Tri-Stepped Rectangular Antenna for Efficient RF Energy Harvesting

Although the worldwide demand for energy is increasing rapidly,the availability of current traditional resources(such as atomic and thermal power)is insufficient.Hence,artificial(man-made)energy sources are required.Advancements in wireless technology have raised the radio frequency(RF)levels in the environment.These RF waves are available at all times,unlike natural resources such as solar,hydro,and wind energy.The energy requirement and consumption of electronic devices have also been reduced over last decade.Hence,harvesting energy from RF waves and driving low-power devices are the simplest solutions.In the current work,a simplified monopole antenna,called a tri-stepped rectangular antenna for RF harvesting,is proposed.Here,the regular rectangular structure is modified to a step-like structure to achieve impedance matching and maximize the omni-directional gain at all mobile frequencies.This antenna functions with the LTE B5(850),GSM 900,GSM 1800,3G,4G,and ISM(2.4 GHz)systems.We have also demonstrated a proof-of-concept of energy harvesting using RF waves generated by mobile towers and Wi-Fi devices.The system can generate up to 12 mV(14.4 mW)and could charge a battery of rating 3.7 V,500 mAh.We anticipate this harvested energy to be used in driving the WSN node,Bluetooth devices,and mobile charging.

Numerical Analysis of a Tunable Rectangular Patch Antenna with One Tuning Post

The finite element method(FEM) is applied to a thin substrate rectangular antenna with a shorting post. The results of the resonant frequencies are in good agreement with the experimental data. The input impedances are calculated and the results are presented. In principle, this method is applicable to a microstrip antenna with shorting posts in arbitrary locations.

Comparison of Circular Sector and Rectangular Patch Antenna Arrays in C-Band

The circular sector patch antenna is studied in C-band (4 GHz - 8 GHz). In this paper, we present steps of designing the circular sector antenna then a comparison with a rectangular antenna in literature. High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software is used to compute the gain, axial ratio, radiation pattern, and return loss S11 of proposed antenna. Based on the designed patch antenna, many phased arrays will be simulated using HFSS. The impact of distance between element, number of element and phase will be checked. Obtained results are analyzed and compared with literature.

Multi-Band Rectangular Patch End-Fire Antenna Array

A novel multi-band end-fire antenna array was designed, fabricated, and characterized. Analytical calculations were carried out to determine the critical antenna dimensions and the design was optimized using a 3D electromagnetic finite-element solver. The measured results were in good agreement with the designed results. The proposed antenna array exhibits multi-band capabilities which can be potentially used for applications that require a multi-band end-fire radiation pattern.

Broadband, High Gain, Narrow Width Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna with Air Gap

The broadband, narrow width, rectangular dielectric resonator antenna(RDRA) of aluminum nitride(εr=8.6) was designed and the effect of inclusion of air gap at the bottom of the dielectric resonator antenna(DRA),above the ground plane, was investigated. Gain around 7 dBi was obtained for DRA with air gap(DRAAG) over a broad bandwidth in upper X, Ku, and K bands. Further enhancement in gain could be obtained by placing a metal wall parallel to the length of DRA. However, due to the presence of metal wall, bandwidth was reduced. These structures with the metal wall are capable of operating over a wide band extending from Ku band to lower K band with the gain of around 10 dBi. CST Microwave Studio Software was used to simulate all these structures.Performance parameters of DRA with air gap were compared with several broadband DRA structures reported in recent literature. The proposed DRAAG with the metal wall in this paper is capable of operating over a wide bandwidth along with a significant gain.

Input Impedance of a Tunable Rectangular Microstrip Antenna

Input Impedance of a Tunable Rectangular Microstrip Antenna...

Rectangular Microstrip Antenna for Symmetrical 3-D Beam Widths for an Efficient Feed of Reflector Antenna and its Quantitative Analysis

A simple rectangular microstrip antenna on low dielectric constant substrate such as air for improved radiation beam performance is theoretically investigated. The conventional patch antenna fabricated on common substrates always produces quite broader E plane pattern compared to its H plane. In the present investigation, the same microstrip antenna is designed on air substrate with a view to develop an efficient feed for parabolic reflector antenna, which shows an excellent radiation pattern with symmetrical 3 dB beam widths at its both E and H plane. The present antenna compared to conventional structure to show its excellence in the beam performance is presented. The complete quantitative analysis to explore such radiation beam characteristics for both the structures (conventional and the present one) is also presented in this paper. An easy and handful relationship between the length of patch antenna and its fringing length for different types of substrate is established in the background of 3 dB beam widths. The proposed idea has been verified through a commercial software package for a patch operating in X band and a concrete physical insight into the phenomenon is developed.

Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Air as Substrate for S-Band Communication

A Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna model is proposed using air as a substrate to study the characteristics of designed antenna. The dimensions of designed antenna are 17 mm × 16.66 mm with substrate at frequency 3.525 GHz. In this paper, the simulation is performed by using software Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave studio based on finite difference time domain technique. The characterization of the designed antenna was analyzed in terms of return loss, bandwidth, directivity, gain, radiation pattern, VSWR.

Design of a High-Gain 2 × 1 Array Antenna for S-Band Applications

Antennas are an indispensable element in wireless networks. For long-distance wireless communication, antenna gains need to be very strong (highly directive) because the signal from the antenna loses a lot of strength as it travels over long distances. This is true in the military with missile, radar, and satellite systems, etc. Antenna arrays are commonly employed to focus electromagnetic waves in a certain direction that cannot be achieved perfectly with a single-element antenna. The goal of this study is to design a rectangular microstrip high-gain 2 × 1 array antenna using ADS Momentum. This microstrip patch array design makes use of the RT-DUROID 5880 as a substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.2, substrate height of 1.588 mm, and tangent loss of 0.001. To achieve efficient gain and return loss characteristics for the proposed array antenna, RT-Duroid is a good choice of dielectric material. The designed array antenna is made up of two rectangular patches, which have a resonance frequency of 3.3 GHz. These rectangular patches are excited by microstrip feed lines with 13 mm lengths and 4.8 mm widths. The impedance of the patches is perfectly matched by these transmission lines, which helps to get better antenna characteristics. At a resonance frequency of 3.3 GHz, the suggested antenna array has a directivity of 10.50 dB and a maximum gain of 9.90 dB in the S-band. The S parameters, 3D radiation pattern, directivity, gain, and efficiency of the constructed array antenna are all available in ADS Momentum.

辐射零点可控的平面滤波贴片天线

为满足射频前端器件集成化和多功能化的需求,设计了一款适用于WLAN 5 GHz波段的辐射零点可控的平面滤波贴片天线。该天线以同轴探针馈电的微带贴片天线为原型,上表面是由融合共生带和矩形槽的金属辐射贴片,下表面试接地面。其中共生条带位于辐射贴片的宽边两侧,矩形槽蚀刻在辐射贴片上,位于同轴馈电点两侧。两种结构分别在通带的低频和高频处各引入一个辐射零点,天线实现了的滤波响应和良好的辐射特性,同时两个辐射零点的位置自由可控,提高了设计的灵活度。仿真与测试结果表明:滤波天线的中心频率为5.25 GHz,相对带宽为14%(4.89~5.62 GHz),两个辐射零点分别位于4.55和6.05 GHz处;工作通带内增益平缓,平均增益约为7 dBi,通带外抑制水平大于19 dBi,测试与仿真结果较为一致。该滤波天线的设计未引入额外的滤波器网络,节省了天线的整体尺寸,且剖面低、重量轻、结构紧凑,具有良好的滤波和辐射性能。

Polynomial-Based Evaluation of the Impact of Aperture Phase Taper on the Gain of Rectangular Horns

The aperture phase taper due to quadratic phase errors in the principal planes of a rectangular horn imposes signifi-cant constraints on the on-axis far-field gain of the horn. The precise calculation of gain reduction involves Fresnel integrals;therefore, exact results are obtained only from numerical methods. However, in horns’ analysis and design, simple closed-form expressions are often required for the description of horn-gain. This paper provides a set of simple polynomial approximations that adequately describe the gain reduction factors of pyramidal and sectoral horns. The proposed formulas are derived using least-squares polynomial regression analysis and they are valid for a broad range of quadratic phase error values. Numerical results verify the accuracy of the derived expressions. Application examples and comparisons with methods in the literature demonstrate the efficacy of the approach.

毫米波宽带低副瓣波导缝隙阵列天线设计

本文提出了一种毫米波宽带低副瓣波导缝隙阵列天线。该天线分为上下两层,利用下层的功分器和反相器使电磁波从上层的辐射波导的两端向中心进行馈电,激励12个非均匀波导缝隙辐射单元。该天线呈中心对称结构,结构紧凑,并使得天线的方向图具有稳定性。在辐射波导中引入二阶短路金属阶梯,并且阵列的辐射单元采用非连续的双层缝隙,拓展了天线的工作带宽。所提出的加载二阶金属阶梯双层缝隙阵列天线的阻抗带宽达到16.3%(35.35~41.55 GHz),峰值增益为16 dBi,工作频带内天线的增益下降低于2.5 dBi,副瓣电平低于−20 dB。

On the Design of Slot Cut Circularly Polarized Circular Microstrip Antennas

Circularly polarized microstrip antenna is frequently realized by cutting the slot inside the patch and feeding it along the diagonal axis. In the reported literature, procedure to design them at any given frequency is not available. In proposed work, circularly polarized slot cut circular microstrip antenna at 900 MHz is discussed. By studying the surface current distributions at two orthogonal modes, formulations in their resonant length are proposed. The frequencies calculated using them closely agree with simulated results. Using proposed formulation, procedure to design circular polarized antennas at different frequencies is presented that gives circular polarized response. Thus, proposed work will be helpful to design similar circular polarized circular microstrip antenna at any desired frequency.

Resonant Length Formulations for Dual Band Slot Cut Equilateral Triangular Microstrip Antennas

The dual band equilateral triangular microstrip antennas are realized by cutting the slots of either quarter wave or half wave in length, inside the patch. In this design, however these simpler approximations of slot length against the frequency do not give closer results for different slot lengths and there positions inside the patch. In this paper, the modal variations of slot cut patch antennas over wide frequency range are studied. It is observed that the slot does not introduce any mode but reduces the higher order mode resonance frequency of the patch and along with the fundamental mode realizes dual band response. The formulations of the resonant length for the mode introduce by the slots in these antennas are proposed. The resonance frequencies calculated using proposed formulations agree well with the simulated results with an error of less than 5%.

加载寄生单元的双频宽带天线设计与研究

为展宽微带天线的带宽,设计一种加载寄生单元的双频微带天线,适用于3.5 GHz和5.8 GHz的WLAN/WIMAX通信和RFID技术的应用。所设计天线通过在主辐射贴片开T形槽、在接地板条带处开矩形槽和加载寄生单元的方式来实现双频段和扩展整体工作带宽,同时也提高了天线设计的灵活性。在馈电上采用偏心嵌套馈电,可以方便调节天线的阻抗匹配特性。该天线工作频段分别为3.40~3.70 GHz和5.49~6.18 GHz,相对带宽分别为8.57%和11.90%,且仿真和实测结果较为吻合,与传统天线相比,具有双频宽带的优势。

基于方形开口谐振环的无线激励微波微等离子体阵列源的研究

根据天线辐射理论和超材料特性,通过HFSS仿真软件,对基于方形开口谐振环(SRR)的无线激励2.45 GHz微波微等离子体阵列源进行研究。仿真结果表明,SRR的长度、宽度和缝隙宽度、辐射天线与阵列源的距离、偏移距离和谐振环开口方向等参数对微波微等离子体阵列源的S参数、电磁场分布等有较大影响。

基于RFID分层式矩形微带天线的机床金属裂纹检测研究

提出新型RFID分层式矩形微带天线,用于机床金属结构的裂纹检测研究。使用HFSS仿真软件模拟金属结构的裂纹长度、宽度、相对位置和相对角度的变化情况,并研究金属裂纹变化与分层式矩形微带天线的谐振频率的关系模型,最终达到使用微带天线监测机床金属结构安全性状况的目的。分层式矩形微带天线有两个谐振频率,分别为f01=1.72 GHz和f10=2.53 GHz,通过监测谐振频率的偏移情况,可以达到监测金属结构裂纹长度、宽度、相对位置和相对角度的变化情况。由仿真结果可知,设计的分层式RFID矩形微带天线能够很好地监测机床金属结构的裂纹变化情况。

一种用于毫米波双向通信的波导喇叭天线设计

毫米波由于方向性强,要实现在同一直线上的前后向通信,通常采用功分器+双天线的方式。为进一步实现集成化,本文提出了一款将波导功分器和双矩形波导喇叭天线进行集成设计的波导喇叭天线。首先,根据波导的两级阻抗变换设计T型宽带波导功分器;然后,根据最佳角锥天线公式完成对矩形喇叭天线设计仿真;最后,将波导功分器和双矩形形喇叭天线按工程应用进行集成设计建模仿真。仿真结果表明该双向天线最大增益为22.48dBi,在71-86GHz的频带内S_(11)优于15dB。除此之外,本次设计的波导喇叭天线具有结构简单、尺寸小、加工容易等优点,通过合理地集成到宽带通信设备中,可满足货运铁路准线性区上下行的双向无线接入。

超宽带矩形微同轴平面对数周期天线

在宽带电子系统轻量化的需求下,基于MEMS矩形微同轴技术设计了10 GHz~50 GHz的超宽带平面对数周期天线。天线采用三节矩形微同轴阻抗变换实现160Ω到50Ω的宽频带阻抗匹配,并通过矩形微同轴转共面波导进行馈电。为展现微同轴的馈电优势,验证设计的微同轴平面对数周期天线性能,制备了50Ω矩形微同轴传输线和天线实物并进行了测试。实测结果表明,在10 GHz~50 GHz频段内,矩形微同轴传输线传输损耗<0.22 dB/cm,两根间隔0.15 mm的矩形微同轴传输线间隔离度>60 dB。天线实测反射系数<-8 dB,增益>4 dBi,增益波动<1.6 dB。