Effects of long-term green manure application on the content and structure of dissolved organic matter in red paddy soil

Dissolved organic matter(DOM) plays important roles in soil biogeochemistry activity and nutrients transportation in soils, but studies regarding the long-term effects of green manures on the content and structure of DOM in red paddy soil have not been reported yet. A long-term green manure experiment established in 1982 was utilized to test the DOM contents in different treatments, and the spectral characteristics of DOM were investigated by using ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis) spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectrometry. The experiment included four cropping systems: ricerice-milk vetch(RRV), rice-rice-rape(RRP), rice-rice-ryegrass(RRG) and rice-rice-winter fallow(RRF), among them, milk vetch, rape, and ryegrass are popular winter green manure species in southern China. The results showed that the content of dissolved organic carbon(DOC), which is widely used to estimate the concentration of DOM, was significantly promoted after the incorporation of green manures compared with the other sampling stages. The contents of aromatic groups and the degree of humification of DOM increased in RRV and RRP, suggesting more complex compositions of the soil DOM after long-term application of milk vetch and rape. The contents of phenol, alcohol and carboxylic acid group at the mature stage of early rice were significantly higher than those at the stage of after green manures turned over, especially for the RRV treatment. The absorption ratio of FTIR indicated that winter plantation of rape increased the aromatic-C/aliphatic-C ratio, and ryegrass increased the aromatic-C/carboxyl-C ratio. In conclusion, long-term planting of milk vetch and rape as green manures increased the degree of aromaticity, humification and average molecular weight of DOM, and made the DOM more stable in red paddy soil.

Influence of Exogenous Lanthanum on Fertility Parameters of Red Soil and Paddy Soil

The effects of exogenous La on the fertility parameters such as cation exchange capacity ( CEC), exchangeable basic cations, and exchangeable acidity in red soil and paddy soil were studied with soil column simulation. The results show that with increasing amount of the added La, the proportion of exchangeable La in soils increases and there is more exchangeable La in red soil than in paddy soil. When the concentration of La is more than 600 mg(.)kg(-1) the proportion of exchangeable La almost remains constant. When the concentration of La is less than 1200 mg(.)kg(-1) there is no significant effect on CEC in red soil. But when the concentration of La is more than 1200 mg(.)kg(-1,) it has significant effect on CEC in paddy soil. The application of La resulted in increasing exchangeable aluminum, Ca and Mg in soil solution, and decreasing exchangeable Ca and Mg retained in soils. But when the concentration of La is less than 150 mg(.)kg(-1), it has no significant influence on CEC, exchangeable Ca and Mg, and exchangeable acidity in red soil and paddy soil.

Effects of Long-Term Organic Amendments on Soil Organic Carbon in a Paddy Field: A Case Study on Red Soil

Soil organic carbon （SOC） is one of the main carbon reservoirs in the terrestrial ecosystem. It is important to study SOC dynamics and effects of organic carbon amendments in paddy fields because of their vest expansion in south China. A study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between the SOC content and organic carbon input under various organic amendments at a long-term fertilization experiment that was established on a red soil under a double rice cropping system in 1981. The treatments included non-fertilization （CK）, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilization in early rice only （NPK）, green manure （Astragalus sinicus L.） in early rice only （OM1）, high rate of green manure in early rice only （OM2）, combined green manure in early rice and farmyard manure in late rice （OM3）, combined green manure in early rice, farmyard manure in late rice and rice straw mulching in winter （OM4）, combined green manure in early rice and rice straw mulching in winter （OMS）. Our data showed that the SOC content was the highest under OM3 and OM4, followed by OM1, OM2 and OM5, then NPK fertilization, and the lowest under non-fertilization. However, our analyses in SOC stock indicated a significant difference between OM3 （33.9 t ha^-1） and OM4 （31.8 t ha^-1）, but no difference between NPK fertilization （27 t ha^-1） and nonfertilization （28.1 t ha^-1）. There was a significant linear increase in SOC over time for all treatments, and the slop of linear equation was greater in organic manure treatments （0.276-0.344 g kg-1 yr^-1） than in chemical fertilizer （0.216 g kg^-1 yr^-1） and no fertilizer （0.127 g kg^-1 yr^-1）.

Effects of long-term application of different green manures on ferric iron reduction in a red paddy soil in Southern China

Dissimilatory Fe（Ⅲ） reduction is an important process in the geochemical cycle of iron in anoxic environment. As the main products of dissimilatory iron reduction, the Fe（Ⅱ） species accumulation could indicate the reduction ability. The effects of different green manures on Fe（Ⅲ） reduction in paddy soil were explored based on a 31-year rice-rice-winter green manure cropping experiment. Four treatments were involved, i.e., rice-rice-milk vetch （RRV）, rice-rice-rape （RRP）, rice-rice-ryegrass （RRG） and rice-rice-winter fallow （RRF）. Soils were sampled at flowering stage of milk vetch and rape （S1）, before transplantation （S2）, at tillering （S3）, jointing （S4）, and mature （S5） stages of the early rice, and after the harvest of the late rice （S6）. The contents of TFeHa （HCI-extractable total Fe）, Fe（Ⅱ）HCI （HCI-extractable Fe（Ⅱ） species） and Fe（Ⅲ）HCI （HCI- extractable Fe（Ⅲ） species） were measured. The correlations among those Fe species with selected soil environmental factors and the dynamic characteristics of Fe（Ⅱ）HCI accumulation were investigated. The results showed that TFeHc~ in RRF was significantly higher than those in the green manure treatments at most of the sampling stages. Fe（II）Ha increased rapidly after the incorporation of green manures in all treatments and kept rising with the growth of early rice. Fe（Ⅱ）Ha in RRG was quite different from those in other treatments, i.e., it reached the highest at the S2 stage, then increased slowly and became the lowest one at the S4 and S5 stages. Fe（Ⅲ）Ha showed oppositely, and Fe（Ⅱ）HCI/Fe（Ⅲ）HCI performed similarly to Fe（Ⅱ）HCI The maximum accumulation potential of Fe（Ⅱ）HCI was significantly higher in RRF, while the highest maximum reaction rate of Fe（Ⅱ）Ha accumulation appeared in RRG. Significant correlations were found between the indexes of Fe（Ⅱ）HCI accumulation and soil pH, oxidation-reduction potential （Eh） and total organic acids, respectively. In together, we found that long-term application of green manures decreased the TFeHa in red paddy soils, but promoted the ability of Fe（lll） reduction, especially the ryegrass; Fe（Ⅱ）Ha increased along with the growth of rice and was affected by soil conditions and environmental factors, especially the water and redox ability.

Effect of Organic Manure on Phosphorus Adsorption－Desorption and Availability in Paddy Soil Derived from Red Earth

A field test with the traditional rotation of paddy rice/upland crop (wheat) was carried out on a paddysoil derived from red earth to elucidate the effect of organic manure on the phosphorus adsorption-desorptionby soil and its P availability Soil samples were taken from different treatments at rice harvesting stage andanalysed. The isothermal adsorption of P by the samples fitted very well with Langmuir equation, and hence,the parameters in the equation, i.e., maximum adsoaption (qm), constant related to bonding energy (k) andtheir product (k x qm) could be used as a comprehensive index to characterize the potential P adsorptivityof the soil.Organo-inorganic fertilization and organic manuring conld decrease qm and k, while mineral P appli-cation had little effect on them. The isothermal desorption of P was significantly correlated with initiallyadded and isothermally adsorbed P. Part of P added was fixed, which represented the P fixation capacityof soil, and organic manuring could obviously lower the P fixation. The content of soil available P had asignificant negative correlation with qm, k and fixed P. It is concluded that organic manure could increase theP availability of paddy soil derived from red earth by decreasing qm, k, maximum buffering capacity (MBC=k x qm) and fixation capacity.

Effect of Excess Fertilizer Phosphorus on Some Chemical Properties of Paddy Soil Derived from Red Soil and Its Relation to Rice Growth

A field experiment with an early rice-late rice rotation was carried out on a paddy soil derived from red soil in the southern part of Zhejiang Province to elucidate the effect of excess P application on some important characteristics of soil properies and its relation to nutrient status and grain yields of rice crops.The experimental results indicated that adequate fertilizer P (15 kg P hm-2) could increase the content of soil available P at the tillering stage of early rice, the contents of N, P and K in the shoots of early rice at primary growth stages, and the grain yield of early rice by increasing valid ears per hectare and weight per thousand grains, which was mainly related to the higher contents of reduced, non-reduced and total sugar in the shoots at the heading stage. And early rice supplied with excessive P could not yield more than that applied with adequate P, due to the reduction in the valid grain percentage and weight per thousand grains.In addition, onestime excess P supply at a rate as high as 90 kg P hm-2 could not improve the soil P fertility in case the soil available P content was lower than the initial (3.74 mg kg-1 soil) after an early rice-late rice rotation, and made a decline in the grain yield increased by per kilogram fertilizer P. Thus, one-time excess P supply should not be adopted for soils with a large P fixation capacity like the paddy soils derived from red soils.

Effect of Intensive Inorganic Fertilizer Application on Microbial Properties in a Paddy Soil of Subtropical China

A field experiment with rice-rice rotation was conducted since 2002 in southeast China for investigating the response of soil microbial properties to intensive nitrogen fertilizer application. The tested soil was a subtropical paddy soil derived from Quaternary red clay. Differences between treatments existed in different application rates of urea when the experiment was designed. Urea was applied in five rates, i.e., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 U, equivalent to 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 times the local average amount of urea application （900 kg urea ha-~ yr-~, equivalent to 414 kg N ha-1 yr-~）. In 2007, soil total nitrogen, available nitrogen, and soil organic carbon contents were increased by 10.2-27.9, 8.0-16.0, and 10.2-30.6%, respectively, in treatments with urea application rates of 0.5 to 2 U compared to control （0 U）. Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were also increased by 3.1-30.8 and 1.3-13.9%, respectively, in treatments with urea application. Basal respiration in treatments with urea input were 9.4-29.1% higher than that in control. However, changes of bacterial functional diversity had different trends. Urea fertilization enhanced bacterial functional diversity until treatment of 1 U, but re-decreased it from treatment of 1.5 U. Principal components analysis indicated that there were intimate relationships among soil organic matter, nitrogen nutrient, microbial biomass, and respiration. Nevertheless, microbial diversity was related to soil moisture contents after urea application. We conclude here that the application of N fertilizer improved soil microbial biomass and respiratory activity. But, microbial diversity was reduced when excessive urea was applied in the tested paddy soil.

解磷细菌活化水稻土中低品位磷矿粉的效果与机制

【目的】低品位磷矿粉中磷的生物利用具有重要意义。探讨解磷细菌活化低品位磷矿粉的效果与机制,为提高磷矿粉在红壤性水稻土上的施肥效果提供依据。【方法】将在湖南省采集的红壤性水稻土中添加不同粒径(0.18、0.10和0.05 mm)的磷矿粉,设置接种乙酸钙不动杆菌(Acinetobacter calcoaceticus,P1)、皮特不动杆菌(Acinetobacter pittii,P2),以及不接种解磷细菌(P0)3种处理。将培养瓶在25℃黑暗培养箱中培养60 d,期间动态监测不同形态磷、pH,第60天测定有机酸、酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性(ACP、ALP)、碱性磷酸酶基因(phoD),研究解磷细菌对不同粒径磷矿粉的活化效果及机制。【结果】两株解磷细菌均能够活化难溶性磷,活化效果差异不显著。整个培养期间,3个粒径的磷矿粉接种解磷细菌后有效磷平均含量为13.4—14.7 mg·kg^(-1),高于不接种(P0)处理,提高31.1%—53.1%。粒径0.05 mm磷矿粉接种P1和P2解磷菌后有效磷平均含量增幅最大,为53.1%、47.5%(P<0.05);树脂磷(Resin-Pi)和碳酸氢钠提取无机磷(NaHCO3-Pi)的平均含量分别为13.9—16.6和14.9—16.5 mg·kg^(-1),均高于P0处理,分别提高36.4%—78.5%和13.7%—25.0%。粒径0.18 mm磷矿粉接种P1和P2解磷菌后Resin-Pi平均含量增幅最明显,为78.5%、49.5%(P<0.05);与P0相比,接种解磷细菌后粒径0.18 mm磷矿粉处理的活性磷增幅最明显,为28.4%—46.7%,稳定性磷降低2.1%—8.0%。与P0相比,接种解磷细菌土壤pH降低0.18—0.35个单位(P<0.05);乙酸、丙酸含量提高5.2%—13.7%和45.9%—127.5%(P<0.05)。P1处理碱性磷酸酶含量、phoD丰度分别增加6.5%—13.4%和24.0%—98.6%(P<0.05),P2处理酸性磷酸酶活性增加12.8%—17.2%(P<0.05),表明P1主要分泌碱性磷酸酶,P2主要分泌酸性磷酸酶。相关性分析结果表明,两株解磷细菌主要通过分泌乙酸、丙酸溶解难溶性的浓盐酸提取有机磷(Conc.HCl-Po)、浓盐酸提取无机磷(Conc.HCl-Pi)和氢氧化钠提取无机磷(NaOH-Pi),分泌酸性磷酸酶与碱性磷酸酶溶解难溶性有机磷(Conc.HCl-Po),向活性较高的Resin-Pi和碳酸氢钠提取无机磷(NaHCO_(3)-Pi)转化,促进磷库的周转。结构方程模型表明,添加细小粒径的磷矿粉与接种解磷细菌均可直接提高土壤有效磷含量,但接种解磷细菌对有效磷的影响更大。【结论】接种解磷菌能促进磷矿粉中难溶性磷的活化,粒径0.05 mm磷矿粉接种解磷菌后土壤有效磷增幅最大,但粒径0.18 mm磷矿粉处理的活性磷占比增幅最大,活化效果最好。解磷细菌乙酸钙不动杆菌和皮特不动杆菌主要通过分泌乙酸、丙酸等有机酸及磷酸酶,活化难溶性磷,增加活性磷占比,提高磷矿粉在红壤性水稻土中的施用效果。

不同生物硝化抑制剂对红壤性水稻土N_(2)O排放的影响及其机制

为揭示不同生物硝化抑制剂(BNIs)对红壤性水稻土N2O排放的影响差异及作用机制,通过21 d的土柱淹水培养试验,比较了三种BNIs 1,9-癸二醇(1,9-D)、亚麻酸(LN)和3-(4-羟基苯基)丙酸甲酯(MHPP)与化学合成硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)对土壤N_(2)O排放及相关硝化、反硝化功能基因的影响。结果表明:不同BNIs(1,9-D、LN、MHPP)可以显著平均降低土壤N_(2)O日排放峰值40.1%;1,9-D和MHPP可分别抑制N_(2)O排放总量44.5%和43.9%,而DCD和LN对N2O排放总量没有显著影响。1,9-D和MHPP对AOA(氨氧化古菌)、AOB(氨氧化细菌)硝化菌和nirS、nirK型反硝化菌的调控均有所不同,1,9-D可以同时抑制AOA、AOB和nirS微生物的生长;MHPP仅可以抑制AOA的生长;其中,AOA-amoA和nirS基因丰度与土壤N_(2)O的排放呈显著正相关关系。同时,1,9-D和MHPP均增加了nosZ基因丰度及其与AOA-amoA+AOB-amoA、nirS+nirK和AOA-amoA+AOB-amoA+nirS+nirK的比值,且nosZ基因丰度及其相关比值与土壤N2O排放均呈显著负相关关系。总之,生物硝化抑制剂1,9-D和MHPP引起的AOA-amoA和nosZ基因丰度变化在红壤性水稻土N_(2)O减排方面发挥了重要的作用。

坡耕地红壤剖面磷的储存容量及其流失风险研究

基于土壤磷储存容量的变化差异,准确评估与判断坡耕旱地与稻田红壤磷的剖面流失风险。以江西鹰潭孙家典型红壤小流域内位于坡上(T)、坡中(M)及坡下(B)的花生旱地(PU)及稻田(PF)各发生层土壤为对象,分析了各发生层土壤全磷(TP)、有效磷(Olsen-P)、磷饱和率(PSR)、磷吸持指数(phosphorussorptionindex,PSI)及磷储存容量(Soil phosphorus storage capacity,SPSC)随剖面的变化特征及差异,估测了坡耕地红壤磷的剖面流失风险,探讨了土壤pH、Eh及容重(BD)等因子对坡耕地红壤发生层SPSC的影响差异。结果表明,不同坡位花生旱地与稻田红壤表层TP、Olsen-P含量均显著高于底层土壤,且稻田红壤TP与Olsen-P的剖面变异显著高于花生旱地剖面。与耕作层(Ap1)相比,花生旱地底层土壤PSI显著增加了33.1%~146%,且随剖面深度增加而缓慢降低;而稻田红壤PSI则随着剖面深度增加而增大。花生旱地与稻田红壤(PF-M除外)PSR均随着剖面深度的增加而逐渐降低,SPSC变化范围分别为–89.2~298.3 mg·kg^(-1)与^(-1)38.1~101.1mg·kg^(-1)。PU-T与PU-M剖面SPSC均为正值,且随剖面深度增加呈降低趋势;而PU-B(耕作亚层Ap2除外)剖面的SPSC均为负值。PF-T(氧化还原层Br2除外)、PF-M(Ap1除外)及PF-B剖面各发生层的SPSC均为负值,且随剖面深度增加变化显著。基于SPSC理论对坡耕红壤剖面土壤磷储量及其环境流失风险的评估,花生旱地土壤磷沿剖面及坡位的迁移与运移迹象明显,当土壤Olsen-P>27.6mg·kg^(-1)时,花生旱地剖面土壤磷的流失风险将急剧增加,应及时采取管控措施。稻田红壤剖面各发生层均存在不同程度的磷流失风险,需立即停止施磷并及时采取有效措施。

水田改旱地和菜地后红壤酸度和养分变化特征

【目的】以红壤区典型县域祁阳为例,分析不同母质发育的水田改为旱地和菜地后土壤酸度和养分含量变化特征,为该区合理利用土地防治酸化提供科学依据。【方法】选取18个点位,采集水田及相邻的旱地和菜地,分析土壤pH、交换性酸、交换性盐基离子、有机质、阳离子交换量和养分含量的变化及其相互关系。【结果】碱性母质发育的土壤pH均显著高于酸性母质发育的土壤。酸性母质发育的水田改为菜地后土壤pH降低了0.48个单位;碱性母质发育的水田改为旱地和菜地后土壤pH分别降低了0.74和0.53个单位。双直线模型拟合分析表明,当水田、旱地和菜地的土壤pH分别低于5.88、5.78和5.63时,土壤交换性铝含量快速升高,且降低一个pH单位土壤交换性铝含量分别增加1.09、2.33和2.93 cmol(+)·kg^(-1)。酸性母质发育的水田改为旱地土壤有机质和全氮含量分别降低了11.06和0.42 g·kg^(-1),而菜地无显著变化;碱性母质发育的水田改为旱地和菜地后土壤有机质和全氮含量均显著下降,降幅分别为13.88—17.28和0.57—0.71 g·kg^(-1)。碱性母质发育的水田改为旱地和菜地后土壤有效氮含量分别降低了47.66和42.34 mg·kg^(-1)。两种母质发育的水田改为菜地后土壤全磷、有效磷含量均显著增加,增幅分别为0.41—0.48 g·kg^(-1)和26.79—28.69 mg·kg^(-1)。两种母质发育的水田改为旱地和菜地土壤全钾含量无显著变化;碱性母质发育的水田改为旱地和菜地后土壤有效钾含量显著升高,分别升高了36.69和65.76 mg·kg^(-1)。相关分析表明,土壤pH与土壤交换性钙和镁、阳离子交换量、有机质含量和全氮含量呈显著正相关(P<0.01);土壤交换性酸和铝与有效磷含量显著正相关(P<0.05),与土壤交换性钙和镁、阳离子交换量、有机质含量和全氮含量呈显著负相关(P<0.01)。【结论】酸性母质和碱性母质发育的水田改为旱地后土壤有机质、全氮含量均显著降低,而土壤全磷、有效磷含量呈增加趋势;酸性母质发育的水田只有改为菜地后土壤才酸化,而碱性母质发育的水田改为旱地和菜地后土壤均酸化;水田改为旱地和菜地后土壤硝化作用增强和盐基离子淋失增加可能是其酸化的主要原因之一。

两种母质的红壤性水稻土中微生物硫循环代谢途径特征

水稻土氧化还原交替频繁,使不同形态的硫元素转化的生物化学反应活跃,对水稻生产影响显著。以花岗岩和第四纪红色黏土母质发育的红壤性水稻土为研究对象,通过宏基因组测序以及生物信息学分析,研究红壤性水稻土硫循环途径相关功能微生物特征,包括有机硫转化途径、其他(转运)途径、同化硫酸盐还原途径、硫氧化途径、异化硫酸盐还原途径以及硫歧化途径。结果表明:两种母质发育的红壤性水稻土具有相同的硫循环途径特征,即有机硫转化途径微生物功能基因丰度的发生频率最高,每百万个带注释的细菌序列平均检测到16000个有机硫转化的功能基因;硫歧化途径微生物功能基因丰度的发生频率最低,每百万个带注释的细菌序列平均仅检测到116个硫歧化途径功能基因。两种母质发育的红壤性水稻土中主导硫循环的微生物,在门分类水平上,微生物组成没有显著差异,均以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)为优势菌门,占比分别为55.19%、10.61%、7.18%。在种水平分类上则差异显著,花岗岩母质发育的水稻土中硫循环途径微生物相对丰度更高,且所有途径的优势菌种均为Deltaproteobacteria、Acidobacteria、Betaproteobacteria,其丰度占花岗岩母质水稻土硫循环微生物丰度的40%以上;而在第四纪红色黏土母质发育的水稻土中参与硫循环每条途径的优势功能微生物更加丰富,如在有机硫转化途径中Gemmatirosa kalamazoonesis丰度最高,在其他(转运)途径Azoarcus sp.丰度最高,在同化硫酸盐还原途径丰度最高的微生物是Anaeromyxobacter sp.。综上,两种不同母质发育的红壤性水稻土中存在相同的硫循环途径特征,两种母质发育的红壤性水稻土中主导硫循环的微生物在门水平上没有显著差异,但在种水平分类上差异显著,表明不同母质中会存在着独特的优势硫转化功能菌群。

湘南丘陵区水田改旱地后土壤磷的有效性及淋失风险

【目的】研究不同母质发育的水稻土改旱地后土壤有效磷变化特征及主要影响因素,为红壤区磷素高效利用提供依据。【方法】采集3种母质(石灰岩、第四纪红色黏土和砂页岩)发育的水稻土及相邻的水田改旱地土壤样品,分析了土壤全磷、有效磷、水溶性磷和无机磷组分(Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P和O-P)的变化特征,通过主成分分析(PCA)和随机森林分析,探究水田改旱地后土壤磷素有效性变化的主要驱动因子。【结果】水田改为旱地后,石灰岩、砂页岩发育的土壤有效磷含量分别增加了20.48和17.60 mg/kg (P<0.05),但水溶性磷含量均低于磷素环境阈值;土壤磷活化系数分别提高了2.67和2.22个百分点;Al-P含量分别增加了46.07和51.28mg/kg;石灰岩发育的土壤Fe-P含量增加了62.11 mg/kg。相关分析表明,水田改旱地后,Fe-P、Al-P与磷活化系数呈显著或极显著正相关,PCA和随机森林分析结果表明Fe-P、Al-P是土壤磷素有效性变化的主要驱动因子。【结论】湘南红壤丘陵区水田改为旱地后,第四纪红色黏土发育的红壤磷素有效性未发生显著变化,石灰岩和砂页岩发育的土壤磷素有效性由于铁磷和铝磷在全磷中比例的增加而显著提升。3种母质发育的水田改旱地后,其水溶性磷含量均低于环境磷阈值,引发磷淋失的风险较低。

Kinetics of Phosphate Release from Three Phosphate-Treated Soils

Phosphate release from three selected soils after treatments of 1.6 and 2.4 mmol L-1 P was investigated using sequential extractions and fitted using six kinetic models, including zero order (Z), first order (F), second order (S), parabolic diffusion (PD), two constant rate (TC), and Elovich type (ET) equations. The results showed that the rate of P release was initially rapid and then gradually declined with time. Also, P release increased with added P. Total P release followed the order: paddy soil with 2.4 mmol L-1 P > red soil with 2.4 mmol L-1 P > paddy soil with 1.6 mmol L-1 P > fluvo-aquic soil with 2.4 mmol L-1 P > fluvo-aquic with 1.6 mmol L-1 P > red soil with 1.6 mmol L-1 P. For the two P treatments P release from the paddy soils in the first extraction was 44.3% and 45.6% of total released P, respectively, which were higher than those from red and fluvo-aquic soils. The ratio of P release at the end of release time was 14.0% and 13.1% in the paddy soil treated with 1.6 and 2.4 mmol L-1 P, respectively, but only 5.1% and 9.2% in the red soil and 7.0% and 5.2% in the fluvo-aquic soil, respectively. Comparison of the coefficients of determination (R2) indicated that ET, TC, and PD equations could describe the P release data better than Z, F, and S equations.

Effects of Long-term Located Fertilization on the Physico-chemical Property of Soil Humus

A systematic study concerning the effects of a long-term stationary fertilization on content and property of soil humus in fluvo-aquic soil sampled from Malan Farm, Xinji City, Hebei, and arid red soil and paddy red soil sampled from the Institute of Red Soil, Jinxian County, Jiangxi was conducted. The results showed that long-term fertilization had effects not only on the content and composition of soil humus, but also on the physico-chemical property of humus. With applying organic manure or combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer, E4 and E6 values of humic acid decreased in fluvo-aquic soil and arid red soil, but increased in paddy red soil. In paddy red soil, E4 and E6 values of humic acid increased also with a single application of chemical fertilizer, but E4 and E6 values had less change of humic acid in fluvo-aquic soil and arid red soil. The effects on the visible spectroscopic property of f ulvic acid were different from that of humic acid. Long-term application of organic manure or combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer could increase E4 and E6 values of f ulvic acid in three types of soil. Single application of chemical fertilizer had less effect on the E4 and E6. Long-term fertilization could also influence the ultraviolet spectroscopic property of humus. With a single application of organic manure or combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer, the ultraviolet absorbance of humic acid and f ulvic acid increased in the three types of soil. But this effect was obvious only in short wave length, and the effect could decrease if the wave length increased. With a single application of chemical fertilizer the ultraviolet absorbance of fulvic acid could increase, but it of humic acid increased only in fluvo-aquic soil. Long-term application of organic manure or combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer could increase the content of total acidic groups, carboxy groups and phenolic hydroxy groups of humic acid and fuvic acid in the three types of soil. Single application of chemical fertilizer had less effect on the content of total acidic groups, carboxy groups and phenolic hydroxy groups of humic acid and fuvic acid in the three types of soil.

紫云英-赤泥联合修复对中轻度镉污染稻田土壤性质和水稻产量的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了紫云英(Astragalus sinicus L.,CMV)-赤泥(RM)联合修复对中轻度镉污染稻田土壤性质和水稻产量的影响。结果表明,在水稻不同生育期,联合修复法CMV-RM1和CMV-RM2处理的土壤p H值增幅均低于RM1和RM2处理。在整个生育期内,CMV-RM1和CMV-RM2处理的pH值高于对照,差异均达显著水平(P<0.05),但CMV-RM1与CMV-RM2处理间差异不显著。不同时期CMV-RM1和CMV-RM2处理的土壤有机质、阳离子交换量、碱解氮含量均较其它处理高,但CMV-RM1与CMV-RM2处理之间差异不显著。与对照、单纯添加赤泥处理(RM1、RM2)以及翻压紫云英处理CMV相比,CMV-RM2、CMV-RM1处理的株高、有效穗数、每穗粒数、结实率、千粒重、产量均高于其他处理,但CMV-RM2、CMV-RM1处理之间差异均不显著。因此,与单独添加赤泥或单纯翻压紫云英修复相比,CMV-RM联合修复是修复镉污染酸性水稻土的一种经济、高效、可重复的修复方法。从既达到修复效果,又尽可能减少化学修复剂使用量上考虑,建议采用CMV-RM1处理。

红壤丘陵区稻田土壤剖面肥力特征及其与产量的关系

【目的】探究不同产量稻田土壤肥力的剖面特征,明确调控作物产量的关键环境因子,以提高低产田、稳定高产田的粮食产量,实现“藏粮于地”的国家战略目标。【方法】试验在江西进贤进行,稻田年产量>15000 kg/hm^(2)、12000~15000 kg/hm^(2)和<10000 kg/hm^(2)的地块分别代表高产、中产和低产土壤,选取高、中、低产量稻田样点各3个,采集耕作层、犁底层和潴育层土壤样品,测定耕作层厚度、容重、土壤紧实度、pH、阳离子交换量(CEC)、有机质含量、全量和有效氮磷钾含量、微生物生物量碳(MBC)和氮(MBN)等,并对土壤剖面性质和水稻产量进行线性相关分析和随机森林分析。【结果】1)高产田耕作层最厚,在16 cm左右,而低产田在13 cm左右,高产田耕作层土壤容重最小,为1.09 g/cm^(3),而低产田为1.21 g/cm^(3),高产田犁底层厚度和紧实度均最高,低产田最低。2)高、中、低产田土壤pH、碳氮磷养分含量和微生物生物量均表现为高产田>中产田>低产田,在土壤剖面上具有明显的“表聚”特征。高产田耕作层土壤有机质、全氮、有效氮、全磷和有效磷含量分别为38.82 g/kg、2.33 g/kg、198.54 mg/kg、0.81 g/kg和33.04 mg/kg,而低产田耕作层分别为29.75 g/kg、1.89 g/kg、158.71 mg/kg、0.62 g/kg和23.51 mg/kg。高产田耕作层土壤MBC和MBN含量分别为929.2、42.5 mg/kg,而低产田分别为533.6、30.8 mg/kg。3)在3个产量水平稻田土壤中钾素含量均随土层深度增加而增加,在低产田表现尤其明显,低产田耕作层全钾含量为8.12 g/kg,但母质层为10.77 g/kg。4)相关性分析和随机森林分析结果表明,水稻产量与耕作层土壤pH、有机质、全量和有效氮磷钾含量、微生物生物量碳氮以及微生物生物量碳氮比、耕作层厚度均呈显著正相关,这些变量可以解释水稻产量变化的53.7%,其中,微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量碳氮比和耕作层厚度是影响作物产量最重要的环境因素,其解释能力分别为9.2%、8.7%和7.9%。【结论】耕作层厚度和耕作层微生物生物量是调控水稻产量的关键环境因素。相比低产田,高中产田耕作层厚,耕作层土壤容重低、有机质含量高,供肥保肥能力强。因此,增加耕作层厚度和提高微生物生物量是改良中、低产田的关键。

长期不同施肥水田和旱地铁氧化物对红壤团聚体有机碳固持特性的影响

红壤中铁氧化物是影响有机碳固持的主要因素之一。探究红壤旱地和水田土壤有机碳与不同形态铁氧化物的关系,有助于理解土壤有机碳的稳定机制,为农田合理管理提供科学依据。本文依托我国南方红壤旱地和水田长期施肥定位试验(均超35年),分别采集长期不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷钾配施(NPK)和NPK与有机肥配施(NPKM)等4种施肥处理的土壤样品,采用沙维诺夫干筛法获得土壤大团聚体(>2 mm)、小团聚体(0.25~2 mm)和微团聚体(<0.25 mm),测定土壤团聚体有机碳含量及络合态、游离态和无定形等形态铁氧化物的含量。水田土壤大、小和微团聚体的平均有机碳含量分别为8.21 g∙kg^(-1)、7.65g∙kg^(-1)和2.08 g∙kg^(-1),而旱地分别为2.93 g∙kg^(-1)、6.68-1 g∙kg和1.33 g·kg^(-1);水田土壤大、小和微团聚体中的平均可溶性有机碳含量分别为70.72 mg∙kg^(-1)、79.83 mg∙kg和30.29 mg·kg^(-1),而旱地分别为7.27 mg∙kg^(-1)、21.49-1 mg∙kg和5.88 mg·kg^(-1)。无论是旱地还是水田,土壤小团聚体和微团聚体无定形铁氧化物含量与土壤有机碳含量均呈显著正相关关系,土壤各粒级团聚体无定形铁氧化物含量与可溶性有机碳含量均呈显著正相关关系。水田土壤各粒级游离态铁氧化物含量与土壤有机碳含量均呈显著正相关关系,尤以微团聚体贡献率较高。水田条件下,土壤微团聚体中的游离态铁氧化物含量与可溶性有机碳含量呈显著正相关关系。随着土壤团聚体粒级的增加,铁氧化物含量表现为先增加后降低的趋势。无定形铁氧化物对旱地和水田土壤有机碳均具有固持作用,游离态铁氧化物仅对水田土壤有机碳具有固持作用。

红壤性水稻土有机无机复合体中碳氮特征对长期施肥的响应

【目的】研究长期施肥对红壤性水稻土有机无机复合体中有机碳(OC)、全氮(TNOIC)特征的影响,为红壤性水稻土管理和培育土壤肥力提供依据。【方法】以长期定位施肥试验的红壤性水稻土为研究对象(始于1984年),选取CK(不施肥)、PK(施磷钾肥)、NPK(施氮磷钾肥)、NPKM(施70%氮磷钾肥+30%有机肥)4个处理。采集0—20 cm土层土样,分析各粒级(<2、2—10、10—20、20—50和50—250μm)有机无机复合体的分布,并探讨施肥对复合体中有机碳(OC)和全氮(TNOIC)含量、储量和碳氮比(C/N)的影响,以及有机无机复合体中OC和TNOIC对红壤性水稻土有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)贡献率的影响。【结果】与不施肥CK相比,施肥处理显著提高了20—50μm粒级复合体的比例,降低了<10μm粒级复合体比例,而NPKM处理与其他施肥处理相比,50—250μm粒级复合体的比例增加更显著;不同施肥对各粒级复合体中OC和TNOIC含量影响不同,与PK相比,NPK处理的50—250μm粒级复合体中OC和TNOIC分别增加了36.3%、80.6%;与NPK相比,NPKM处理的50—250μm粒级复合体中OC和TNOIC含量分别增加了35.4%、19.5%,OC和TNOIC主要分布在10—20μm粒级复合体中,施肥显著降低了<2μm粒级复合体OC和TNOIC储量,同时增加了20—50μm粒级复合体OC和TNOIC储量,与PK相比,NPK处理对<2和50—250μm粒级复合体OC储量分别增加了18.5%和31.2%,TNOIC储量分别增加了18.8%和73.7%,与NPK相比,NPKM处理对<2μm粒级复合体中OC和TNOIC储量分别降低了25.6%和27.4%,而50—250μm粒级复合体则分别提高了56.3%和38.6%;不同施肥处理显著影响50—250μm粒级复合体的C/N,与PK相比,NPK处理的50—250μm粒级复合体的C/N比降低了24.6%,与NPK相比,NPKM处理的50—250μm粒级复合体C/N比提高了13.4%;长期不同施肥显著影响各粒级有机无机复合体对土壤SOC、TN的贡献率,与PK相比,NPK处理50—250μm粒级复合体对SOC、TN贡献率分别提高了17.4%和47.4%。与NPK相比,NPKM处理50—250μm粒级复合体对SOC、TN贡献率分别提高了39.5%和32.8%。【结论】在红壤性水稻土中,长期施肥促使大粒级有机无机复合体形成;化肥中的氮投入显著提高50—250μm粒级复合体中OC、TNOIC含量和储量;有机无机肥配施有利于提高土壤有机碳含量,提高大粒级有机无机复合体比例,有助于保存施入的无机氮肥,是红壤性水稻土长期培肥管理的有效措施。

紫云英替代化学氮肥影响红壤水稻土团聚体组成及有机碳分布特征

为研究红壤双季稻田紫云英还田替代化学氮肥后土壤团聚体组分及土壤有机碳分布特征,基于2008年开始的紫云英替代化学氮肥定位试验,选择稻-稻-冬闲[常规施肥,NPK(闲)]、稻-稻-紫云英[常规施肥,NPK(紫)]、稻-稻-紫云英[早稻和晚稻均减施20%化学氮肥,0.8N+PK(紫)]和稻-稻-紫云英[早稻和晚稻均减施40%化学氮肥,0.6N+PK(紫)]等4个处理,采用湿筛法对土壤进行团聚体分级,并测定不同粒径团聚体中土壤有机碳含量。结果表明,紫云英还田后,调节氮肥用量显著改变了土壤团聚体组成。平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)和>0.25 mm粒级团聚体含量均以NPK(紫)处理最高。与冬闲处理相比,NPK(紫)处理可使>2 mm和0.25~2 mm团聚体含量提高了15.3%和3.81%。紫云英还田后,与NPK(紫)处理相比,0.8N+PK(紫)和0.6N+PK(紫)处理>2 mm团聚体含量显著降低了41.8%~57.6%(P<0.05)。与冬闲处理相比,冬种紫云英还田并减少氮肥用量显著降低了各粒级团聚体中土壤有机碳含量(P<0.05),但冬种紫云英还田各处理间各粒级团聚体中土壤有机碳含量未见显著差异。NPK(闲)处理不同粒径团聚体中有机碳富集系数均>1,NPK(紫)、0.8N+PK(紫)和0.6N+PK(紫)处理>2 mm和0.25~2 mm团聚体中的有机碳富集系数>1。土壤MWD和GMD与>2 mm团聚体和0.25~2 mm团聚体含量呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),而与团聚体不同粒级中土壤有机碳含量的相关性不显著。可见,在红壤双季稻田进行冬种紫云英还田,有利于优化土壤结构,但不论减氮与否,同时需调节适宜的外源投入碳氮比,从而实现土壤结构稳定和肥力提升。