A Study of Water Treatment Chemical Effects on Type I” Pitting Corrosion of Copper Tubes

It is known that one of the causes of pitting corrosion of copper tubes is residual carbon on the inner surface. It was confirmed that type I” pitting corrosion of the copper tube is suppressed by keeping the residual carbon amount at 2 mg/m2 or less, which is lower than that of the type I’ pitting corrosion, or by removing the fine particles that are the corrosion product of galvanized steel pipes. The developed water treatment chemical was evaluated using three types of copper tubes with residual carbon amounts of 0 mg/m2, 0.5 mg/m2, and 6.1 mg/m2. The evaluation was conducted for three months in an open-circulation cooling water system and compared with the current water treatment chemical. Under the current water treatment chemical conditions, only the copper tube with a residual carbon amount of 6.1 mg/m2 showed a significant increase in the natural corrosion potential after two weeks, and pitting corrosion occurred. No pitting corrosion and no increase in the natural corrosion potential were observed in any of the copper tubes that were treated with the developed water treatment chemical. In addition, the polarization curve was measured using the cooling water from this field test, and the anodic polarization of two cooling waters was compared. For copper tubes with a large amount of residual carbon, the current density near 0 mV vs. Ag/AgCl electrode (SSE) increased when the developed water treatment chemical was added.

Recycling water glass from wet reclamation sewage of waste sodium silicate-bonded sand

Wet reclamation of waste sodium silicate-bonded sand produces much alkaline sewage and causes pollution. Recycling water glass from wet reclamation sewage of the waste sodium silicate-bonded sand can solve pollution issues and generate economic benefits. In this work, the wet reclamation sewage was filtered, and the filtrate was causticized with a quicklime powder to produce a lye. The effects of causticization temperature, causticization time, and the amount of quicklime powder on the causticization rate were studied. The lye was used to dissolve the silica in the filtration residue to prepare a sodium silicate solution. The effects of the mass of filtration residue, dissolution temperature, and dissolution time on sodium silicate modulus were studied. Finally, the recycled water glass was obtained by concentrating the sodium silicate solution, and the bonding strength of the recycled water glass was tested. The results showed that the causticization rate could be improved by increasing the amount of quicklime powder, causticization temperature, and causticization time, and the highest causticization rate was above 92%. Amorphous silica in the filtration residue dissolved in the lye. Increasing the amount of the filtration residue, dissolution temperature, and dissolution time could improve the sodium silicate modulus. The bonding strength of the recycled water glass was close to that of commercial water glass. The recycled water glass could be used as a substitute for the commercial water glass.

Development of high quality Fe_3O_4/rGO composited electrode for low energy water treatment

Electrochemical water treatment is an attractive technology for water desalination and softening due to its low energy consumption. Especially, capacitive Deionization(CDI) is promising as a future technology for water treatment. Graphene(rGO) has been intensively studied for CDI electrode because of its advantages such as excellent electrical conductivity and high specific surface area. However, its 2D dimensional structure with small specific capacitance, high resistance between layers and hydrophobicity degrades ion adsorption efficiency. In this work, we successfully prepared uniformly dispersed Fe3O4/rGO nanocomposite by simple thermal reactions and applied it as effective electrodes for CDI. Iron oxides play a role in uniting graphene sheets, and specific capacitance and wettability of electrodes are improved significantly;hence CDI performances are enhanced. The hardness removal of Fe3O4/rGO nanocomposite electrodes can reach 4.3 mg/g at applied voltage of 1.5V, which is 3 times higher than that of separate r GO electrodes.Thus this material is a promising candidate for water softening technology.

A Grey Water Dam Design for the Treatment and Reuse of Grey Water from Single and Multiple Households

An innovative design for the treatment and reuse of grey water is presented in the form of a grey water dam which is an outgrowth of the vertical grey water tower. A hydraulic equation has been formulated and is presented in this paper which is used to determine the seepage path within the grey water dam, and determine the dimensions of the dam components. The hydraulic equation model also helps in avoiding soil piping problems by keeping the phreatic line within the grey water dam. Vegetables are planted around the surface of the dam as a reuse option while helping recycling of water in the form of evapotranspiration. A successful pilot trial of this dam was run in Mnyamatsini area in Swaziland which can accept grey water from multiple households.

Surface treatment technology of downhole water cut sensor

Based on the structure,working principle,and working conditions of conductance water cut sensor,it is revealed that the early failure of the metal electrode of the sensor is due to the comprehensive influence of well fluid erosion,electrochemical corrosion,and oil pollution during its long-term service in the downhole.A technology for electrode surface treatment is proposed using boron-doped diamond(BDD)films to improve the service performance of the modified electrode.The hot wire chemical vapor deposition method was adopted to fabricate BDD film,the boron doping concentration and deposition time were optimized,and fluorination treatment was applied to improve the wear resistance,electrochemical corrosion resistance,and oleophobic property of the BDD film comprehensively.The results showed that BDD film with boron doping concentration of 6×10^(-3) exhibited high wear resistance and good electrochemical corrosion resistance,and endowed the modified electrode with superior erosion resistance and corrosion resistance.The friction coefficient and wear rate of BDD modified electrode were 92%and 78%lower than those of Invar alloy,also,the low-frequency impedance modulus value of the modified electrode was higher than 1×10^(4) Ω·cm^(2).The BDD film prepared with a deposition time of 8 h had a favorable micro-nano structure owing to small grain size and uniform distribution.Such morphology was conducive to enhancing the oleophobic performance of the modified electrode,and its contact angle in the simulated well fluid was high to 102°.The engineering applicability of BDD film modified electrode under simulated working conditions indicated that,the modified electrode had excellent comprehensive performances of erosion resistance,electrochemical corrosion resistance and oil adhesion resistance,and can realize the long-term stable operation of the conductance water cut sensor under harsh downhole conditions.

没食子酸强化Fenton体系对水中DEET降解的研究

针对Fenton反应过程中生成的Fe^(3+)的还原速率相对于Fe^(2+)和H_(2)O_(2)的反应速率较慢限制了其降解效率的问题,以N,N-二乙基-间甲苯酰胺(DEET)为目标污染物,比较了3种络合剂对Fenton反应的促进效应。结果表明,在DEET浓度为200μmol/L、H_(2)O_(2)/Fe^(2+)摩尔比为20∶1、初始Fe^(2+)浓度为50μmol/L、没食子酸(GA)/Fe^(2+)摩尔比为1∶1以及pH=7.0的条件下,DEET的去除效率在20 min内达到75.3%。与传统的Fenton体系相比,DEET的降解效率提高了63.8%。HO·是加速DEET降解和矿化的主要活性氧物质。GA促进了Fe^(3+)的还原和H_(2)O_(2)的分解,从而促进了额外自由基的生成,加速了Fe^(2+)/H_(2)O_(2)体系对DEET的降解。

ZnMnCr-LDHs的制备及其对磷酸盐吸附性能研究

以三乙醇胺为碱源,通过水热法制备了三元金属元素ZnMnCr-LDHs纳米材料,用于磷酸盐的吸附;通过使用多种表征仪器,证明纳米材料的成功制备。吸附动力学和吸附热力学结果表明,ZnMnCr-LDHs纳米材料吸附磷酸盐符合准二级动力学模型,化学吸附在吸附过程中占主导,为自发的吸热反应。考察各种条件下的吸附能力,在25℃、初始pH的条件下,向20 mL(100 mg/L)磷酸盐溶液中投加15 mg的ZnMnCr-LDHs纳米材料,对磷酸盐的去除率分别可达99.5%、99.5%、99.2%;对磷酸盐最大吸附量分别为715.2、714.8、714.7 mg/g;经过5次循环利用后,ZnMnCr-LDHs纳米材料对磷酸盐的吸附率分别为81.8%、76.4%、76.1%,循环性能较好。

再生水回用对典型污水处理工艺生态效应的影响

再生水回用是降低水污染、改善水环境、提高水资源利用率的重要途径,但这一过程同步增加了药剂和能源的消耗,以及温室气体排放等。研究再生水回用对典型污水处理工艺的生态效应影响,可为污水处理策略的全过程优化提供支持。文中采用生命周期评价法,从元素资源消耗(ADPE)、化石燃料消耗(ADPF)、臭氧层耗竭(ODP)、全球变暖(GWP)、酸化(AP)、富营养化(EP)、淡水生态毒性(FAETP)、陆地生态毒性(TETP)和人类毒性(HTP)9种环境效应,对比分析了常规污水处理工艺AAO和再生水处理工艺AAO+MBR的生态效应。结果表明,AAO+MBR工艺对EP的削减效果是AAO工艺的1.1倍,污水处理效果优于单独使用厌氧/缺氧/好氧(AAO)工艺;AAO+膜生物反应器(MBR)工艺对ADPE、ADPF、ODP、GWP、AP、FAETP、TETP、HTP的负面影响均高于AAO工艺;进一步在20%、40%、60%、80%和100%不同再生水回用率情景下比较AAO工艺和AAO+MBR工艺对9种环境效应的影响,发现再生水回用率显著影响ADPE、ADPF、FAETP、ODP,当再生水回用率为100%时,对环境影响下降45%~100%;对AP、GWP、TETP、HTP的影响较小,当再生水回用率为100%时,对环境影响下降17%~25%;对EP影响则不显著,随着再生水回用率变化,EP基本保持不变。研究可为污水处理决策优化提供支持。

合水油田含聚合物采出水处理技术的研究与应用

长庆合水油田采出水废水中含有大量的聚合物、水凝胶,采出水水体发黑、黏度大、乳化稳定性强、难破乳,难以用常规污水处理方法进行处理。在对水质成份进行详细分析后,认为水体发黑的原因是其中的二价铁离子与硫化物形成了黑色的硫化铁胶体固形物。用“氧化→解聚→絮凝”新工艺对合水油田采出水进行处理,效果十分显著。首先对含聚水中聚合物氧化解聚,破坏其结构稳定性,然后用适量的过碳酸钠(SPC)使硫化铁胶体脱色,随后再进行絮凝沉淀,使用200~350ppm的SPC和2~5ppm的阳离子聚丙烯酰胺和聚合硫酸铁组合的复合絮凝剂,可以使含聚采出水的悬浮物下降到30mg·L^(-1)以下,pH约为7.0,且有效降低了水体的色度和浊度,其中浊度降低率达到98.02%,铁离子去除率为96.46%。较好地解决了含聚废水水体发黑、不易沉降、难处理等问题,有效改善了采出水水质,达到回注要求。

中型炼厂凝结水回收系统设计方法研究

随着时代的发展,化工炼厂产能优化、能源结构方式的改变,炼厂各介质回收再利用具有非常重要的意义,本文主要对炼厂凝结水回收系统从初期设计到后期设计改进及运行状况的问题做详细概述。

软化-混凝预处理高矿化度矿井水的试验研究

高矿化度矿井水可回用,常采用膜技术脱盐,但运行过程中Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)造成的膜污染极大地影响了膜性能。开展矿井水预处理降低硬度及浊度,对减轻膜污染、提高出水水质、降低运行费用起着重要的作用。采用氧化钙-偏铝酸钠软化法耦合PAC(聚合氯化铝)混凝法降低矿井水的硬度及浊度,采用单因素试验考察了药剂投加量、反应时间、沉淀时间对去除效果的影响。试验结果表明,投加30 mg/L CaO、15 mg/L NaAlO_(2)及20 mg/L PAC,反应60 min,沉淀20 min的条件下,水样的总硬度为56.622 mg/L,总硬度去除率为46.10%,浊度去除率为88.86%,吨水药剂费用为2.4元。

基于尿素电氧化技术的空间站新型污水回用系统设计

空间站中水资源的补充对实现宇航员长期在轨驻留至关重要。将航天员的尿液处理后循环回用是供水的必要途径之一,其占据了回收水量的绝大部分。然而,传统尿液处理方法存在设备庞大、流程复杂和原子利用率低等问题。因此设计了新型污水处理及回用系统:基于尿素电氧化技术处理尿液,引入甲烷燃料电池与Sabatier反应器和氢氧燃料电池联用,以进一步利用尿液处理产物,通过设计分级处理及动态调控系统,精准配置空间站内水资源。该设计系统有助于节省宝贵空间并降低处理能耗,有望提高水的回收率同时实现资源的优化配置,为空间站内水资源的循环利用提供新思路。

电化学法处理循环冷却水的研究进展

循环冷却水系统已广泛应用于工业生产的冷却过程,其显著提高水资源的利用效率。然而,结垢问题直接影响循环冷却系统的稳定性。电化学法可以有效缓解结垢带来的负面问题。因此,本文从两个方面(调控阴极面积,高效分离氢离子和氢氧根)详细阐述电化学法处理循环冷却水的最新研究进展,以更好地利用电化学法处理循环冷却水。

双膜法工艺在矿井水深度处理中的应用实例

高矿化度煤矿矿井水往往具有盐含量高、硬度和碱度高的特征,处理工艺复杂,难度较高。陕西某煤矿矿井水深度处理回用工程设计进水量为7200 m^(3)/d,产水量为4800 m^(3)/d(25℃),系统回收率为65%,采用超滤(UF)+反渗透(RO)双膜法工艺,产水回用于井下生产。该工程通过定量投加复合阻垢剂取代传统的药剂软化工艺,节约了投资成本和运行成本。运行数据表明:矿井水原水(经过格栅+预沉调节池+磁加载沉淀处理后)温度约为27℃,溶解性总固体质量浓度为3700~4000 mg/L,硬度在450~500 mg/L;产水TDS质量浓度在70 mg/L左右,硬度质量浓度≤6.0 mg/L,氯离子质量浓度<35 mg/L,硫酸根质量浓度<5.5 mg/L,脱盐率为98%,系统回收率为71.4%,运行稳定可靠。

一种油基岩屑热解脱附水处理设备的优化设计

油基岩屑为页岩气开采过程中的固体废物,采用热解脱附可使油基岩屑达到固废外排的要求。在热解过程中需要使用大量的喷淋水对热解高温气体降温,如果将喷淋水直接外排,会造成水资源的大量浪费。通过对喷淋水处理设备的优化,实现了污水循环处理、底泥处理、污油回收的水处理一体化设计,不仅能节省大量的水资源,还可以满足不同物料、不同工况下水处理的要求。

再生集料在道路基层材料中的试验研究与应用

利用公路路面铣刨出的废旧水稳再生集料替代天然集料制备再生水稳基层材料,并开展工程示范应用。结果表明:对于来自同一路段的废旧水稳再生集料,其烘干或不烘干处理对再生水稳混合料的最佳含水率影响较小,最佳含水率一般比再生级配集料吸水率高约4%~5%;对于不同路段的废旧水稳再生集料,其压碎值越高,再生水稳的无侧限抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、抗压回弹模量越低;综合考虑再生水稳的性能,选择来自路段1的再生细集料与路段3的再生粗集料按比例混合制备再生水稳用于工程实践,再生水稳具有较好的力学性能与路用性能,满足工程设计要求,应用效果良好。

一种水体垃圾处理装置的设计

水体垃圾处理装置是根据鲸鱼进食过程进行仿生设计,针对较浅水域内的水体垃圾处理的机械结构设计。该设计包含动力部分、回收部分、分拣传送部分、存储部分四个系统。四个部分相互配合在水面上自动地进行垃圾清理,动力部分提供动力与改变航向,回收部分与分拣传送部分联动将垃圾与海水分离,海水滤去后垃圾自然下落,落入存储部分进行暂时存放。水体垃圾处理装置在一定程度上解放了人力,可满足水体垃圾清理过程中的自动化需求。

蒸发式冷凝器结垢分析与处理

蒸发式冷凝器作为一种综合了风冷式冷凝器和冷却塔的高效换热器,在节能减排领域具有良好的应用前景,但其工作过程中循环冷却水的浓缩决定了在使用时不可避免会遇到如结垢、腐蚀、微生物滋生等影响设备安全和正常运行的问题,本文通过介绍蒸发式冷凝器原理及目前限制其应用的主要难点,对比分析常见蒸发冷循环冷却水处理方式的优劣并与电化学水处理(EST)技术进行对比,结合实际项目改造数据,得出EST设备在去除结垢因子、减少蒸发式冷凝器盘管结垢、抑制腐蚀以及循环水系统杀菌灭藻方面有较好的效果,是目前值得推广的一种循环冷却水处理方式。

非均相臭氧催化氧化工艺深度处理煤化工废水

采用非均相臭氧催化氧化对陕西某化工有限责任公司煤化工废水进行深度处理,运行结果表明:氧化塔出水COD一直稳定在40 mg/L以下,COD去除率大于50%,出水色度值小于10,BOD/COD值由0.14~0.15提高至0.36~0.41,水质达到回用水标准,并且系统能够长时间连续稳定运行,说明对煤化工废水深度处理而言,非均相臭氧催化氧化是一种经济可行的工艺,该项目的成功实施和运行同时也为非均相臭氧催化氧化工艺在回用水领域的应用提供一定的参考价值。

高速公路安检站污水再生循环利用实践

文章以陕西省某高速公路安检站污水改造工程为例,构建了A/O+MBR+两级人工湿地组合的污水再生循环工艺。实际运行150天的结果表明,该工艺运行良好,出水水质稳定达到《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》(GB/T18920—2020)绿化及道路浇洒标准以及《城市污水再生利用景观环境用水水质》(GB/T18921—2019)景观湿地环境用水标准。该工程将污水深度处理耦合人工湿地水质保障与区域景观提升相结合,实现了再生水多级循环利用新模式。