Analysis of Bubble Behavior in a Horizontal Rectangular Channel under Subcooled Flow Boiling Conditions

Experiments on subcooled flow boiling have been conducted using water in a rectangular flow channel.Similar to the coolant channel in internal combustion engines(IC engines),the flow channel in this experiment was asymmetrically heated.Bubble images were captured using a high speed camera from the side view of the channel.The experimental conditions in terms of bulk temperature,bulk velocity,pressure and heat flux ranged from 65°C–75°C,0.25 m/s–0.75 m/s,1–1.7 bar and 490 kW/m2–700 kW/m2,respectively.On the basis of these tests,a statistical analysis of the bubble size has been conducted considering a population of 1400 samples.It has been found that the mean Sauter bubble diameter increases with the decrease of subcooling,bulk velocity,pressure and increased heat flux.A modified correlation has been finally proposed to predict the mean Sauter bubble diameter under subcooled flow boiling conditions upstream of the onset of significant void,which shows good accuracy with the experimental results.

Numerical Simulation of Asymmetric Merging Flow in a Rectangular Channel

The steady, asymmetric and two-dimensional flow of viscous, incompressible and Newtonian fluid through a rectangular channel with splitter plate parallel to walls is investigated numerically. Earlier, the position of the splitter plate was taken as a centreline of channel but here it is considered its different positions which cause the asymmetric behaviour of the flow field. The geometric parameter that controls the position of splitter is defined as splitter position parameter a. The plane Poiseuille flow is considered far from upstream and downstream of the splitter. This flow-problem is solved numerically by a numerical scheme comprising a fourth order method, followed by a special finite-method. This numerical scheme transforms the governing equations to system of finite-difference equations, which are solved by point S.O.R. iterative method. In addition, the results obtained are further refined and upgraded by Richardson Extrapolation method. The calculations are carried out for the ranges -1 α R < 105. The results are compared with existing literature regarding the symmetric case (when a = 0) for velocity, vorticity and skin friction distributions. The comparison is very favourable. Moreover, the notable thing is that the decay of vorticity to its downstream value takes place over an increasingly longer scale of x as R increases for symmetric case but it is not so for asymmetric one.

Uniform Flow of Molten Metals in Rectangular Open Channels

The flow of liquids in open channels has been studied since ancient Rome. However, the vast majority of published reports on flow in open channels are focused on the transport of drinking water and sewage disposal. The literature on the transport of molten metals in open channels is quite scarce. In this work, the uniform flow of pig iron and molten aluminum in rectangular open channels is studied. Specific energy curves are constructed and critical heights are analytically determined. The transition from subcritical to supercritical flow is analyzed as a function of the angle of inclination of the channel and the roughness of its walls. Manning’s equation is applied to the pig iron flow using data reported in the literature for molten aluminum. The need to correct the roughness coefficient for pig iron is observed in order to obtain results consistent with those previously reported.

LAW OF BOUNDARY SHEAR IN OPEN RECTANGULAR CHANNELS WITH UNIFORM ROUGHNESS

In accordance with the characteristics of the rectangular prismatic channel,the flow in the channel was divided into two parts, the bed part and the wall part. On the basis ofgeneral principles of mechanics, the area relation between the bed part and the wall part was workedout. A formula for determining the shear acting on the bed and the walls in rectangular channelswas derived, which has a simple form and is only related to the ratio of the breadth to the depth.The difference between the calculated value with the presented formula and the data published wasillustrated to be less than that with other, formulas, which shows that the formula is reasonableand can model the flow in the rectangular prismatic channel with higher accuracy and reliability.

Prediction of Turbulent Flow Structure in a Fully Developed Rib-Roughened Narrow Rectangular Channel

Fully developed turbulent water-flow structure over one-side repeated-ribs in narrow two-dimensional rectangularchannels was investigated experimentally by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and analytically by the standardk-ε and nonlinear k-ε turbulent models. Two rib-pitch to height ratios (p/k) of 10 and 20 were investigated whilethe rib height was held constant at 4 mm. The rib height-to-channel equivalent diameter ratio (k/De) was 0.1. Thestreamwise mean velocity and turbulent kinetic energy distributions at six selected axial stations from the centerrib for the two Reynolds number (Re) of 7,000 and 20,000 were obtained and compared with the predicted one.The performance ability in predicting separating and reattaching turbulent water-flow between the standard K-eand nonlinear K-e models had yielded no clear conclusion. A large-scale turbulent eddy was generated by the ribpromoter and then propagated into the mainstream flow, which led to the deformation of the velocity profile. Theturbulent kinetic energy was increased about two times higher at p/k = 20 than that at p/k =10 under the twoReynolds numbers. The effect of the p/k value and the Reynolds number (Re) on reattachment length (XR) wasinvestigated and showed that the p/k and Re had no significant effect on the reattachment length beyond a criticalvalue of Re =15,000 where XR was found to be approximately 4 times of the rib height under water-flow condition.

磁场诱导矩形通道内铁磁流体流动及强化传热

为深入研究外加磁场作用下矩形通道中铁磁流体的流动及换热性能,基于有限体积法对其进行数值仿真计算。分析铁磁流体在不同雷诺数Re、磁场强度B下对努塞尔数Nu及流体阻力系数f的影响,重点对比3种热边界条件下磁场诱导铁磁流体旋流流动的特点、强化传热效果及综合强化性能。结果表明:当外加磁场作用于铁磁流体时,由于磁场-流场-温度场的协同作用,3种热边界条件下,矩形通道内的铁磁流体均产生不同结构的旋流流动,明显强化其传热效果,且施加的磁场强度越大,强化传热效果越好,综合性能更优。在研究范围内,通过对3种热边界条件的比较,四面受热、上下两面受热和底面受热的综合强化因子最大值分别达到了1.372、2.277、2.299。

基于跌坎压力自相似分布的明渠水深−流量关系推求

明渠流量计量是高效灌溉、合理分配水资源和进行用水有效管理的重要手段。跌水是常见的明渠水流上下游衔接的水利设施。当跌落水流不受跌坎下游水流影响时形成自由跌流,可用于明渠流量的精确计量。受自由跌流影响,跌坎断面水流由缓流向急流转变,压力分布显著偏离静水压力分布规律。而获得跌坎压力分布及其准确描述方程则正是明渠自由跌流流量公式推求的关键,其准确与否决定了利用跌流进行流量计量的精度。本文首先通过模型试验和数值计算对矩形明渠自由跌流的断面压力分布特征进行研究,而后利用理论推导建立了明渠跌流的水深−流量关系公式。研究发现,明渠跌水跌坎断面压力呈典型自相似分布规律,其无量纲压力值分布倾向于一条曲线,压力最大值为0.238he(he为跌坎水深),出现在竖向距跌坎0.209he水深处,并且压力自相似分布规律与明渠流量、渠道底坡和边壁糙率无关。在此基础上,结合幂函数和尾迹函数提出了描述跌坎断面压力分布的函数方程,并给出了最大压力和最大压力位置的计算公式,然后根据动量方程和流量连续方程推求了明渠自由跌流的流量计算公式。最后,对本文和其他研究者提出的流量计算公式采用试验数据进行了对比分析,结果表明:本文提出的流量公式在明渠流量为5~100 L/s,底坡为–0.0112~0.0534、糙率为0.0930~0.0193的研究范围内,具有更高的精度和适用性,计算误差在±5%之内,可适用于该流量、底坡和边壁糙率范围内矩形明渠自由跌流的流量精确计算。本文研究结果对于利用自由跌流进行明渠流量计量提供了理论与技术支撑,具有重要的工程应用价值。

汽泡边界层模型在矩形管道下的适用性分析

过冷流动沸腾中的流动和传热特性对反应堆的安全运行和经济性都具有重要意义。汽泡边界层模型是预测流动沸腾的一种新理论模型,它将流场沿径向划分为主流和汽泡边界层两个区域,能同时获得两个区域多个两相参数的变化规律,为空泡份额的预测提供了一种新的方法。然而,过冷沸腾段汽泡边界层模型目前仅在常规圆管中开展了验证,当管道类型和尺寸发生变化后,模型的准确度还有待进一步分析。基于此,本文将汽泡边界层模型进一步推广到长宽比较大的矩形管道中。为验证模型的准确性,将模型获得的空泡份额与现有实验数据进行对比,并同时与现有空泡份额预测模型进行了对比。结果显示,汽泡边界层模型不仅较现有模型的准确度更高,还能同时应用于矩形常规管道和窄缝通道,受管道结构和尺寸的影响较小。模型还描述了矩形窄缝通道内空泡份额、压力、流速、温度、滑速比等的变化情况,这些结果能为反应堆矩形燃料元件内的热工物理耦合分析提供基础数据。

小型堆中窄矩形通道自然循环临界热流密度实验研究

针对窄矩形通道在换热过程中有较高功率密度的问题,本文为了解决在小型反应堆中的应用,采用所搭建的小型窄矩形自然循环通道,进行实验研究,并结合BP神经网络方法对实验数据进行预测,分析在不同参数工况下临界热流密度随不同参数的变化情况以及不同参数对临界热流密度的影响程度。研究结果表明:质量流量与系统压力对临界热流密度点的影响呈现正相关;出口干度对临界热流密度呈现负相关;且质量流量对临界热流密度的影响程度最大;压力对临界热流密度的影响程度最小。利用相关实验数据,基于影响因素大小,通过BP神经网络方式,建立了适合于自然循环窄通道小堆的模型。BP神经网络算法的预测值与实验值符合良好,误差为10%;Katto模型与实验数据相比误差较大,Zhang公式和拟合公式的误差较小,所建立的临界热流密度模型可作为窄矩形通道自然循环临界热流密度的计算公式。

Scaling of the bubble/slug length of Taylor flow in a meandering microchannel

In order to reduce or avoid the fluctuations from interface breakup, a meandering microchannel with curved multi-bends(44 turns) is fabricated, and investigations of scaling bubble/slug length in Taylor flow in a rectangular meandering microchannel are systematically conducted. Based on considerable experimental data,quantitative analyses for the influences of two important characteristic times, liquid phase physical properties and aspect ratio are made on the prediction criteria for the bubble/slug length of Taylor flow in a meandering microchannel. A simple principle is suggested to predict the bubble formation period by using the information of Rayleigh time and capillary time for six gas–liquid systems with average deviation of 10.96%. Considering physical properties of the liquid phase and cross-section configuration of the rectangular mcirochannel,revised scaling laws for bubble length are established by introducing Ca, We, Re and W/h whether for the squeezing-driven or shearing-driven of bubble break. In addition, a simple principle in terms of Garstecki-type model and bubble formation period is set-up to predict slug lengths. A total of 107 sets of experimental data are correlated with the meandering microchannel and operating range: 0.001 b CaTPb 0.05, 0.06 b WeTPb 9.0,18 b ReTPb 460 using the bubble/slug length prediction equation from current work. The average deviation between the correlated data and the experimental data for bubble length and slug length is about 9.42% and9.95%, respectively.

Power allocation and mode selection methods for cooperative communication in the rectangular tunnel

For the multipath fading on electromagnetic waves of wireless communication in the confined areas,the rectangular tunnel cooperative communication system was established based on the multimode channel model and the channel capacity formula derivation was obtained.On the optimal criterion of the channel capacity,the power allocation methods of both amplifying and forwarding(AF) and decoding and forwarding(DF) cooperative communication systems were proposed in the limitation of the total power to maximize the channel capacity.The mode selection methods of single input single output(SISO) and single input multiple output(SIMO) models in the rectangular tunnel,through which the higher channel capacity can be obtained,were put forward as well.The theoretical analysis and simulation comparison show that,channel capacity of the wireless communication system in the rectangular tunnel can be effectively enhanced through the cooperative technology;channel capacity of the rectangular tunnel under complicated conditions is maximized through the proposed power allocation methods,and the optimal cooperative mode of the channel capacity can be chosen according to the cooperative mode selection methods given in the paper.

Interference Robust Channel Hopping Strategies for Wireless Sensor Networks

Due to the shared nature of the wireless medium, the performance of wireless sensor network is often limited by both internal interference and external interference. The internal interference is that simultaneous traffic activity by neighboring nodes in the same network, while the external interference is from wireless transmissions by other types of devices, such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth nodes. In this paper, we present two channel hopping algorithms for multichannel, single-radio wireless sensor networks. The first algorithm achieves collision-free transmission environment while do not introduce extra control overhead. The second algorithm, in addition to reducing internal interference effects, reduces the external interference effects from Wi-Fi devices. Simulation results show that both of them significantly improve performance in wireless sensor network.

Analytical Models for Velocity Distributions in Compound Channels with Emerged and Submerged Vegetated Floodplains

The lateral distributions of depth-averaged velocity in open compound channels with emerged and submerged vegetated floodplains were analyzed based on the analytical solution of the depth-integrated Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equation with a term to account for the effects of vegetation.The three cases considered for open channels were two-stage rectangular channel with emerged vegetated floodplain,rectangular channel with submerged vegetated corner,and two-stage rectangular channel with submerged vegetated floodplain,respectively.To predict the depth-averaged velocity with submerged vegetated floodplains,we proposed a new method based on a two-layer approach where flow above and through the vegetation layer was described separately.Moreover,further experiments in the two-stage rectangular channel with submerged vegetated floodplain were carried out to verify the results.The analytical solutions of the cases indicated that the corresponding analytical depth-averaged velocity distributions agree well with the simulated and experimental prediction.The analytical solutions of the cases with theoretical foundation and without programming calculation were reasonable and applicable,which were more convenient than numerical simulations.The analytical solutions provided a way for future researches to solve the problems of submerged vegetation and discontinuous phenomenon of depth-averaged velocity at the stage point for compound channels.Understanding the hydraulics of flow in compound channels with vegetated floodplains is very important for supporting the management of fluvial processes.

不同底坡矩形明渠跌水流量测算模型试验结果

对跌水测流的研究,主要集中在坡度和糙率对EDR(跌坎水深与临界水深之比)值的影响以及流量计算公式等方面。但也存在一些问题,比如缺乏针对负坡和陡坡渠道跌水的研究等。通过模型试验和数值模拟相结合的方法对不同坡度的矩形明渠自由跌水的EDR值以及流量公式进行了研究。结果表明:在明渠糙率n=0.009时,EDR值随着明渠底坡S的增加而减小,并给出了EDR与S及明渠单宽流量q之间的经验公式;EDR值随来流弗劳德数Fr0的增加而呈指数规律减小;通过理论推导给出了EDR与跌坎断面水流弗劳德数Fre之间的关系方程,并利用试验数据和数值计算结果对此关系进行了验证。

轨道结构对真空管道磁浮列车气动特性的影响

真空管道磁浮交通的出现使得地面超高速轨道交通成为可能。真空管道磁浮研究受限于对大功率推进电机和真空环境的需求,难以取得相关试验数据。针对多态耦合轨道交通动模型试验平台永磁轨道和电机气动布局的前期设计,本文开展了相关数值模拟研究。基于动模型试验平台几何结构、电机平台和永磁轨道在管道内的实际布置形式,采用三维、可压缩的RANS方法和SST k–ω湍流模型,计算了超导磁浮列车在真空管道内超高速运行时的三维流场结构、激波反射和传播规律,对比分析了列车底部矩形槽道对列车气动载荷和管道内流场的影响,重点探究了列车底部压力和速度变化趋势、尾部激波强度和尾涡结构的差异。研究发现:轨道和电机平台的台阶使得尾流区产生了更多的流动分离和激波反射,导致尾部压力波动;列车底部流动间隙增大,列车尾部激波强度下降,激波现象更为明显,气动阻力系数减小8.855%,气动升力系数增大14.312%。

矩形冷却通道填充X型桁架阵列结构的布置方案研究

采用数值模拟方法开展了矩形冷却通道填充X型桁架阵列结构的布置方案研究,分析了2种桁架布置方式(连续X型和离散双X型)、4种双X型桁架间距(P/S=1.5、P/S=1.0、P/S=0.5和P/S=0)以及2种双X型桁架布置方向(方向1和方向2)等方案下矩形冷却通道的流动与传热性能。研究结果表明:与布置连续X型桁架的通道相比,布置离散双X型桁架的通道具有更好的传热性能和综合热力性能,其平均努塞尔数和综合热力系数分别提高了7.05%和1.06%。随着双X型桁架间距的减小,通道的平均努塞尔数、摩擦系数和综合热力系数都呈现出先略有减小后又逐渐增大的变化规律。当双X型桁架间距为P/S=0.5时通道的流动性能最好,当双X型桁架间距为P/S=0时通道的传热性能和综合热力性能都最佳。与方向2相比,桁架布置为方向1时通道具有更好的传热性能和综合热力性能。

竖直矩形窄通道内流动沸腾研究进展

综述了几何与工况参数变化对竖直矩形窄通道内换热效果影响的传热实验研究,以及窄通道内气泡成核与移动、流型及其转换的研究,从传热模型、核态沸腾起始点、有效空泡起始点、流动不稳定起始点、临界热流密度的研究等方面分析和总结了矩形窄通道内流动沸腾的传热机理研究。结合目前实验与理论研究,总结了现存问题,为矩形窄通道内流动沸腾的进一步研究提供参考。

矩形通道速度边界层可视化实验研究

板状燃料组件结构紧凑、冷却剂通道狭窄,其边界层流场特性是决定矩形通道与常规通道内单相流动和传热特性存在差异的重要因素。本文采用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术,对间隙为2 mm和3 mm的矩形通道的速度边界层进行了可视化实验研究,分析了矩形通道边界层内速度分布、雷诺切应力等流场特性,探究了通道间隙对边界层的影响规律。实验结果表明,矩形通道的湍流边界层无量纲速度分布符合Spalding公式,在距离窄边壁面0.2~0.3 mm范围内存在雷诺切应力峰值区,随着雷诺数的增加,速度边界层的黏性底层逐渐减薄,对数律层占比增大,雷诺切应力峰值区向壁面方向靠近。减小矩形通道间隙,将会限制近壁面速度剖面的发展,使得近壁面速度梯度增大,湍流强度减小。

印刷电路板式换热器焊接质量影响因素分析

印刷电路板式换热器的换热芯体是对层层堆叠的冷热换热板采用扩散焊在高温高压下焊合而成的。但是,换热板中换热流道的存在阻碍了焊接压力沿换热板的均匀传递,使得板间轴向应力分布不均,造成流道处焊合质量差、层板变形等缺陷。采用有限元法,考虑矩形截面流道的几何尺寸(流道宽度、肋宽、板厚)与焊接压力等因素,研究轴向应力在换热板焊合界面间的分布规律。结果表明:板间轴向应力绝对值在1个流道宽度范围内沿一侧向另一侧呈现先减小后增大的分布,流道中心区域为焊合薄弱区域。随着流道宽度的增大,板间中心区域的轴向压应力减小,不利于焊合;随着板片肋宽、焊接压力的增加,板间轴向压应力增大,但是流道两侧应力集中加剧,易产生焊接变形;适当增加流道板厚可以使流道界面轴向应力分布更均匀。

挡板分布对PEMFC传质特性的影响

合理的双极板流道结构设计对提高质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)性能具有重要意义。建立单直流道PEMFC的三维模型,并在流道出口处添加矩形挡板,研究挡板间距及堵塞率对PEMFC传质特性和输出性能的影响。在流道出口处添加挡板,可强化流道内反应气体传质效果;增大挡板间距或提高挡板堵塞率,均能提高扩散层中的氧气浓度,改善PEMFC输出性能。提出一种挡板数量为5、间距为0.90 mm、间距差值为0.40 mm、堵塞率为75.00%及堵塞率差值为2.50%的挡板分布设计方案。与无挡板流道相比,该方案的峰值功率密度提高了4.96%。