Performances of fissured red sandstone after thermal treatment with constant-amplitude and low-cycle impacts

In the engineering practices,it is increasingly common to encounter fractured rocks perturbed by temperatures and frequent dynamic loads.In this paper,the dynamic behaviors and fracture characteristics of red sandstone considering temperatures(25℃,200℃,400℃,600℃,and 800℃)and fissure angles(0°,30°,60°,and 90°)were evaluated under constant-amplitude and low-cycle(CALC)impacts actuated by a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)system.Subsequently,fracture morphology and second-order statistics within the grey-level co-occurrence matrix(GLCM)were examined using scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Meanwhile,the deep analysis and discussion of the mechanical response were conducted through the synchronous thermal analyzer(STA)test,numerical simulations,one-dimensional stress wave theory,and material structure.The multiple regression models between response variables and interactive effects of independent variables were established using the response surface method(RSM).The results demonstrate the fatigue strength and life diminish as temperatures rise and increase with increasing fissure angles,while the strain rate exhibits an inverse behavior.Furthermore,the peak stress intensification and strain rate softening observed during CALC impact exhibit greater prominence at increased fissure angles.The failure is dominated by tensile damage with concise evolution paths and intergranular cracks as well as the compressor-crushed zone which may affect the failure mode after 400℃.The second-order statistics of GLCM in SEM images exhibit a considerable dependence on the temperatures.Also,thermal damage dominated by thermal properties controls the material structure and wave impedance and eventually affects the incident wave intensity.The tensile wave reflected from the fissure surface is the inherent mechanism responsible for the angle effect exhibited by the fatigue strength and life.Ultimately,the peak stress intensification and strain rate softening during impact are determined by both the material structure and compaction governed by thermal damage and tensile wave.

Influence of volume compression on the unloading deformation behavior of red sandstone under damage-controlled cyclic triaxial loading

A reasonable evaluation of unloading deformation characteristics is of great significance for the effective analysis of deformation and stability of surrounding rocks after underground excavation.In this study,the damage-controlled cyclic triaxial loading tests were conducted to investigate the pore compaction mechanism and its influences on the unloading deformation behavior of red sandstone,including Young’s modulus,Poisson’s ratio,volumetric strain,and irreversible strain.The experimental results show that the increases of volumetric and irreversible strains of rocks can be attributed to the compaction mechanism,which almost dominates the entire pre-peak deformation process.The unloading deformation consists of the reversible linear and nonlinear strains,and the irreversible strain under the influence of the porous grain structure.The pre-peak Young’s modulus tends to increase and then decrease due to the influence of the unloading irreversible strain.However,it hardly changes with the increasing volumetric strain compaction under the influence of reversible nonlinear strain.Instead,the initial unloading tangent modulus is highly related to the volumetric strain,and clearly reflects the compaction state of red sandstone.Furthermore,both the reversible nonlinear and irreversible unloading deformations are independent of confining pressure.This study is beneficial for the theoretical modeling and prediction of cyclic unloading deformation behavior of red sandstone.

Intelligent method to experimentally identify the fracture mechanism of red sandstone

Tensile and shear fractures are significant mechanisms for rock failure.Understanding the fractures that occur in rock can reveal rock failure mechanisms.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)has been widely used to analyze tensile and shear fractures of rock on a mesoscopic scale.To quantify tensile and shear fractures,this study proposed an innovative method composed of SEM images and deep learning techniques to identify tensile and shear fractures in red sandstone.First,direct tensile and preset angle shear tests were performed for red sandstone to produce representative tensile and shear fracture surfaces,which were then observed by SEM.Second,these obtained SEM images were applied to develop deep learning models(AlexNet,VGG13,and SqueezeNet).Model evaluation showed that VGG13 was the best model,with a testing accuracy of 0.985.Third,the features of tensile and shear fractures of red sandstone learned by VGG13 were analyzed by the integrated gradient algorithm.VGG13 was then implemented to identify the distribution and proportion of tensile and shear fractures on the failure surfaces of rock fragments caused by uniaxial compression and Brazilian splitting tests.Results demonstrated the model feasibility and suggested that the proposed method can reveal rock failure mechanisms.

Mechanical behavior of red sandstone under cyclic point loading

The mechanical properties of red sandstone subjected to cyclic point loading were investigated. Tests were conducted using MTS servohydraulic landmark test system, under cyclic loadings with constant amplitudes and increasing multi-level amplitudes. The frequencies range from 0.1 to 5 Hz and lower limit load ratios range from 0 to 0.60. Laboratory investigations were performed to find the effect of the frequency and the lower limit load ratio on the fatigue life and hysteresis properties of sandstone. The results show that the fatigue life of sandstone decreases first and then increases with the increase of frequency and lower limit load ratio. Under the same cycle number, the spacing between hysteresis loops increases with rising frequency and decreasing lower limit load ratio. The existence of “training” and “memory” effects in red sandstone under cyclic point loading was proved.

Dynamic property tests of frozen red sandstone using a split hopkinson pressure bar

In this study, frozen red sandstone specimens were impacted by a Split Hopkinson bar (SHPB), with a velocity of 4.558 ~ 6.823 ms-1. The temperature of the specimens was maintained at -15℃ during the experiment. For comparison purposes, static uniaxial compression tests were conducted in advance using a freezing triaxial test machine. Four stress-strain curves were obtained in diff erent average strain rates. The test results suggested that when the average strain rate is low, the specimen strength changes gradually;but when it is high, its strength changes rapidly. When the average strain rate is 120.73 s-1, the peak value of stress is as high as 82.96 MPa, which is about two times that of the static compressive strength of 44.1 MPa. A constitutive model was established that was composed of the damaged, viscoelastic and spring bodies, and revealed the variations of compressive strength and strain for the frozen red sandstone under diff erent high strain rates. The test results also showed that the failure form was correlated to the average strain rate of the frozen red sandstone. When the average strain rate is low, the damage was only distributed on the specimen’s edges. However, as the average strain rate increases, the damage range extended to the central parts of the specimen. When the average strain rate reached 107.34s-1, the specimen was smashed.

Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Mechanical Properties and Permeability of Red Sandstone under Triaxial Compression

Geological disasters will happen in cold regions because of the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on rocks or soils, so studying the effects of these cycles on the mechanical characteristics and permeability properties of rocks is very important. In this study, red sandstone samples were frozen and thawed with o, 4, 8 and 12 cycles, each cycle including 12 h of freezing and 12 h of thawing. The P-wave velocities of these samples were measured, and the mechanical properties and evolution of the steady-state permeabilities were investigated in a series of uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. Experimental results show that, with the increasing of cyclic freeze-thaw times, the P-wave velocity of the red sandstone decreases. The number of freeze-thaw cycles has a significant influence on the uniaxial compressive strength, elastic modulus, cohesion, and angle of internal friction. The evolution of permeability of the rock samples after cycles of freeze-thaw in a complete stress-strain process under triaxial compression is closely related to the variation of the microstructure in the rock. There is a highly corresponding relationship between volumetric strain and permeability with axial strain in all stages of the stress-strain behaviour.

Full-field mapping of internal strain distribution in red sandstone specimen under compression using digital volumetric speckle photography and X-ray computed tomography

It is always desirable to know the interior deformation pattern when a rock is subjected to mechanicalload. Few experimental techniques exist that can represent full-field three-dimensional （3D） straindistribution inside a rock specimen. And yet it is crucial that this information is available for fully understandingthe failure mechanism of rocks or other geomaterials. In this study, by using the newlydeveloped digital volumetric speckle photography （DVSP） technique in conjunction with X-ray computedtomography （CT） and taking advantage of natural 3D speckles formed inside the rock due to materialimpurities and voids, we can probe the interior of a rock to map its deformation pattern under load andshed light on its failure mechanism. We apply this technique to the analysis of a red sandstone specimenunder increasing uniaxial compressive load applied incrementally. The full-field 3D displacement fieldsare obtained in the specimen as a function of the load, from which both the volumetric and the deviatoricstrain fields are calculated. Strain localization zones which lead to the eventual failure of the rock areidentified. The results indicate that both shear and tension are contributing factors to the failuremechanism. 2015 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Spatial acoustic emission evolution of red sandstone during multi-stage triaxial deformation

Multi-stage triaxial compression tests for cylindrical red sandstone specimens(diameter of 50 mm,height of 100 mm) were carried out with a rock mechanics testing system and spatial acoustic emission(AE) locations were obtained by adopting an AE monitoring system.Based on spatial AE distribution evolution of red sandstone during multi-stage triaxial deformation,the relation between spatial AE events and triaxial deformation of red sandstone was analyzed.The results show that before peak strength,the spatial AE events are not active and distribute stochastically in the specimen,while after peak strength,the spatial AE events are very active and focus on a local region beyond final microscopic failure plane.During multi-stage triaxial deformation with five different confining pressures,the spatial AE distribution evolution in the red sandstone was obtained.The obtained spatial AE locations of red sandstone at the final confining pressure agree very well with the ultimate failure experimental mode.Finally,the influence of confining pressure on the spatial AE evolution characteristics of red sandstone during triaxial deformation was discussed.The AE behavior of red sandstone during multi-stage triaxial deformation is interpreted in the light of the Kaiser effect,which has a significant meaning for predicting the unstable failure of engineering rock mass.

Effect of specimen size on energy dissipation characteristics of red sandstone under high strain rate

In this experiment, red sandstone specimens, having slenderness ratios of 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 and 1.1 respectively, were subjected to blow tests using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar(SHPB) system at a pressure of 0.4 atmospheres. In this paper, we have analyzed the effect of slenderness ratio on the mechanical properties and energy dissipation characteristics of red sandstone under high strain rates. The processes of compaction, elastic deformation and stress softening deformation of specimens contract with an increase in slenderness ratio, whilst the nonlinear deformation process extends correspondingly. In addition, degrees of damage of specimens reduced gradually and the type of destruction showed a transformation trend from stretching failure towards shear failure when the slenderness ratio increased. A model of dynamic damage evolution in red sandstone was established and the parameters of the constitutive model at different ratios of length to diameter were determined. By comparison with the experimental curve, the accuracy of the model, which could reflect the stress–strain dynamic characteristics of red sandstone, was verified. From the view of energy dissipation, an increase in slenderness ratio of a specimen decreased the proportion of energy dissipation and caused a gradual fall in the capability of energy dissipation during the specimen failure process. To some extent, the study indicated the effects of slenderness ratios on the mechanical properties and energy dissipation characteristics of red sandstone under the high strain rate, which provides valuable references to related engineering designs and academic researches.

Experimental study on the expansive deformation of red sandstone of Hongshanyao

An experience formula of expansive strain and stone taken from a foundation pit of Hongshanyao Project (HSYP) in Nanjing was described. It is clear that the curve of expansive strain-water content is a logarithm. In the meantime, the relation of expansive strain with time was studied and the importance of expansive stabilization time was illu-minated. The experiment results indicated that the water content has a tremendous effect on peak expansive and steady expansive deformation of swelling red sandstone.

渗出砂岩型铀矿成矿预测与找矿标志

文章基于渗出砂岩型铀矿成矿机理和模式,认为渗出砂岩型铀成矿作用不同于渗入砂岩型铀矿成矿作用,其成矿预测和找矿标志也不同;提出了渗出砂岩型铀矿成矿作用两大基本关键条件识别标志:红杂色含矿建造原生成因和其中控矿灰色砂体的后生成因识别;在提出的红杂色沉积建造中渗出砂岩型铀矿“上红下黑、上下连通、红中找灰、灰中找矿”总体找矿新思路基础上,阐明渗出砂岩型铀成矿区域预测评价条件和标志:深部富铀富有机质沉积岩建造、区域构造、区域建造、放射性异常信息和综合预测标志等,提出并阐述“小凹陷成大矿”条件;系统建立渗出砂岩型铀矿床预测定位标志体系,特别是野外可识别的宏观标志,包括控矿构造、沉积建造、蚀变改造、铀矿化砂岩颜色、外来有机质特征等,并对比了渗入和渗出砂岩型铀成矿预测标志。提出的渗出砂岩型铀矿识别标志体系不仅对区分“渗入”和“渗出”两种矿化成因,而且对厘清控矿要素、指导成矿预测和找矿工程部署具有重要意义和价值。

红层砂岩纳米级致色剂赋存状态及地质意义——以鄂尔多斯盆地下白垩统志丹群红层砂岩为例

红层是地球上广泛分布且具有特定指示环境意义的沉积物,一般认为在水体氧化环境下形成的赤铁矿胶结物是其主要致色矿物。目前,针对红层致色矿物的研究多停留在矿物识别层面,缺乏对其微观赋存状态及成因机制的深入研究。本文以鄂尔多斯盆地下白垩统志丹群陆相红层为例,采用岩芯-薄片-阴极发光-氩离子抛光扫描电镜的多尺度表征技术,首次揭示了红层砂岩纳米级致色剂——赤铁矿胶结物的微观赋存状态,并在此基础重新探讨了其成因机制。研究发现,红层砂岩致色剂赤铁矿胶结物主要为针状或片状,具有两种微观赋存状态:①呈包裹型发育在净砂岩的颗粒周缘,单个矿物颗粒长度在500~1000nm之间,宽度在50nm以下;②呈充填型发育在黏土矿物及云母等矿物颗粒的解理缝中,常常顺解理定向排列,受解理缝空间限制,单个矿物颗粒更小,长度一般小于500nm,宽度在30nm以下。红层砂岩中赤铁矿的产状和赋存状态表明其为褐铁矿早期脱水形成,在此之后又发育两期方解石胶结物,因此赤铁矿胶结物应主要形成于沉积和浅埋藏期,而非沉积后的抬升期。砂岩中赤铁矿胶结物的形成过程指示了一个干旱内陆沉积背景下大气水氧含量高的环境特征,这同样也是地质历史时期内的冰室状态,说明鄂尔多斯盆地下白垩统志丹群的红层砂岩对研究该时期全球冰室状态也具有重要启示意义。

循环冲击作用下冻融红砂岩动力学特性与损伤机理

为探索循环动力扰动作用下冻融岩体的强度和变形特性及损伤机理,开展了两种冲击气压下冻融红砂岩的循环冲击试验,研究了循环冲击次数和冻融次数对应力波传播、动态应力-应变曲线、峰值应力和峰值应变的影响规律;基于Lemaitre应变等效原理,提出了能够综合考虑循环冲击和冻融影响的累积损伤因子的计算方法,分析了冻融和循环冲击作用后红砂岩的微观结构特征。结果表明:循环冲击荷载下不同冻融次数处理后的红砂岩试样均呈拉伸破坏模式;红砂岩试样可承受的循环冲击次数与冻融次数呈负相关,冻融75次后试样在首次冲击后即达到破坏状态;循环冲击次数主要影响透射波的起跳点、峰值点对应的横坐标和振幅以及反射波的振幅,而冻融循环次数对第一次冲击时透射波的起跳点、峰值点对应的横坐标和振幅影响较大;红砂岩试样累积损伤因子与动态峰值应力呈现较好的负相关变化规律;冻融和循环冲击复合作用后红砂岩内部裂纹沿颗粒边界扩展且与孔洞连接形成较为复杂的网络。

不同卸荷水平下饱和红砂岩三轴压缩破坏及能量演化特征

为保证水下红砂岩地层隧道的安全施工,避免开挖区突水、失稳等工程事故的发生。以赣州蓉江四路过江隧道工程为依托,对饱和状态下的泥质红砂围岩开展初始卸荷水平为60%、70%、80%和100%(无卸荷)的三轴压缩对比试验,分析不同初始卸荷水平下三轴压缩力学特性变化规律,并结合扫描电镜,对试验后岩样的宏细观破坏特征进行对比分析。基于能量耗散原理,对不同初始卸荷水平下饱和泥质红砂岩试样的能量关系进行拟合,揭示卸荷过程中的破坏特征与能量演化之间的规律。研究结果表明:无卸荷三轴压缩破坏时的峰值偏应力远高于初始卸荷水平为60%、70%、80%时的峰值偏应力,随着初始卸荷水平的提高,饱和泥质红砂岩的峰值偏应力在增加,偏应力增加值在减少,环向变形减小,卸荷所导致的岩样扩容时间会更短,岩样内部的裂隙及黏结颗粒碎屑和表面的破裂纹路增多并发生贯通,且受张拉破坏越明显。在卸荷条件下,三轴压缩达到屈服阶段后,岩样裂隙快速发展,弹性应变能增加缓慢,耗散能急剧增加,破坏阶段时,岩样内部存储的弹性应变能达到存储极限并瞬间释放,产生更多的裂隙。随着初始卸荷水平的提高,峰值偏应力对应的总应变能、弹性应变能及耗散能均呈现先减小后增大的趋势。研究结果可为红砂岩分布地区的水下隧道开挖及建设提供一定的理论参考。

不同应力波形下饱水红砂岩动力学特性

应力波幅值及能量耗散时空演化规律在冲击地压等煤岩动力灾害防治工作中往往被忽略,为研究冲击脉冲波形状对岩石的动力学特性影响,利用分离式霍普金森杆实验系统(SHPB),采用多种长度和纺锤形撞击杆(子弹)对干燥和饱和水红砂岩进行不同应变率下的动态压缩实验。结果表明:应力波持续时间对岩石的应变率和动态强度产生显著影响,当撞击杆长度大于300 mm时,应变率-时程曲线产生“双峰”现象,岩石动态强度与持续时间呈线性关系;当应变率小于300 s^(-1)时,透射能随应变率增大而增加,当应变率大于300 s^(-1),撞击杆长度大于300 mm时,岩石的透射能力随应变率变大而降低;能耗率拟合曲线随应变率增大表现为先增大后降低趋势。

湿陷性黄土红砂岩混合填料流态固化土的性能研究

采用湿陷性黄土、红砂岩作为流态固化土的原材料,对湿陷性黄土红砂岩混合填料流态固化土的力学性能及水理性进行试验研究。结果表明:用水量对湿陷性黄土红砂岩混合填料流态固化土的流动度及抗压强度的影响程度最大,最优配合比为m(湿陷性黄土):m(红砂岩)=65:35,水泥掺量13%,用水量40%;随养护龄期延长,最优配合比试件的抗压强度、黏聚力、内摩擦角均呈增长趋势,压缩系数、湿陷系数、渗透系数呈减小趋势;当龄期为28 d时,标准养护和自然养护试件的无侧限抗压强度分别为1.24、1.02MPa。根据力学强度及水理性能变化认为湿陷性黄土红砂岩混合填料流态固化土具有工程应用可行性。

基于正则化全局数字体图像相关法的砂岩内部变形与损伤演化规律研究

为提高数字体图像相关法对岩石内部变形测量及损伤识别的精度,在引入节点力平衡条件的正则化全局数字体图像相关法中,融入了多重网格划分技术,实现了网格的局部细化,建立了新算法。通过不同粒径颗粒体扫描实验和数字虚拟裂隙模型评估了不同数字体图像相关法的精度;结合红砂岩单轴压缩原位CT扫描实验,量化分析了其内部变形与损伤演化规律。结果表明:力学正则化项的引入,使全局数字体图像相关法的测量不确定度降低了1~2个数量级;针对红砂岩试件,新算法能够识别内部开度为0.15体素的新生亚体素微裂隙,同时计算量减小了85.15%;试件在轴向应力达到峰值的50.58%时,已产生最大开度为0.32体素的新生裂隙,而在应力增至峰值的84.27%时,新生微裂隙发展达到体素级裂隙。研究成果在提高计算效率的同时,对亚体素级新生裂隙也表现出良好的识别能力,为岩石内部变形与损伤量化分析提供了新方法。

微生物诱导矿化修复阿尔寨石窟红砂岩壁面酥碱病害试验研究

阿尔寨石窟寺是内蒙古地区规模最大且保存最为完整的石窟寺建筑群,其蕴含了珍贵的关于历史、宗教、科学、文化的艺术价值,被誉为“草原上的敦煌”。由于当地典型的沙旱寒区气候特征,酥碱成为石窟壁面最为严重的病害之一,目前阿尔寨石窟正处于保护阶段,因此通过室内对病害进行模拟和研究尤为重要。本研究通过微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)技术,对以红砂岩风化土为基质的壁面的酥碱病害进行修复,通过激光粒度分析了病害前后土颗粒粒径的变化,提出酥碱高度、酥粉体积、盐壳厚度的量化指标用以评价病害的发展程度。基于微生物矿化技术生成矿化覆膜对病害进行抑制,推荐使用微生物菌液浓度OD_(600)大于1.5的具有耐盐碱性能的矿化菌株,修复后酥碱高度下降幅度大于20%,酥粉体积下降幅度大于30%,盐壳厚度下降幅度大于25%。研究成果对生物矿化技术应用于红砂岩石窟壁面的酥碱病害的修复进行试验验证和可行性评估,为绿色生态环保的岩壁病害修复与加固技术的推广应用进行科学预研。

合肥红砂岩点荷载强度及其与抗压和抗拉强度的关系

点荷载试验是获取岩石强度的快捷方法之一。为了分析合肥地区典型红砂岩点荷载强度与抗压和抗拉强度的关系,对合肥地区的红砂岩,分别开展了干燥和饱水的状态下的点荷载、单轴抗压及巴西劈裂试验。探讨砂岩点荷载计算方法中贯入深度及修正指数m对点荷载强度值的影响,获得了点荷载强度与抗压、抗拉强度的换算关系。试验结果表明:考虑贯入深度与不考虑贯入深度两种计算模式变异系数皆小于0.3,不考虑贯入深度的计算模式数据指标更稳定;修正指数的取值对修正后的点荷载强度值I′s(50)C、I s(50)C影响很小,实际应用中可采用0.45作为修正指数;点荷载两种计算模式的软化系数相近,考虑贯入深度影响的软化系数比不考虑贯入深度的软化系数小;相同岩石的点荷载强度、抗压及抗拉强度软化系数差别不大,有良好的相关性;获得了砂岩点荷载强度与其拉压、抗拉强度转换系数范围,可为合肥地区工程应用提供参考。

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部环县地区砂岩型铀矿成矿要素遥感识别

鄂尔多斯盆地是中国重要的能源、矿产产出盆地,先后在盆地北缘发现多个大型砂岩铀矿床,但是在盆内坳陷的铀矿勘查上仍需突破。渗出理论的提出为盆缘找矿向盆内找矿提供了新的理论依据。研究表明:断层、次生还原矿物、磁异常的变化以及地表铀异常信息是渗出成矿作用在浅表的反映。对上述信息的识别可以为盆内砂岩型铀矿勘查提供数据支撑。以鄂尔多斯盆地西南部环县地区为研究区,利用ETM影像、航磁数据进行构造解译,利用ZY1E高光谱影像识别区内主要出露蚀变矿物,结合航磁、航放数据进行综合分析。结果表明:研究区内断层主要表现为NE、NNE走向,其次为NW和SN向,主要出露蚀变矿物为伊利石、碳酸盐岩,主要分布在沿断层与河流下切作用出露的下白垩统岩层中。航磁异常资料显示研究区出现多处磁异常的过渡区,表现为正的弱异常,可能与深部还原性流体的渗出有关。航放数据表明铀的富集与断层、蚀变矿物的分布在空间上有一定关系。综合高光谱影像、航磁航放资料识别出红杂色沉积建造中铀成矿有利的构造与蚀变矿物,在环县地区指出4处找矿有利区,对坳陷内部找矿具有指导意义。