Analysis of Bubble Behavior in a Horizontal Rectangular Channel under Subcooled Flow Boiling Conditions

Experiments on subcooled flow boiling have been conducted using water in a rectangular flow channel.Similar to the coolant channel in internal combustion engines(IC engines),the flow channel in this experiment was asymmetrically heated.Bubble images were captured using a high speed camera from the side view of the channel.The experimental conditions in terms of bulk temperature,bulk velocity,pressure and heat flux ranged from 65°C–75°C,0.25 m/s–0.75 m/s,1–1.7 bar and 490 kW/m2–700 kW/m2,respectively.On the basis of these tests,a statistical analysis of the bubble size has been conducted considering a population of 1400 samples.It has been found that the mean Sauter bubble diameter increases with the decrease of subcooling,bulk velocity,pressure and increased heat flux.A modified correlation has been finally proposed to predict the mean Sauter bubble diameter under subcooled flow boiling conditions upstream of the onset of significant void,which shows good accuracy with the experimental results.

Numerical Simulation of Asymmetric Merging Flow in a Rectangular Channel

The steady, asymmetric and two-dimensional flow of viscous, incompressible and Newtonian fluid through a rectangular channel with splitter plate parallel to walls is investigated numerically. Earlier, the position of the splitter plate was taken as a centreline of channel but here it is considered its different positions which cause the asymmetric behaviour of the flow field. The geometric parameter that controls the position of splitter is defined as splitter position parameter a. The plane Poiseuille flow is considered far from upstream and downstream of the splitter. This flow-problem is solved numerically by a numerical scheme comprising a fourth order method, followed by a special finite-method. This numerical scheme transforms the governing equations to system of finite-difference equations, which are solved by point S.O.R. iterative method. In addition, the results obtained are further refined and upgraded by Richardson Extrapolation method. The calculations are carried out for the ranges -1 α R < 105. The results are compared with existing literature regarding the symmetric case (when a = 0) for velocity, vorticity and skin friction distributions. The comparison is very favourable. Moreover, the notable thing is that the decay of vorticity to its downstream value takes place over an increasingly longer scale of x as R increases for symmetric case but it is not so for asymmetric one.

Uniform Flow of Molten Metals in Rectangular Open Channels

The flow of liquids in open channels has been studied since ancient Rome. However, the vast majority of published reports on flow in open channels are focused on the transport of drinking water and sewage disposal. The literature on the transport of molten metals in open channels is quite scarce. In this work, the uniform flow of pig iron and molten aluminum in rectangular open channels is studied. Specific energy curves are constructed and critical heights are analytically determined. The transition from subcritical to supercritical flow is analyzed as a function of the angle of inclination of the channel and the roughness of its walls. Manning’s equation is applied to the pig iron flow using data reported in the literature for molten aluminum. The need to correct the roughness coefficient for pig iron is observed in order to obtain results consistent with those previously reported.

LAW OF BOUNDARY SHEAR IN OPEN RECTANGULAR CHANNELS WITH UNIFORM ROUGHNESS

In accordance with the characteristics of the rectangular prismatic channel,the flow in the channel was divided into two parts, the bed part and the wall part. On the basis ofgeneral principles of mechanics, the area relation between the bed part and the wall part was workedout. A formula for determining the shear acting on the bed and the walls in rectangular channelswas derived, which has a simple form and is only related to the ratio of the breadth to the depth.The difference between the calculated value with the presented formula and the data published wasillustrated to be less than that with other, formulas, which shows that the formula is reasonableand can model the flow in the rectangular prismatic channel with higher accuracy and reliability.

Prediction of Turbulent Flow Structure in a Fully Developed Rib-Roughened Narrow Rectangular Channel

Fully developed turbulent water-flow structure over one-side repeated-ribs in narrow two-dimensional rectangularchannels was investigated experimentally by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and analytically by the standardk-ε and nonlinear k-ε turbulent models. Two rib-pitch to height ratios (p/k) of 10 and 20 were investigated whilethe rib height was held constant at 4 mm. The rib height-to-channel equivalent diameter ratio (k/De) was 0.1. Thestreamwise mean velocity and turbulent kinetic energy distributions at six selected axial stations from the centerrib for the two Reynolds number (Re) of 7,000 and 20,000 were obtained and compared with the predicted one.The performance ability in predicting separating and reattaching turbulent water-flow between the standard K-eand nonlinear K-e models had yielded no clear conclusion. A large-scale turbulent eddy was generated by the ribpromoter and then propagated into the mainstream flow, which led to the deformation of the velocity profile. Theturbulent kinetic energy was increased about two times higher at p/k = 20 than that at p/k =10 under the twoReynolds numbers. The effect of the p/k value and the Reynolds number (Re) on reattachment length (XR) wasinvestigated and showed that the p/k and Re had no significant effect on the reattachment length beyond a criticalvalue of Re =15,000 where XR was found to be approximately 4 times of the rib height under water-flow condition.

基于跌坎压力自相似分布的明渠水深−流量关系推求

明渠流量计量是高效灌溉、合理分配水资源和进行用水有效管理的重要手段。跌水是常见的明渠水流上下游衔接的水利设施。当跌落水流不受跌坎下游水流影响时形成自由跌流,可用于明渠流量的精确计量。受自由跌流影响,跌坎断面水流由缓流向急流转变,压力分布显著偏离静水压力分布规律。而获得跌坎压力分布及其准确描述方程则正是明渠自由跌流流量公式推求的关键,其准确与否决定了利用跌流进行流量计量的精度。本文首先通过模型试验和数值计算对矩形明渠自由跌流的断面压力分布特征进行研究,而后利用理论推导建立了明渠跌流的水深−流量关系公式。研究发现,明渠跌水跌坎断面压力呈典型自相似分布规律,其无量纲压力值分布倾向于一条曲线,压力最大值为0.238he(he为跌坎水深),出现在竖向距跌坎0.209he水深处,并且压力自相似分布规律与明渠流量、渠道底坡和边壁糙率无关。在此基础上,结合幂函数和尾迹函数提出了描述跌坎断面压力分布的函数方程,并给出了最大压力和最大压力位置的计算公式,然后根据动量方程和流量连续方程推求了明渠自由跌流的流量计算公式。最后,对本文和其他研究者提出的流量计算公式采用试验数据进行了对比分析,结果表明:本文提出的流量公式在明渠流量为5~100 L/s,底坡为–0.0112~0.0534、糙率为0.0930~0.0193的研究范围内,具有更高的精度和适用性,计算误差在±5%之内,可适用于该流量、底坡和边壁糙率范围内矩形明渠自由跌流的流量精确计算。本文研究结果对于利用自由跌流进行明渠流量计量提供了理论与技术支撑,具有重要的工程应用价值。

磁场诱导矩形通道内铁磁流体流动及强化传热

为深入研究外加磁场作用下矩形通道中铁磁流体的流动及换热性能,基于有限体积法对其进行数值仿真计算。分析铁磁流体在不同雷诺数Re、磁场强度B下对努塞尔数Nu及流体阻力系数f的影响,重点对比3种热边界条件下磁场诱导铁磁流体旋流流动的特点、强化传热效果及综合强化性能。结果表明:当外加磁场作用于铁磁流体时,由于磁场-流场-温度场的协同作用,3种热边界条件下,矩形通道内的铁磁流体均产生不同结构的旋流流动,明显强化其传热效果,且施加的磁场强度越大,强化传热效果越好,综合性能更优。在研究范围内,通过对3种热边界条件的比较,四面受热、上下两面受热和底面受热的综合强化因子最大值分别达到了1.372、2.277、2.299。

矩形通道内超临界压力CO_(2)流动换热数值研究

针对高马赫数发动机热防护和机载设备长航程供电问题,基于超临界二氧化碳布雷顿循环提出了热防护与发电一体化系统。采用数值模拟方法探究了单侧受热矩形通道内超临界压力下CO_(2)的对流传热特性,并且分析了不同热流密度时入口温度、冷却流量和加热长度对冷却性能的影响。研究发现单侧受热矩形通道内SCO_(2)的流动换热存在周向不均匀性,增大冷却剂流量可以有效降低壁面温度。但对周向壁面温差影响较小并且温差随热流密度增大单调上升,由0.5 MW‧m^(-2)的最大温差75 K增加至2.0 MW‧m^(-2)的最大温差297 K。二次流在通道拐角处形成回流,局部扰流使传热增强。当流体温度高于拟临界温度时,定压比热容随入口温度的升高而减小,但是雷诺数的增大弥补了这一缺陷并使得换热能力增强。不同加热长度的冷却性能受传热特性影响,不发生传热恶化时,相同冷却流量条件下加热长度越大冷却后的壁面最高温度越高。但是当发生传热恶化时,不同加热长度冷却后的壁面最高温度分为相同和随加热长度增大两种情况。

汽泡边界层模型在矩形管道下的适用性分析

过冷流动沸腾中的流动和传热特性对反应堆的安全运行和经济性都具有重要意义。汽泡边界层模型是预测流动沸腾的一种新理论模型,它将流场沿径向划分为主流和汽泡边界层两个区域,能同时获得两个区域多个两相参数的变化规律,为空泡份额的预测提供了一种新的方法。然而,过冷沸腾段汽泡边界层模型目前仅在常规圆管中开展了验证,当管道类型和尺寸发生变化后,模型的准确度还有待进一步分析。基于此,本文将汽泡边界层模型进一步推广到长宽比较大的矩形管道中。为验证模型的准确性,将模型获得的空泡份额与现有实验数据进行对比,并同时与现有空泡份额预测模型进行了对比。结果显示,汽泡边界层模型不仅较现有模型的准确度更高,还能同时应用于矩形常规管道和窄缝通道,受管道结构和尺寸的影响较小。模型还描述了矩形窄缝通道内空泡份额、压力、流速、温度、滑速比等的变化情况,这些结果能为反应堆矩形燃料元件内的热工物理耦合分析提供基础数据。

小型堆中窄矩形通道自然循环临界热流密度实验研究

针对窄矩形通道在换热过程中有较高功率密度的问题,本文为了解决在小型反应堆中的应用,采用所搭建的小型窄矩形自然循环通道,进行实验研究,并结合BP神经网络方法对实验数据进行预测,分析在不同参数工况下临界热流密度随不同参数的变化情况以及不同参数对临界热流密度的影响程度。研究结果表明:质量流量与系统压力对临界热流密度点的影响呈现正相关;出口干度对临界热流密度呈现负相关;且质量流量对临界热流密度的影响程度最大;压力对临界热流密度的影响程度最小。利用相关实验数据,基于影响因素大小,通过BP神经网络方式,建立了适合于自然循环窄通道小堆的模型。BP神经网络算法的预测值与实验值符合良好,误差为10%;Katto模型与实验数据相比误差较大,Zhang公式和拟合公式的误差较小,所建立的临界热流密度模型可作为窄矩形通道自然循环临界热流密度的计算公式。

刍议亭子口灌区工程矩形明渠钢模台车施工技术

亭子口灌区工程是国务院172项重大节水灌溉工程之一,是四川省水资源配置总体布局“六横六纵”中的重要骨干工程。该工程总干渠长约144.573 km,主要由隧洞、渡槽、明渠构成,其中明渠累计长度为16.325 km,占渠线总长度的11.29%。钢模台车作为一种新设备、新工艺,其整体模板可一次拼接,重复使用,可以有效减少施工人员和机械设备的投入,施工机械化程度高,施工进度快,成本低,工作效率和经济效益高,在矩形明渠施工中具有较大的优势,值得推广应用。笔者介绍了钢模台车在亭子口灌区工程矩形明渠中的使用情况。

Scaling of the bubble/slug length of Taylor flow in a meandering microchannel

In order to reduce or avoid the fluctuations from interface breakup, a meandering microchannel with curved multi-bends(44 turns) is fabricated, and investigations of scaling bubble/slug length in Taylor flow in a rectangular meandering microchannel are systematically conducted. Based on considerable experimental data,quantitative analyses for the influences of two important characteristic times, liquid phase physical properties and aspect ratio are made on the prediction criteria for the bubble/slug length of Taylor flow in a meandering microchannel. A simple principle is suggested to predict the bubble formation period by using the information of Rayleigh time and capillary time for six gas–liquid systems with average deviation of 10.96%. Considering physical properties of the liquid phase and cross-section configuration of the rectangular mcirochannel,revised scaling laws for bubble length are established by introducing Ca, We, Re and W/h whether for the squeezing-driven or shearing-driven of bubble break. In addition, a simple principle in terms of Garstecki-type model and bubble formation period is set-up to predict slug lengths. A total of 107 sets of experimental data are correlated with the meandering microchannel and operating range: 0.001 b CaTPb 0.05, 0.06 b WeTPb 9.0,18 b ReTPb 460 using the bubble/slug length prediction equation from current work. The average deviation between the correlated data and the experimental data for bubble length and slug length is about 9.42% and9.95%, respectively.

Power allocation and mode selection methods for cooperative communication in the rectangular tunnel

For the multipath fading on electromagnetic waves of wireless communication in the confined areas,the rectangular tunnel cooperative communication system was established based on the multimode channel model and the channel capacity formula derivation was obtained.On the optimal criterion of the channel capacity,the power allocation methods of both amplifying and forwarding(AF) and decoding and forwarding(DF) cooperative communication systems were proposed in the limitation of the total power to maximize the channel capacity.The mode selection methods of single input single output(SISO) and single input multiple output(SIMO) models in the rectangular tunnel,through which the higher channel capacity can be obtained,were put forward as well.The theoretical analysis and simulation comparison show that,channel capacity of the wireless communication system in the rectangular tunnel can be effectively enhanced through the cooperative technology;channel capacity of the rectangular tunnel under complicated conditions is maximized through the proposed power allocation methods,and the optimal cooperative mode of the channel capacity can be chosen according to the cooperative mode selection methods given in the paper.

Interference Robust Channel Hopping Strategies for Wireless Sensor Networks

Due to the shared nature of the wireless medium, the performance of wireless sensor network is often limited by both internal interference and external interference. The internal interference is that simultaneous traffic activity by neighboring nodes in the same network, while the external interference is from wireless transmissions by other types of devices, such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth nodes. In this paper, we present two channel hopping algorithms for multichannel, single-radio wireless sensor networks. The first algorithm achieves collision-free transmission environment while do not introduce extra control overhead. The second algorithm, in addition to reducing internal interference effects, reduces the external interference effects from Wi-Fi devices. Simulation results show that both of them significantly improve performance in wireless sensor network.

Analytical Models for Velocity Distributions in Compound Channels with Emerged and Submerged Vegetated Floodplains

The lateral distributions of depth-averaged velocity in open compound channels with emerged and submerged vegetated floodplains were analyzed based on the analytical solution of the depth-integrated Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equation with a term to account for the effects of vegetation.The three cases considered for open channels were two-stage rectangular channel with emerged vegetated floodplain,rectangular channel with submerged vegetated corner,and two-stage rectangular channel with submerged vegetated floodplain,respectively.To predict the depth-averaged velocity with submerged vegetated floodplains,we proposed a new method based on a two-layer approach where flow above and through the vegetation layer was described separately.Moreover,further experiments in the two-stage rectangular channel with submerged vegetated floodplain were carried out to verify the results.The analytical solutions of the cases indicated that the corresponding analytical depth-averaged velocity distributions agree well with the simulated and experimental prediction.The analytical solutions of the cases with theoretical foundation and without programming calculation were reasonable and applicable,which were more convenient than numerical simulations.The analytical solutions provided a way for future researches to solve the problems of submerged vegetation and discontinuous phenomenon of depth-averaged velocity at the stage point for compound channels.Understanding the hydraulics of flow in compound channels with vegetated floodplains is very important for supporting the management of fluvial processes.

不同底坡矩形明渠跌水流量测算模型试验结果

对跌水测流的研究,主要集中在坡度和糙率对EDR(跌坎水深与临界水深之比)值的影响以及流量计算公式等方面。但也存在一些问题,比如缺乏针对负坡和陡坡渠道跌水的研究等。通过模型试验和数值模拟相结合的方法对不同坡度的矩形明渠自由跌水的EDR值以及流量公式进行了研究。结果表明:在明渠糙率n=0.009时,EDR值随着明渠底坡S的增加而减小,并给出了EDR与S及明渠单宽流量q之间的经验公式;EDR值随来流弗劳德数Fr0的增加而呈指数规律减小;通过理论推导给出了EDR与跌坎断面水流弗劳德数Fre之间的关系方程,并利用试验数据和数值计算结果对此关系进行了验证。

轨道结构对真空管道磁浮列车气动特性的影响

真空管道磁浮交通的出现使得地面超高速轨道交通成为可能。真空管道磁浮研究受限于对大功率推进电机和真空环境的需求,难以取得相关试验数据。针对多态耦合轨道交通动模型试验平台永磁轨道和电机气动布局的前期设计,本文开展了相关数值模拟研究。基于动模型试验平台几何结构、电机平台和永磁轨道在管道内的实际布置形式,采用三维、可压缩的RANS方法和SST k–ω湍流模型,计算了超导磁浮列车在真空管道内超高速运行时的三维流场结构、激波反射和传播规律,对比分析了列车底部矩形槽道对列车气动载荷和管道内流场的影响,重点探究了列车底部压力和速度变化趋势、尾部激波强度和尾涡结构的差异。研究发现:轨道和电机平台的台阶使得尾流区产生了更多的流动分离和激波反射,导致尾部压力波动;列车底部流动间隙增大,列车尾部激波强度下降,激波现象更为明显,气动阻力系数减小8.855%,气动升力系数增大14.312%。

矩形冷却通道填充X型桁架阵列结构的布置方案研究

采用数值模拟方法开展了矩形冷却通道填充X型桁架阵列结构的布置方案研究,分析了2种桁架布置方式(连续X型和离散双X型)、4种双X型桁架间距(P/S=1.5、P/S=1.0、P/S=0.5和P/S=0)以及2种双X型桁架布置方向(方向1和方向2)等方案下矩形冷却通道的流动与传热性能。研究结果表明:与布置连续X型桁架的通道相比,布置离散双X型桁架的通道具有更好的传热性能和综合热力性能,其平均努塞尔数和综合热力系数分别提高了7.05%和1.06%。随着双X型桁架间距的减小,通道的平均努塞尔数、摩擦系数和综合热力系数都呈现出先略有减小后又逐渐增大的变化规律。当双X型桁架间距为P/S=0.5时通道的流动性能最好,当双X型桁架间距为P/S=0时通道的传热性能和综合热力性能都最佳。与方向2相比,桁架布置为方向1时通道具有更好的传热性能和综合热力性能。

不同窄缝宽度下窄矩形通道中沸腾临界可视化流型及触发机理

窄矩形通道因具有结构紧凑等优点而被广泛应用于各个领域。为完善窄矩形通道中临界热流密度(Critical Heat Flux,CHF)的预测方法,提高反应堆安全性和经济性,本文进行了不同窄缝宽度下窄矩形通道内CHF可视化试验来探索CHF触发机理。实验同步采集不同窄缝宽度下可视化结果和热工水力数据,结果发现:当窄缝宽度分别为5 mm、3 mm、2 mm和1 mm时,在发生CHF时,通道内流型分别对应泡状流、弹状流、搅混流和环状流。在发生CHF前,在泡状流、弹状流和搅混流都存在温度波动。在环状流中CHF涉及到区域由初始的干斑逐渐扩展;在搅混流时CHF涉及到的区域较小;而弹状流涉及到的区域最广;在泡状流中加热壁面温度波动频率最高。当系统压力在1~4 MPa范围内、在窄缝宽度为1 mm时,系统压力与CHF之间存在非线性关系,而在其余通道中随着系统压力增加CHF增加。因此,窄缝宽度对窄矩形通道中CHF有非常重要的影响。本文分析结果可为CHF机理模型的建立提供思路。

竖直矩形窄通道内流动沸腾研究进展

综述了几何与工况参数变化对竖直矩形窄通道内换热效果影响的传热实验研究,以及窄通道内气泡成核与移动、流型及其转换的研究,从传热模型、核态沸腾起始点、有效空泡起始点、流动不稳定起始点、临界热流密度的研究等方面分析和总结了矩形窄通道内流动沸腾的传热机理研究。结合目前实验与理论研究,总结了现存问题,为矩形窄通道内流动沸腾的进一步研究提供参考。