on these five indicators.For overall survival prediction,the respective C-indexes in the training set were 0.915(95%confidence interval:0.866-0.964)for overall survival prediction and 0.908(95%confidence interval:0.872-0.944)for progression-free survival prediction.According to decision curve analysis,net benefit of the GATIS score was higher than that of a single factor.The time-dependent area under the receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the predictive power of the GATIS score was higher than that of the TNM stage and pathological grade at all time periods.CONCLUSION The GATIS score had a good predictive effect on the prognosis of patients with R-NENs,with efficacy superior to that of the World Health Organization grade and TNM stage.

Evaluation of the GATIS score for predicting prognosis in rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms

The GATIS score,developed by Zeng et al,represents a significant advancement in predicting the prognosis of patients with rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms(RNENs).This study,which included 1408 patients from 17 major medical centres in China over 12 years,introduces a novel prognostic model based on the tumour grade,T stage,tumour size,age,and the prognostic nutritional index.Compared with traditional methods such as the World Health Organization classification and TNM staging systems,the GATIS score has superior predictive power for overall survival and progression-free survival.With a C-index of 0.915 in the training set and 0.812 in the external validation set,the GATIS score’s robustness and reliability are evident.The study’s use of a large,multi-centre cohort and rigorous validation processes underscore its significance.The GATIS score offers clinicians a powerful tool to accurately predict patient outcomes,guide treatment decisions,and improve follow-up strategies.This development represents a crucial step forwards in the management of R-NENs,addressing the complexity and variability of these tumours and setting a new benchmark for future research and clinical practice.

Feasibility and safety of minimally invasive multivisceral resection for T4b rectal cancer:A 9-year review

BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the second highest cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide.About 5%-10%of patients are diagnosed with locally advanced rectal cancer(LARC)on presentation.For LARC invading into other structures(i.e.T4b),multivisceral resection(MVR)and/or pelvic ex-enteration(PE)remains the only potential curative surgical treatment.MVR and/or PE is a major and complex surgery with high post-operative morbidity.Minimally invasive surgery(MIS)has been shown to improve short-term post-operative outcomes in other gastrointestinal malignancies,but there is little evi-dence on its use in MVR,especially so for robotic MVR.This is a single-center retrospective cohort study from 1st January 2015 to 31st March 2023.Inclusion criteria were patients diagnosed with cT4b rectal cancer and underwent MVR,or stage 4 disease with resectable systemic metastases.Pa-tients who underwent curative MVR for locally recurrent rectal cancer,or me-tachronous rectal cancer were also included.Exclusion criteria were patients with systemic metastases with non-resectable disease.All patients planned for elective surgery were enrolled into the standard enhanced recovery after surgery pathway with standard peri-operative management for colorectal surgery.Complex sur-gery was defined based on technical difficulty of surgery(i.e.total PE,bladder-sparing prostatectomy,pelvic lymph node dissection or need for flap creation).Our primary outcomes were the margin status,and complication rates.Cate-gorical values were described as percentages and analysed by the chi-square test.Continuous variables were expressed as median(range)and analysed by Mann-Whitney U test.Cumulative overall survival(OS)and recurrence-free survival(RFS)were analysed using Kaplan-Meier estimates with life table analysis.Log-rank test was performed to determine statistical significance between cumulative estimates.Statistical significance was defined as P<0.05.Meier estimates with life table analysis.Log-rank test was performed to determine statistical significance between cumulative estimates.Statistical significance was defined as P<0.05.RESULTS A total of 46 patients were included in this study[open MVR(oMVR):12(26.1%),miMVR:36(73.9%)].Patients’American Society of Anesthesiologists score,body mass index and co-morbidities were comparable between oMVR and miMVR.There is an increasing trend towards robotic MVR from 2015 to 2023.MiMVR was associated with lower estimated blood loss(EBL)(median 450 vs 1200 mL,P=0.008),major morbidity(14.7%vs 50.0%,P=0.014),post-operative intra-abdominal collections(11.8%vs 50.0%,P=0.006),post-operative ileus(32.4%vs 66.7%,P=0.04)and surgical site infection(11.8%vs 50.0%,P=0.006)compared with oMVR.Length of stay was also shorter for miMVR compared with oMVR(median 10 vs 30 d,P=0.001).Oncological outcomes-R0 resection,recurrence,OS and RFS were comparable between miMVR and oMVR.There was no 30-d mortality.More patients underwent robotic compared with laparoscopic MVR for complex cases(robotic 57.1%vs laparoscopic 7.7%,P=0.004).The operating time was longer for robotic compared with laparoscopic MVR[robotic:602(400-900)min,laparoscopic:Median 455(275-675)min,P<0.001].Incidence of R0 resection was similar(laparoscopic:84.6%vs robotic:76.2%,P=0.555).Overall complication rates,major morbidity rates and 30-d readmission rates were similar between la-paroscopic and robotic MVR.Interestingly,3-year OS(robotic 83.1%vs 58.6%,P=0.008)and RFS(robotic 72.9%vs 34.3%,P=0.002)was superior for robotic compared with laparoscopic MVR.CONCLUSION MiMVR had lower post-operative complications compared to oMVR.Robotic MVR was also safe,with acceptable post-operative complication rates.Prospective studies should be conducted to compare short-term and long-term outcomes between robotic vs laparoscopic MVR.

Postoperative chemoradiotherapy with capecitabine and oxaliplatin vs.capecitabine for pathological stage N2 rectal cancer

Objective:Several studies have been conducted on the effects and toxicity of adding oxaliplatin to fluorouracilbased or capecitabine-based chemoradiotherapy(CRT)regimens as significantly increasing the toxic response without benefit to survival.In this study,we further explored the role of these two postoperative CRT regimens in patients with pathological stage N2 rectal cancer.Methods:This study was a subgroup analysis of a randomized clinical trial.A total of 180 patients with pathological stage N2 rectal cancer were eligible,85 received capecitabine with radiotherapy(RT),and 95 received capecitabine and oxaliplatin with RT.Patients in both groups received adjuvant chemotherapy[capecitabine and oxaliplatin(XELOX);or fluorouracil,leucovorin,and oxaliplatin(FOLFOX)]after CRT.Results:At a median follow-up of 59.2[interquartile range(IQR),34.0−96.8]months,the three-year diseasefree survival(DFS)was 53.3%and 64.9%in the control group and the experimental group,respectively[hazard ratio(HR),0.63;95%confidence interval(95%CI),0.41−0.98;P=0.04].There was no significant difference between the groups in overall survival(OS)(HR,0.62;95%CI,0.37−1.05;P=0.07),the incidence of locoregional recurrence(HR,0.62;95%CI,0.24−1.64;P=0.33),the incidence of distant metastasis(HR,0.67;95%CI,0.42−1.06;P=0.09)and grade 3−4 acute toxicities(P=0.78).For patients with survival longer than 3 years,the conditional overall survival(COS)was significantly better in the experimental group(HR,0.39;95%CI,0.16−0.96;P=0.03).Conclusions:Our results indicated that adding oxaliplatin to capecitabine-based postoperative CRT is safe and effective in patients with pathological stage N2 rectal cancer.

Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery (TEM) for Rectal Neoplasms

Introduction: The abdominal approach for the treatment of rectal tumors is associated with a considerable rate of morbidity. Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery (TEM) is an alternative technique that is less invasive than radical surgery, and therefore has a lower associated morbidity. Moreover, with proper patient selection, TEM presents oncological outcomes comparable to radical surgery. The aim of this study is to review our results obtained with TEM and discuss its role in the treatment of malignant rectal lesions. Patients and Methods: A prospective descriptive study from June 2008 until February 2011. The indications for TEM were: early rectal neoplastic lesions (T1N0M0) with good prognostic factors;neoplastic lesions in more advanced stages in selected patients (high surgical risk, refusal of radical surgery or stoma, and palliative intention). Results: Resection by TEM was performed on 19 patients. The average hospital stay was 5.7 days with an associated morbidity of 16.7%. R0 resection was 88.8%. During the follow-up of 15 (3 - 31) months, no recurrence has been shown. Conclusions: TEM is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of selected early malignant rectal lesions and is associated with low morbidity. It is a therapeutic strategy based on a multidisciplinary team, careful patient selection, an audited surgical technique and a strict follow-up protocol.

Impact of technology on indications and limitations for transanal surgical removal of rectal neoplasms

Transanal surgery has and continues to be well accepted for local excision of benign rectal disease not amenable to endoscopic resection. More recently, there has been increasing interest in applying transanal surgery to local resection of early malignant disease. In addition, some groups have started utilizing a transanal route in order to accomplish total mesorectal excision(TME) for more advanced rectal malignancies. We aim to review the role of various transanal and endoscopic techniquesin the local resection of benign and malignant rectal disease based on published trial data. Preliminary data on the use of transanal platforms to accomplish TME will also be highlighted. For endoscopically unresectable rectal adenomas, transanal surgery remains a widely accepted method with minimal morbidity that avoids the downsides of a major abdomino-pelvic operation. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery and transanal minimally invasive surgery offer improved visualization and magnification, allowing for finer and more precise dissection of more proximal and larger rectal lesions without compromising patient outcome. Some studies have demonstrated efficacy in utilizing transanal platforms in the surgical management of early rectal malignancies in selected patients. There is an overall higher recurrence rate with transanal surgery with the concern that neither chemoradiation nor salvage surgery may compensate for previous approach and correct the inferior outcome. Application of transanal platforms to accomplish transanal TME in a natural orifice fashion are still in their infancy and currently should be considered experimental. The current data demonstrate that transanal surgery remains an excellent option in the surgical management of benign rectal disease. However, care should be used when selecting patients with malignant disease. The application of transanal platforms continues to evolve. While the new uses of transanal platforms in TME for more advanced rectal malignancy are exciting, it is important to remain cognizant and not sacrifice long term survival for short term decrease in morbidity and improved cosmesis.

Different oncological features of colorectal cancer codon-specific KRAS mutations:Not codon 13 but codon 12 have prognostic value

BACKGROUND Approximately 40%of colorectal cancer(CRC)cases are linked to Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog(KRAS)mutations.KRAS mutations are associated with poor CRC prognosis,especially KRAS codon 12 mutation,which is associated with metastasis and poorer survival.However,the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of KRAS codon 13 mutation in CRC remain unclear.AIM To evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic value of codonspecific KRAS mutations,especially in codon 13.METHODS This retrospective,single-center,observational cohort study included patients who underwent surgery for stage I-III CRC between January 2009 and December 2019.Patients with KRAS mutation status confirmed by molecular pathology reports were included.The relationships between clinicopathological characteristics and individual codon-specific KRAS mutations were analyzed.Survival data were analyzed to identify codon-specific KRAS mutations as recurrence-related factors using the Cox proportional hazards regression model.RESULTS Among the 2203 patients,the incidence of KRAS codons 12,13,and 61 mutations was 27.7%,9.1%,and 1.3%,respectively.Both KARS codons 12 and 13 mutations showed a tendency to be associated with clinical characteristics,but only codon 12 was associated with pathological features,such as stage of primary tumor(T stage),lymph node involvement(N stage),vascular invasion,perineural invasion,tumor size,and microsatellite instability.KRAS codon 13 mutation showed no associations(77.2%vs 85.3%,P=0.159),whereas codon 12 was associated with a lower 5-year recurrence-free survival rate(78.9%vs 75.5%,P=0.025).In multivariable analysis,along with T and N stages and vascular and perineural invasion,only codon 12(hazard ratio:1.399;95%confidence interval:1.034-1.894;P=0.030)among KRAS mutations was an independent risk factor for recurrence.CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that KRAS codon 13 mutation is less likely to serve as a prognostic biomarker than codon 12 mutation for CRC in a large-scale cohort.

Genetic polymorphisms in genes regulating cell death and prognosis of patients with rectal cancer receiving postoperative chemoradiotherapy

Objective:The identification of biomarkers for predicting chemoradiotherapy efficacy is essential to optimize personalized treatment.This study determined the effects of genetic variations in genes involved in apoptosis,pyroptosis,and ferroptosis on the prognosis of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer receiving postoperative chemoradiotherapy(CRT).Methods:The Sequenom MassARRAY was used to detect 217 genetic variations in 40 genes from 300 patients with rectal cancer who received postoperative CRT.The associations between genetic variations and overall survival(OS)were evaluated using hazard ratios(HRs)and 95%confidence intervals(CIs)computed using a Cox proportional regression model.Functional experiments were performed to determine the functions of the arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase(ALOX5)gene and the ALOX5 rs702365 variant.Results:We detected 16 genetic polymorphisms in CASP3,CASP7,TRAILR2,GSDME,CASP4,HO-1,ALOX5,GPX4,and NRF2 that were significantly associated with OS in the additive model(P<0.05).There was a substantial cumulative effect of three genetic polymorphisms(CASP4 rs571407,ALOX5 rs2242332,and HO-1 rs17883419)on OS.Genetic variations in the CASP4 and ALOX5 gene haplotypes were associated with a higher OS.We demonstrated,for the first time,that rs702365[G]>[C]represses ALOX5 transcription and corollary experiments suggested that ALOX5 may promote colon cancer cell growth by mediating an inflammatory response.Conclusions:Polymorphisms in genes regulating cell death may play essential roles in the prognosis of patients with rectal cancer who are treated with postoperative CRT and may serve as potential genetic biomarkers for individualized treatment.

RAS野生型转移性结直肠癌抗表皮生长因子受体单抗维持治疗中国专家共识(2024版)

对于接受标准一线治疗达到疾病控制的转移性结直肠癌(mCRC),后续治疗策略的制订应在维持疗效的同时注重改善患者生活质量。化疗联合抗表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)单抗是RAS野生型mCRC患者的标准一线治疗方案。当一线含抗EGFR单抗诱导治疗达到最佳疗效、且处于疾病缓解或稳定状态时,含抗EGFR单抗维持治疗方案可在维持疗效获益的同时,降低毒副反应和提高患者生活质量。本共识基于循证医学和临床实践,进一步明确抗EGFR单抗维持治疗的应用时机、方案选择、不良反应管理和后续策略选择,为抗EGFR单抗维持治疗提供临床应用规范化标准和指导,以期使患者的治疗最大化获益。

External validation of the Moroccan Arabic version of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer colorectal(CR29)module:Monocentric study

BACKGROUND Quality of life(QoL)outcomes are a focal endpoint of cancer treatment strategies.AIM To externally validate the Moroccan Arabic version of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer(EORTC)QoL Questionnaire(QLQ)for colorectal cancer(CRC)patients(CR29).METHODS Both Moroccan Arabic modules of QLQ-CR29 and QLQ-C30 were administered to Moroccan CRC.Psychometric properties were retested by measuring Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for reliability and Intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC)to examine test-retest reproducibility.The multitrait-scaling analysis was performed to demonstrate the validity of the instrument and known-groups comparison was used to test the score’s ability to discriminate between different groups of patients.RESULTS In total,221 patients were included in our study and 34 patients completed the questionnaire twice.The Urinary Frequency scale and Stool Frequency scale had good internal consistency with alpha Cronbach coefficients of 0.79 and 0.83 respectively,while the same coefficients were moderately lower for the Blood and Mucus in Stool scale(0.61)and the Body Image scale(0.67).The ICCs ranged from 0.88 to 1 indicating good to excellent reproducibility.In multitrait scaling analyses,the criterion for item convergent and divergent validity was satisfactory.The known-group comparison showed statistically significant differences between patients according to age,gender,stoma status,tumor location,and radiotherapy.CONCLUSION The Moroccan Arabic version of the EORTC QLQ-CR29 is a valid and reliable tool that can be used safely for research and clinical purposes in Moroccan CRC patients.

微RNA-196a-1-3p靶向Ras响应元件结合蛋白调控胆管癌细胞增殖的机制研究

目的探讨转化生长因子β(TGF-β)调控人胆管癌细胞系RBE细胞增殖的关键微RNA(miRNA)及其潜在的机制。方法该研究起止时间为2020年1月至2022年1月。磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)处理为对照组,TGF-β处理为TGF-β组,TGF-β抗体处理为抗体组。检测三组RBE细胞的增殖水平。miRNA高通量测序检测三组RBE细胞的miRNA调控变化,并进行miRNA模拟物过表达筛选鉴定受TGF-β调控的影响RBE细胞增殖水平的关键miRNA。miRNA数据库(miRDB)在线分析miRNA的潜在底物,并通过小干扰RNA(siRNA)敲低筛选鉴定影响RBE细胞增殖水平的关键底物。结果相比于对照组,TGF-β组RBE细胞的增殖水平上升(1.62±0.07比2.35±0.09,P<0.05),抗体组RBE细胞的增殖水平下降(1.62±0.07比1.11±0.08,P<0.05)。过表达微RNA-196a-1-3p(miR-196a-1-3p)时,RBE细胞的增殖水平下降(P<0.05)。敲低Ras响应元件结合蛋白(RREB1)时,RBE细胞的增殖水平下降(P<0.05)。过表达miR-196a-1-3p后,RBE细胞中RREB1的信使RNA(mRNA)和蛋白水平下降(P<0.05)。敲低miR-196a-1-3p后,RBE细胞中RREB1与SMAD家族蛋白3(SMAD3)的相互作用增加。敲低SMAD3后,RBE细胞的增殖水平下降(P<0.05)。与仅敲低SMAD3相比,敲低SMAD3的同时过表达RREB1的RBE细胞的增殖水平无显著变化,并且同时敲低SMAD3和miR-196a-1-3p的RBE细胞的增殖水平无显著变化。结论TGF-β能够通过miR-196a-1-3p/RREB1/SMAD3轴促进RBE细胞增殖;miR-196a-1-3p和RREB1可作为潜在的治疗胆管癌的靶标,为针对该靶标的新药研发奠定了基础。

程序性死亡因子受体-1抑制剂联合化疗和贝伐珠单抗一线治疗RAS突变MSS型晚期结直肠癌的疗效观察

目的评估程序性死亡因子受体-1(PD-1)抑制剂联合化疗和贝伐珠单抗一线治疗大鼠肉瘤病毒(RAS)基因突变、微卫星稳定(MSS)型晚期结直肠癌病人的疗效及安全性。方法2021年6月至2022年6月徐州医科大学附属医院收治的67例RAS基因突变MSS型晚期结直肠癌病人分为两组,观察组(n=32)行PD-1抑制剂联合化疗和贝伐珠单抗,对照组(n=35)行化疗联合贝伐珠单抗,观察两组的治疗效果及不良反应。结果观察组和对照组的客观缓解率(ORR)分别为78.1%和51.4%(P<0.05),疾病控制率(DCR)分别为96.9%和77.1%(P<0.05);观察组中位无进展生存期(mPFS)较对照组延长,分别为12.9个月和11.2个月,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组的不良反应率高于对照组(90.6%比88.6%),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但均可控制,且未发生致死性事件。结论PD-1抑制剂联合化疗和贝伐珠单抗一线治疗RAS基因突变MSS型晚期结直肠癌初步显示疗效显著,此类病人在常规贝伐珠单抗联合化疗的基础上可以考虑加用PD-1抑制剂。

Hp、RASAL2、CDH1及TP53对胃癌前病变与早期胃癌的鉴别诊断价值

目的探讨幽门螺杆菌(Hp)、RAS蛋白激活样因子2(RASAL2)、钙黏蛋白1(CDH1)及肿瘤抑制基因P53(TP53)对胃癌前病变与早期胃癌的鉴别诊断价值。方法选取2021年6月至2023年6月收治的早期胃癌52例,根据1:1选例原则另选取同期胃癌前病变52例、胃炎52例,分别纳入胃癌组、癌前组、胃炎组。比较3组及不同病理特征的早期胃癌患者Hp、RASAL2、CDH1、TP53阳性表达率,比较胃癌组Hp阳性、阴性患者RASAL2、CDH1、TP53阳性表达率,采用Spearman相关分析探讨各指标阳性表达与早期胃癌患者部分病理特征的相关性,采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析联合检测对早期胃癌及胃癌前病变的鉴别诊断价值。结果3组Hp、CDH1、TP53阳性表达率胃癌组>癌前组>胃炎组,RASAL2阳性表达率胃癌组<癌前组<胃炎组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。胃癌组Hp阳性患者CDH1、TP53阳性表达率高于Hp阴性患者,RASAL2阳性表达率低于Hp阴性患者(P<0.05,P<0.01);早期胃癌患者Hp、RASAL2、CDH1、TP53阳性表达率在肿瘤浸润深度及淋巴结转移方面比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。Hp、CDH1、TP53阳性表达与早期胃癌肿瘤浸润深度、淋巴结转移均呈正相关,RASAL2阳性表达与之呈负相关(P<0.01)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,Hp、RASAL2、CDH1、TP53联合诊断胃癌前病变的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.904(95%CI:0.846,0.945),联合诊断早期胃癌的AUC为0.894(95%CI:0.819,0.946)。结论Hp、CDH1、TP53在早期胃癌组织中阳性表达率较高,RASAL2阳性表达率较低,联合检测对胃癌前病变及早期胃癌具有一定鉴别诊断价值,可作为临床鉴别诊断胃癌前病变、早期胃癌的辅助指标。

低位直肠癌病人肛全直肠系膜切除术后中期排便功能障碍发生风险Nomogram模型构建

目的:分析影响低位直肠癌病人行肛全直肠系膜切除术(transanal total mesorectal excision,TaTME)后中期排便功能障碍发生的危险因素,并建立Nomogram模型。方法:选择2016年1月至2020年1月172例低位直肠癌并接受腹腔镜辅助TaTME手术病人作为建模组,选择2020年2月至2021年2月间接受相同手术病人32例作为验证组;建模组病人根据术后6个月随访时是否发生低位前切除综合征(low anterior resection syndrome,LARS)分为LARS组和非LARS组,比较2组病人病历资料,采用单因素和多因素logistic回归模型对影响LARS发生的独立危险因素进行分析,并采用R软件建立预测低位直肠癌病人TaTME术后LARS发生的列线图模型,并进行验证。结果:病人的LARS评分为(14.78±4.54)分,其中LARS病人84例(48.84%),非LARS病人LARS 88例(51.16%)。单因素、多因素logistic回归分析显示术前放疗、肛门括约肌损伤、吻合口距离肛缘距离、肿瘤直径、坐骨棘间径长度均是影响LARS的独立危险因素(P<0.05~P<0.01)。列线图模型预测建模组、验证组的C-index分别为0.836和0.827。ROC曲线显示,列线图模型预测建模组、验证组发生LARS的AUC分别为0.829、0.808。结论:术前放疗、肛门括约肌损伤、吻合口距离肛缘距离、肿瘤直径、坐骨棘间径长度是影响是否发生LARS的独立危险因素,以上述指标建立的列线图模型具有良好预测效能。

Study on the causes of local recurrence of rectal cancer after curative resection: analysis of 213 cases

AIM To study the local recurrent rate and the causes of rectal cancer after surgery. METHODS The clinicopathological data of 213 rectal cancer patients and the follow up information were analyzed. The overall recurrent rate and the recurrent rates from different surgical appreaches were calculated. The main causes of recurrence were investigated. RESULTS Among the 213 cases, 73 (34 27%) had local recurrence. The recurrent time ranged from 3 months to 62 months after the first operation. Most of the recurrence ( 65/73 , 89 04%) occurred within 3 years after operation. CONCLUSION Local recurrence had no significant correlation with surgical methods or pathological types, but closely related to Dukes′ stages, location of primary tumors and the length of the distal rectum resected. Early resection and a wide tumor free resection margin are key factors to prevent local recurrence.

RAS signaling pathways, mutations and their role in colorectal cancer

Two of the main cellular pathways in which the RAS protein operates are the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) pathways. In a normal cell, these are important in controlling several functions, such as cell growth and survival. It becomes self-evident that these events will be disrupted in a malignant cell with a deregulated MAPK or PI3K pathway. Mutations in genes involved in these pathways and interacting with RAS, as well as RAS itself will be discussed. The second part of this review concentrates on how crucial RAS signaling is in colorectal cancer progression, with references to treatment response and prognosis when RAS or other related mutations are present.

Critical analysis of the literature investigating urogenital function preservation following robotic rectal cancer surgery

AIM To analyses the current literature regarding the urogenital functional outcomes of patients receiving robotic rectal cancer surgery. METHODS A comprehensive literature search of electronic databases was performed in October 2015. The following search terms were applied: "rectal cancer" or "colorectal cancer" and robot* or "da Vinci" and sexual or urolog* or urinary or erect* or ejaculat* or impot* or incontinence. All original studies examining the urological and/or sexual outcomes of male and/or female patients receiving robotic rectal cancer surgery were included. Reference lists of all retrieved articles were manually searched for further relevant articles. Abstracts were independently searched by two authors. RESULTS Fifteen original studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. A total of 1338 patients were included; 818 received robotic, 498 laparoscopic and 22 open rectal cancer surgery. Only 726(54%) patients had their urogenital function assessed via means of validated functional questionnaires. From the included studies, three found that robotic rectal cancer surgery leads to quicker recovery of male urological function and five of male sexual function as compared to laparoscopic surgery. It is unclear whether robotic surgery offers favourable urogenital outcomes in the long run for males. In female patients only two studies assessed urological and threesexual function independently to that of males. In these studies there was no difference identified between patients receiving robotic and laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery. However, in females the presented evidence was very limited making it impossible to draw any substantial conclusions. CONCLUSION There seems to be a trend towards earlier recovery of male urogenital function following robotic surgery. To evaluate this further, larger well designed studies are required.

Evidence-based medical oncology and interventional radiology paradigms for liver-dominant colorectal cancer metastases

Colorectal cancer metastasizes predictably, with liver predominance in most cases. Because liver involvement has been shown to be a major determinant of survival in this population, liver-directed therapies are increasingly considered even in cases where there is(limited) extrahepatic disease. Unfortunately, these patients carry a known risk of recurrence in the liver regardless of initial therapy choice. Therefore, there is a demand for minimally invasive, non-surgical, personalized cancer treatments to preserve quality of life in the induction, consolidation, and maintenance phases of cancer therapy. This report aims to review evidence-based conceptual, pharmacological, and technological paradigm shifts in parenteral and percutaneous treatment strategies as well as forthcoming evidence regarding next-generation systemic, locoregional, and local treatment approaches for this patient population.