The Restoring Ability of Normal Indica Red Rice Ruby and Its Restoring Gene Mapping

[Objective] This study was to investigate the restoring ability of normal indica red rice Ruby and to carry out its restoring gene mapping. [Method] Normal indica red rice Ruby was hybridized with the sterile lines Zhenxian 97A, D62A, G46A and D702A to prepare their F1, BC1 and F2 progenies, and the pollen fertilities of these progenies were investigated. Meanwhile the restoring genes were mapped using SSLP. [ Result] For the sterile lines tested, Ruby has a gene to restore their fertilities. This gene is located on the chromosome 7 and shows a genetic distance of 7.4 cM with RM182. Unlike the clustering distribution of the restoring genes on chromosome 10, it is a specific restoring gene. [ Conclusion] it is feasible to breed restoring genes controlling red color characters via transgene and backcross.

Weedy red rice has novel sources of resistance to biotic stress

Weedy red rice(Oryza sativa;WRR),a close relative of cultivated rice,is a highly competitive weed that commonly infests rice fields and can also naturally interbreed with rice.Useful genes for biotic stress have been maintained in WRR and can be explored for breeding.Here we describe genetic and physiological traits of WRR that can be beneficial in preventing major rice diseases.Rice blast,caused by the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae,and sheath blight disease,caused by the necrotrophic pathogen Rhizoctonia solani,are the two most damaging biotic stresses of rice.Many major and minor resistance genes and QTL have been identified in cultivated and wild rice relatives.However,novel QTL were recently found in the two major U.S.biotypes of WRR,blackhull-awned(BH)and strawhullawnless(SH),suggesting that WRR has evolved novel genetic mechanisms to cope with these biotic stresses.Twenty-eight accessions of WRR(PI 653412–PI 653439)from the southern USA were characterized and placed in the National Small Grains Collection,and are available for identification of novel genetic factors to prevent biotic stress.

Effect of Light on Flavonoids Biosynthesis in Red Rice Rdh

The effect of light on flavonoids biosynthesis in red rice Rdh was studied. The panicles of red rice Rdh produced colorless caryopses after darkness treatment; and these colorless caryopses displayed bright-red after vanillin treatment, but did not display red color after light inducing for 15 days, suggesting that red rice Rdh could produce leucoanthocyanidin, but could not produce polyproanthocyanidins in darkness. Histological study revealed that the aleurone layers of Rdh colorless caryopses displayed bright-red after vanillin assay, but the pericarp and seed coat layers did not display color change, which indicated that the aleurone layers could accumulate precursors of polyproanthocyanidins in darkness, but the pericarp and seed coat could not. Additionally, color ofRdh caryopses changed from green in immaturity to red in maturity, and the green caryopses changed color from green to red gradually indoor for 7 days after harvest, suggesting that leucoanthocyanidins could synthesize polyproanthocyanidins. It was concluded that light was necessary for red pigment biosynthesis in red rice Rdh, leucoanthocyanidins biosyntheses in the aleurone layers did not need light, leucoanthocyanidins biosynthesis in pericarp and seed coat needed light inducing, the effect of leucoanthocyanidin biosynthesis in Rdh to light had tissue specificity.

Technical Specification for Seed Production of Qinzhou Sea Red Rice(Chihe)

Sea red rice is a geographical indication agricultural product of Qinzhou City.It is suitable for growing in hydrochloric acid field with salinity of 2‰-20‰,and is a green and healthy food positioned in the medium and high-end rice market.The brand of Qinzhou sea red rice started to be established in November of 2019.In this paper,the technical specification for seed production of Qinzhou sea red rice is introduced from the aspects of seed production,breeding and harvest,so as to provide technical support for accelerating the popularization of characteristic varieties and the process of industrialization.

Effect of Superfine Grinding on Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content of Red Rice ( <i>Oryza sativa</i>L.)

Red rice gains popularity as a functional crop owing to its high polyphenols content and antioxidant activity. However, active components are discarded in common milling. Superfine ground technology was employed in this paper. To evaluate the influence of superfine ground processing on the physicochemical properties and functional effect of red rice (Oryza sativa L.), four powders with the size of 156.74 μm, 69.53 μm, 26.35 μm, and 10.68 μm were prepared by superfine grinding technology in this paper. Results showed that the size was smaller for red rice powders, greater for the bulk density (from 0.624 g/ml to 0.745 g/ml), and smaller for the angle of repose (from 74.67&deg;to 61.41&deg;) and slide (from 38.99&deg;to 26.42&deg;). The values of water solubility index, water holding capacity and enzymatic digestibility by α-amylase significantly increased with the decreasing particle size (P < 0.05). In addition, antioxidant activity and phenolic content were enhanced by superfine ground. These results indicated that superfine ground would improve the physicochemical and functional properties of red rice, which was helpful to promote the overall quality and healthy effect of foods containing red rice.

Key Techniques of an Ecological Pattern“Planting Rice in One Season and Breeding Red Swamp Crawfish in Three Seasons” for Green Production in Lixiahe Region of Jiangsu Province

Three big field projects, independent irrigation and drainage facilities, and a blocking net, which are auxiliary projects of a green planting and breeding pattern composed of rice and red swamp crawfish （Procambarus clarkii）, spatial and temporal coupling technology of ＂planting rice in one season and breeding red swamp crawfish in three seasons＂, green fertilization technology, green prevention and control technology, control technology of water level, and throwing technology of bait in Lixiahe region of Jiangsu Province were introduced successively, which can provide technical support for the development of ecological planting and breeding patterns and realization of green production in paddy fields.

Red Yeast Rice Increases Excretion of Bile Acids in Hamsters

Objective To investigate the hypocholesterolemic activity of red yeast rice （RYR） and its underlying mechanism. Methods Three groups of hamsters were fed either the control diet or one of the two experimental diets containing by weight 0.1% RYR （0.1RYR） or 0.3% RYR （0.3RYR）. Blood （0.5 mL） was collected from the retro-orbital sinus into a heparinized capillary tube at the end of week 0, 3, and 6. Plasma lipoproteins were measured using enzymatic kits, while fecal neutral and acidic sterols were quantified using a gas-liquid chromatography. Results Plasma total cholesterol was reduced by 12% in 0.1RYR group and by 18% in 0.3RYR group compared with the control value. Similarly, plasma triacylglycerol was decreased by 11% in 0.1RYR group and by 24% in 0.3RYR group. Western blotting analysis demonstrated that RYR had no effect on sterol regulatory element binding protein 2, fiver X receptor, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutary-CoA reductase, LDL receptor, and cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase. HPLC analysis confirmed that RYR contained 0.88% monacolin K. It was recently found that RYR supplementation increased excretion of fecal acidic sterols by 34 folds compared with the conlrol value. Conclusion Hypocholesterolemic activity of RYR is mediated at least partially by enhancement of acidic sterol excretion.

Genetic Analysis and Molecular Mapping of Light-Sensitive Red-Root Mutant in Rice

The light-sensitive red-root mutant, designated as HG1, was newly observed from an indica rice variety, Nankinkodo, when seedlings were grown with roots exposed to natural light. The root color of the mutant began to turn slight-red when the roots were exposed to the light at the intensity of 29 ）Jmol/（m^2·s）, then turned dark-red at the light intensity of 180 pmol/（m^2·s）, suggesting that the root color of the mutant was evidently sensitive to light. Furthermore, genetic analysis showed that the character of light-sensitive red-root of the HG1 mutant was controlled by a single dominant gene, tentatively designated as Lsr. With simple sequence repeat markers, Lsrgene was located between the markers RM252 and RM303 on chromosome 4 with the genetic distances of 9.8 cM and 6.4 cM, respectively. These results could be useful for fine mapping and cloning of Lsrgene in rice.

Validation of the Red Pericarp Gene from 419 Rice Landraces in Guangxi via Genome-wide Association Studies

Rice has different colors of pericarp, such as red, white and black. Red rice pericarp is rich in proanthocyanins, which have antioxidant properties and are beneficial to human health. In the present study, we analyzed the red-pericarp gene Rc of 419 rice landraces in Guangxi by genome-wide association study （GWAS）, and validated that the Rc gene regulated the red periearp trait in flee. By analyzing the genomie DNA of 97 red-pericarp flee eultivars, we identified two new alleles in C139 and C323. Then, the exons of Rcc＇9 and Rcc were sequenced with Sanger method, and the results demonstrated that the natural mutations within Re ene resulted in the two alleles Rcc and Rcc.

Effects of Inorganic-organic Incorporation on Productivity and Soil Fertility of Rice Cropping System in Red Soil Area of China

Results from ten-year (1990 - 1999) field experiments indicated that the productivity and the soil fertility of rice cropping system were significantly influenced by the fertilization system adopted in red soil area of China. Contrasting with no-fertili/er treatment (CK), yield-increase rate of organic matter cycling, chemical NPK and inorganic-organic fertilizer incorporation treatments were 56.5% , 62.5% and 80.7% , respectively. In the case of optimum fertilization system, the largest contribution of inorganic fertilizer to the yield was 38.5% while that of inorganic-organic fertilizer incorporation was 44.7%. The content of soil organic matter changed in tendency from decrease to equilibrium with heightened the extent of N, P and K incorporation while that of inorganic-organic fertilizer incorporation could be enhanced further. After N, P and K entered into the rice cropping system and maintained organic matter cycling in the system, the pools of total N, P and K could be strengthened.

Different Solid-state Fermentation technology of Functional Red yeast rice has an effect on the morphological change of MonacolinK

Different technical conditions in the process of solid-state fermentation of red yeast rice has a certain impact on the production of acid-form and lactone form Monacolin K.When cultured in the loose rice medium,the acid form Monacolin K accounts for 50%-60%;while the acid form Monacolin K accounts for 80%-90%cultured in the consolidated rice medium.And we also found that the proportion of the acid form and lactone form Monacolin K will decrease with the increase of fermentation time.

红螯螯虾幼虾对4种水稻农药耐受性研究

为了解稻田常用的生物农药或杀虫剂对红螯螯虾大规格幼虾的毒性效应,测定了中生菌素、氯虫·噻虫嗪、噻唑锌和井冈霉素A对其的急性毒性反应。结果表明:4种农药对红螯螯虾大规格幼虾96 h半致死浓度分别为19.66、1.65、1132.83、2092.07 mg/L。安全浓度分别为5.65、1.27、260.40、248.11 mg/L,根据耐受性和行为特征观察发现,4种药物对于4 cm左右的红螯螯虾幼虾的毒性大小依次为氯虫·噻虫嗪>中生菌素>噻唑锌>井冈霉素A,根据国家标准(GB/T16310.5—1996),噻唑锌和井冈霉素A对于4 cm红螯螯虾幼苗属于无毒农药,中生菌素属于微毒农药,而氯虫·噻虫嗪为中毒农药。本试验明确了红螯螯虾幼虾对水稻常用农药的耐受性,为红螯螯虾-水稻综合种养过程中的病害防治工作提供参考。

基于元阳哈尼梯田红米价值链分析农户获益能力变化

根据2009—2011年和2020—2021年两个时间段在云南元阳哈尼梯田地区的田野调查,采用资源获益能力理论以及价值链分析框架,对构建的两条间隔约10年的红米价值链进行了比较分析。在哈尼梯田红米商品化过程中,当地经济、政策、社会文化等要素的变化重塑了红米价值链。梯田红米通过专业合作社管理、绿色食品认证、品牌包装、电商推广等政策措施实现了价值增值,小农户在这一过程中获益能力持续增强,但也存在获益不均、发展不平衡等问题。为推进“脱贫攻坚”到“乡村振兴”的有效衔接,有关部门在进一步提升梯田红米商业价值助力乡村产业振兴过程中,应通过政策调整同时提升在红米种植中小农户获得利益的公正性、稳定性和持续性,保障小农户持续获益。

红米米糠非淀粉多糖的提取纯化与结构表征

红米是我国产量最大的有色米,具有抗氧化、抗炎等功能,但其水溶性多糖资源并未被开发利用。该文以红米米糠为原料,脱脂后利用热水提取,经脱色、除蛋白、醇沉、透析制得红米米糠非淀粉多糖(non-starch polysaccharides from red rice bran,RRBP)。利用DEAE-52 Cellulose和Sephadex G-200分离纯化得到不同的部分,其中比例最大的为RRBP4组分。通过高效液相色谱、傅里叶红外光谱与完全酸水解、部分酸水解、β-消除、I 2-KI实验、刚果红实验等方法对RRBP4的分子质量、单糖组成、主链与侧链、糖苷键、分支程度与三螺旋构象进行分析。结果表明,RRBP4的相对分子质量为1.65×10^(5)Da,由甘露糖、核糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖和阿拉伯糖组成,其摩尔比例为0.29∶1.93∶0.35∶1.41∶0.50∶1.00∶5.58∶1.67∶2.56,是一种以半乳糖为主的酸性杂聚糖。RRBP4中有62.40%的多糖集中于侧链,是一种高度支化的多糖。RRBP4是以α-糖苷键为主且含有氨基酸的多糖,同时具有三螺旋结构。红米米糠非淀粉多糖的结构分析能够为开发其在食品工业中的应用提供科学基础数据。

耐盐水稻新品种广红3号的选育与应用

广红3号系广东省农业科学院水稻研究所以金桂华占为母本、广红1号为父本选育的常规籼稻红米品种,具有高产稳产、较耐盐碱的特性,2015年通过广东省农作物品种审定委员会审定,2020年通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定。以广红3号作父本配置的杂交稻组合深两优红3、两优红3和莹两优红3先后通过广东省农作物品种审定委员会审定。文章介绍了广红3号的选育过程、主要特征特性、栽培技术要点及配组利用情况。

特种稻黑米和红米研究进展

黑米和红米特种稻是一类由于色素沉积而导致种皮表现出黑(紫)色或红色的特殊稻种资源,其营养物质丰富,除了含有比白米更多的蛋白质、矿物质及膳食纤维外,还富含花青素(原花青素)、黄酮类、萜类等生理活性物质,其营养物质及价值都远超白米,因此受到越来越多稻米消费者的青睐。我国黑米和红米资源丰富,合理利用这些营养丰富的黑米和红米资源,创制优异的黑米和红米新种质并培育出新品种,对于推动特种稻产业发展意义重大。本文分4个阶段概括了黑米和红米的研究历史并介绍了我国黑米和红米资源的分布情况,综述了黑米和红米的品质、产量、抗性及开发利用等方面的研究进展,重点阐述了黑米和红米在品质差异及形成机制上的最新研究进展。最后总结了黑米和红米当前研究的薄弱之处并提出了对黑米和红米未来研究方向的展望,为黑米和红米的新品种培育及进一步开发利用提供参考。

响应面法优化血糯米花青素提取工艺及抗氧化活性研究

以血糯米为原料,利用醇提法提取血糯米花青素,并用pH示差法测定其含量,先采用单因素实验考察乙醇体积分数、料液比、提取温度、提取时间对血糯米花青素提取的影响,再通过响应面法优化提取工艺条件,得最优条件为:乙醇体积分数51%、料液比1 g∶25 mL、提取温度67℃、提取时间45 min,血糯米花青素的含量为0.216 mg/g。用提取得到的花青素通过羟自由基清除率、ABTS自由基清除率抗氧化活性进行测定,实验表明,血糯米花青素具有对较强的抗氧化活性,其中对ABTS+清除率达到71.84%.

微波焙烧赤泥-稻壳压块回收铁

本文提出了一种利用微波体相加热还原焙烧赤泥−稻壳压块并从中回收铁的新方法,研究了进料方式、生物质用量、焙烧温度和时间等主要工艺参数对铁回收的影响。结果表明:在稻壳赤泥比为3、焙烧温度为1000℃、焙烧时间为20 min的优化条件下,得到铁品位为60.1%、回收率为86.3%的铁精矿。利用X射线衍射和X射线荧光光谱分析研究了赤泥中铁氧化物还原过程的机理,赤泥中的含铁矿物被还原成Fe和FeO等磁性物质。

红曲复合营养米制备工艺及其食味品质研究

利用双螺杆挤压技术制备红曲复合营养米。以莫纳克林K含量和感官得分为指标,通过单因素与正交试验优化制备工艺参数,利用电子舌和电子鼻对产品食味品质进行评价。结果表明:当挤压四区温度为90℃、螺杆转速为120 r/min、喂料速度为8 kg/h时,得到的红曲复合营养米的感官得分及莫纳克林K含量最高。随着功能性红曲米粉添加量的增加,红曲复合营养米的食味品质有明显区别。以籼米粉质量为基准,当功能性红曲米粉添加量为2.0%时,红曲复合营养米在鲜味和咸味上指数适中,且苦味、涩味指数较低,能够赋予产品更佳的食味品质。

2种A型淀粉的消化特性研究

以牛大力淀粉(MSS)和海南红山兰米淀粉(RRS)为研究对象,采用体外模拟消化模型建立一阶消化动力学方程,并对消化后淀粉的微观结构进行表征。结果表明:MSS抗消化能力优于RRS。经体外消化后,牛大力消化淀粉(MSDS)中的直链淀粉含量减少4.95%,而海南红山兰米消化淀粉(RRDS)中的直链淀粉含量增加5.11%。在体外消化过程中,与原淀粉相比,MSDS和RRDS的短程有序结构比例逐渐增大,相对结晶度提高。