Recent advances in the study of epitopes,allergens and immunologic cross-reactivity of edible mango

Mango(Mangifera indica L.)is a tropical fruit that is widely consumed as both fresh fruits and processed products around the world.The high incidence of mango allergy,on the other hand,has sparked widespread concern.Therefore,a summary and analysis of the current status and issues in mango allergen research can guide in-depth study on the mechanism of mango allergy and reveal effective desensitization methods.We described the incidence of fruit allergy,as well as the mechanism and clinical symptoms of mango allergy,in this review.We also looked into the structural properties of mango allergens,the effect of processing methods on mango allergens,prediction methods for mango allergen epitopes,and the current state of research on mango cross-reactive allergens and preventive measures.Finally,the research directions and ideas for the future are proposed and discussed.

Effects of Incorporating Mango (Mangifera indica), Avocado (Persea americana) and Guava (Psidium guajava) Leaves Powder in the Ration on Growth Characteristics in Rabbits

A study conducted on burgundy rabbits evaluated the effects of rations containing mango (Mangifera indica), avocado (Persea americana) and guava (Psidium guajava) powder. For this purpose, 36 rabbits (20 males and 16 females) aged 60 to 70 days with an average weight of 1012 ± 133 g were divided randomly into 4 equal groups (T0, T1, T2 and T3) of 9 animals each according to body weight (bw). The rabbits were divided throughout the trial, the animals were fed, those of group T0 (control) with a standard feed without any type of leaf powder, while those of groups 1, 2 and 3 received the standard feed supplemented with Mangifera indica, Persea americana and Psidium guajava leaves powder at the rate of 0.5% respectively. After two months of treatment, the animals were fasted for 12 hours (20 h - 8 h) and sacrificed to evaluate carcass and digestive organ weights. The results revealed that the values of feed intake, live weight and weight gain were non-significantly (p > 0.05) increased in all animals regardless of the ration in reference to the control. The different leaves powder induced an increase in carcass yield in rabbits but this increase was only significant (p M. indica leaf powder (51.03 ± 0.24) as compared to the control (48.63 ± 0.74). Gut length was significantly increased in animals fed rations containing Psidium guajava and Persea americana leaves powder compared to the control. A significant increase in gut weight was observed in animals fed the Persea americana leaf supplemented ration. In general, mango leaf powder performed better than other types of powders.

Technical-Economic Performance, Carcass and Meat Quality of COBB500 Broilers Fed Rations Incorporating Mango By-Product Feeds in Ivory Coast (West Africa)

The study evaluated the growth performance and carcass quality of COBB500 broilers fed two experimental rations incorporating feed and mango fine ED10 for a batch of 83 birds, ED20 (batch of 83 birds) in comparison with a commercial control ration CCD (84 birds). For this purpose, 250 day-old chicks of this breed were purchased in Korhogo and transported to Tengréla in Ivory Coast for rearing. The results show that substituting mango provender ans and mango seed flour for maize resulted in rations with costs per kgMS of 215.35FCFA, 2016.93FCFA and 320FCFA for the ED10, ED20 and CCD rations respectively. The production costs per kg of chicken (FCPkgLW) of the CCD ration were significantly higher than those of the ED10 and ED20 (p 0.05). ADGs were significantly different and decreasing from CCD, ED20 to ED10 (p 0.05). Average weights at 42nd day for ED20 and CCD were homogeneous (p > 0.05) and significantly higher than for ED10 (p 0.05). By day 49th the average weight of ED20 had reached and exceeded that of CCD by day 42nd. PSLW, HCW and CCW were significantly different and decreasing from CCW, ED20 to ED10 (p 0.05). Average hot (HCY) and cooled (CCY) carcass yields of ED20 and CCD rations were comparable (p > 0.05) and significantly higher than those of ED10 ration (p = 0.009) and 0.003). Average drumstick and neck weights were significantly higher and lower for CCD, ED20 and ED10 (p 0.05). For all other parts of the cut, the average weights of the CCD ration were significantly higher (p 0.05) than those of the ED20 and ED10 rations, which were homogeneous (p 0.05). The incorporation of mango provender and mango seed flour in broiler rations offers the prospect of reduced production costs, less competition between man and animals over cereals, and lean meat production that is more appreciated than that of chickens fed conventional feed. As it stands, the ED20 ration can be recommended as a growth diet for broilers. It would be necessary to determine the levels of anti-nutritional substances in mango feeds and to assess the in vivo digestibility of mango ingredients and the diets incorporating them.

Study on Compound Stabilizer Formulation for Mango Juice with Skin

[Objectives]The effects of stabilizers such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose,pectin,sodium alginate and xanthan gum on the stability of mango juice with skin were discussed using mango as the raw material.[Methods]The formula and stability of mango beverage with skin were studied using mango juice with skin as the raw material.Four stabilizers,including pectin,sodium alginate and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose,were added to improve the stability of the juice.Based on single factor experiments and a response surface experiment,the stability model of mango juice was established to determine the best compound stabilizer.[Results]According to an orthogonal experiment on the stability of mango juice with skin,the optimum technical parameters were as follows:sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 0.20%,xanthan gum 0.08%,sodium alginate 0.18%,and pectin 0.14%,with which the optimal suspension stability was 69.12%.The optimum technical parameters from the response surface experiment were as follows:sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 0.199%,pectin 0.1185%,sodium alginate 0.163%,and xanthan gum 0.077%,with which the suspension stability was 70.32%.It was found that the stability of mango juice with skin obtained by the response surface experiment was better than that by the orthogonal experiment,and the order of factors affecting the stability of mango was sodium alginate(C)>sodium carboxymethyl cellulose(A)>pectin(D)>xanthan gum(B).[Conclusions]The formula of compound stabilizer for mango juice was optimized by the orthogonal experiment and the response surface method,providing a theoretical basis for the actual production of mango juice with skin.

Hexavalent Chromium Cr (VI) Removal from Water by Mango Kernel Powder

Metal trace elements (MTE) are among the most harmful micropollutants of natural waters. Eliminating them helps improve the quality and safety of drinking water and protect human health. In this work, we used mango kernel powder (MKP) as bioadsorbent material for removal of Cr (VI) from water. Uv-visible spectroscopy was used to monitor and quantify Cr (VI) during processing using the Beer-Lambert formula. Some parameters such as pH, mango powder, mass and contact time were optimized to determine adsorption capacity and chromium removal rate. Adsorption kinetics, equilibrium, isotherms and thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG˚, ΔH˚, and ΔS˚, as well as FTIR were studied to better understand the Cr (VI) removal process by MKP. The adsorption capacity reached 94.87 mg/g, for an optimal contact time of 30 min at 298 K. The obtained results are in accordance with a pseudo-second order Freundlich adsorption isotherm model. Finally FTIR was used to monitor the evolution of absorption bands, while Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) were used to evaluate surface properties and morphology of the adsorbent.

An Application of Machine Learning Methods to Detect Mango Varieties

The mango, a fruit of immense economic and dietary significance in numerous tropical and subtropical regions, plays a pivotal role in our agricultural landscape. Accurate identification is not just a necessity, but a crucial step for effective classification, sorting, and marketing. This study delves into the potential of machine learning for this task, comparing the performance of four models: MobileNetV2, Xception, VGG16, and ResNet50V2. These models were trained on a dataset of annotated mango images, and their performance was evaluated using precision, accuracy, F1 score, and recall, which are standard metrics for image classification. The Xception model, with its exceptional performance, outshone the other models on all performance indicators. It achieved a staggering accuracy of 99.47%, an F1 score of 99.43%, and a recall of 99.43%, showcasing its remarkable ability to accurately identify mango varieties. MobileNetV2 followed closely with performances of 98.95% accuracy, 98.85% F1 score, and 98.86% recall. ResNet50V2 also delivered satisfactory results with 97.39% accuracy, 97.08% F1 score, and 97.17% recall. VGG16, however, was the least effective, with a precision rate of 83.25%, an F1 score of 83.25%, and a recall of 85.47%. These results confirm the superiority of the Xception model in detecting mango varieties. Its advanced architecture allows it to capture more distinguishing features of mango images, leading to greater precision and reliability. Xception’s robustness in identifying true positives is another advantage, minimizing false positives and contributing to more accurate classification. This study highlights the promising potential of machine learning, particularly the Xception model, for accurately identifying mango varieties.

Integrated Approaches of Mechanical Barrier, Insecticide and Botanicals against Mango Mealybug (Drosicha mangiferae)

An experiment was conducted to test the efficacy of a mechanical barrier around the tree trunk with one spray of Cypermethrin @ 1 ml/l and turmeric powder extract @ 15 g/500ml of water applied in integrated approaches against mango mealybug on mango tree. There were 7 treatments including a control. The treatments were Mechanical barrier, Cypermethrin spray @ 1 ml/l, Turmeric powder spray @ 15 g/500ml of water, Cypermethrin spray + Turmeric spray, Cypermethrin spray + Mechanical barrier, Turmeric + Mechanical barrier and untreated control. Three-year-old mango plants grafted from a 5-year-old mango tree (Variety Amropali) and planted in pots were used in the experiment. The treatment, Cypermethrin spray + Mechanical barrier gave the highest reduction of mango mealybug population 87.06% to 93.90% followed by Turmeric spray + Mechanical barrier and showed 81.13% to 86.04% and Mechanical barrier alone showed 81.13% to 84.59% population reduction. Turmeric powder extract showed only (8.42% to 23.77%) population reduction of mango mealybug which was lowest compared to other treatments.

Mango轻烃参数在塔里木原油分类中的应用

根据Ｍａｎｇｏ稳态催化动力学轻烃成因模式所得到的参数可作为塔里木盆地原油分类的有效指标。不同成因原油之间Ｋ２［Ｐ３／（Ｐ２＋Ｎ２）］值有明显的变化，在海相油中其平均值（０．２０～０．２３）较低，陆相油中（０．２９～０．３６）较高，表明该参数与源岩的有机质类型及沉积环境性质有关。Ｎ１６／Ｎ１５和（Ｎ１６＋Ｎ１５）／（Ｐ２＋Ｐ３＋Ｎ２）等不同结构类型轻烃化合物的比值能区分海、陆原油。不同成因原油的Ｃ７轻烃组成反映出不同的碳环优势（ＲＰ），海相原油轻烃富含二甲基环戊烷（５ＲＰ），而陆相原油以甲基环已烷占优势（６ＲＰ）。

Breeding and Application of Red-skinned Yun Peanut No.3

[Objective] The aim was to explore the production potential and extension value of Yun peanut No.3 to lay foundation for further extension. [Method] Selection, breeding, characters, yield and the stability of Yun peanut No.3 were analyzed. [Result] Yun peanut No.3 is a new early-mature peanut species bred based on foreign resources and local varieties through sexual hybridization and improvement. It contains 50.32% of fat, 26.5% of protein, 38.93% of oleic acid, 38.88% of linoleic acid, and the ratio of oleic acid and linoleic acid is at 1.00. It is a typical small-scale peanut with red skin, high contents of oil and fat, and constitutes the first one approved by cultivar registration in China. According to related tests, pod yield achieved 3 615.9 kg/hm2 ; kernel yield was 2 570.1 kg/hm2 and oil output was 1 293.3 kg/hm2 . For the production at scale, pod yields would be about 3 000 kg/hm2 ; the production value of fruit would be 25 000 Yuan/hm2 ; the yield per unit area would be maximal at 16 000 kg/hm2 , totaling 64 000 Yuan/hm2 . It enjoys different excellent qualities, such as drought-resistance and barren-resistance. It was approved in Yunnan Province in 2012 and extended at 20 000 Yuan/hm2 in major production lands. [Conclusion] Yun peanut No.3, which is highly-yield and highly-qualified, is suitable to be grown in Yunnan, as well as similar conditions in southern regions in China.

可可毛色二孢菌侵染芒果果实时茉莉酸和水杨酸信号通路的抗性响应

为明确可可毛色二孢菌(Lasiodiplodia theobromae)侵染芒果果实过程中茉莉酸(jasmonic acid,JA)和水杨酸(salicylic acid,SA)信号通路的响应模式,分析L.theobromae与芒果果实互作过程中侵染菌丝体JA和SA的合成、芒果果实中JA和SA的合成及其信号通路相关基因和抗性相关基因表达情况。结果表明:L.theobromae在侵染芒果果实时JA和SA产量逐渐增加;接种的芒果果实中JA产量显著升高,SA产量则显著下降(P<0.05);JA信号通路相关基因茉莉酸异亮氨酸合成酶1(MiJAR1)、丙二烯氧化物合成酶(MiAOS)和髓细胞增生蛋白2(MiMYC2)基因在早期表达快速上调,后期表达下调,冠菌素敏感蛋白1(MiCOI1)基因表达持续下调;SA信号通路相关基因异分支酸合酶(MiICS)基因表达下调,病程相关基因非表达子(MiNPR1)基因早期表达上调,后期表达下调;苯丙氨酸解氨酶(MiPAL)、过氧化物酶(MiPOD)和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(MiGLU)基因前期表达上调,几丁质酶(MiCHI)基因表达12 h后持续上调。上述结果表明,在侵染芒果果实过程中,L.theobromae激活了果实JA的合成及其信号转导,但持续抑制了果实SA的合成及其信号转导。

天然气伴生凝析油Mango参数的成因内涵——以渤海湾盆地上古生界为例

研究表明,渤海湾盆地石炭—二叠系煤成天然气伴生凝析油和第三系天然气伴生凝析油之间,K1、K2、P2与N2/P3等轻烃Mango参数存在较明显不同的变化规律,这表明Mango参数与源岩有机质类型密切相关,可用于不同成因类型天然气的判识。

Study on Biological Habits and Control of Scirothrips dorsalis Hood on Mangoes

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the biological habits of Scirothrips dorsalis Hood and methods for controlling this pest. [Method] From 2009 to 2011, the biological habits of Scirothrips dorsalis Hood and the regularity of its occurrence on mangoes were investigated at the experimental base of the Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Shuanghongqiao Mango Orchard in Baoshan, Yunnan Province. In addition, a field trial on the effects of four medicaments on controlling this pest was also conducted. [Result] The result showed that Scirothrips dorsalis Hood completed 10-12 genera- tions per year in Baoshan area, and the peak period of its incidence was from February to April. The results of the pest control testing showed that at 0.05 level, there were significant differences of effect on pest controlling among the treatments I, II and IV, and the treatment III showed significant differences of controlling effect with the treatment IV, while no significant differences with either the treatment I or the treatment II; at 0.01 level, there was no significant difference among the treat- ments I, II and III, while all the three treatments showed significant differences with treatment IV. [Conclusion] This study revealed that the occurrence and the severity of Scirothrips dorsalis Hood on mangoes in Baoshan, Yunnan Province. In addition, pesticides with certain efficacy on controlling Scirothrips dorsalis Hood were screened, which provides more options for fruit growers to control this pest on mangoes.

Genetic Diversity Analysis and Fingerprint Construction of Major Mango Cultivars in China

[Objective] The genetic diversity of major mango cultivars in China was analyzed by using SSR markers, and their fingerprints were constructed so as to provide theoretical basis for germplasm innovation and breeding of mango. [Method] With 115 pairs of SSR primers, genetic diversity analysis and cluster analysis were performed for 30 mango cultivars, among which the genetic relationships were analyzed. [Result] Total 64 pairs of polymorphic primers were screened out from the 115 pairs of primers, and total 343 bands were amplified from the 30 cultivars with 73.2% of polymorphic bands. On average, 3.9 allelic loci were detected for each pair of primers with genetic diversity index of 0.5, Shannon＇s diversity index of 1.00 and polymorphism information content of 0.49, indicating higher genetic diversity. The cluster analysis showed that the 30 major cultivars could be classified into four categories. The first category included 14 cultivars; the second category included 11 cultivars, most of which were introduced from abroad; the third category included 4 cultivars, Le., Miansan, Parayinda, Baiyu and Hongxiangya： the fourth category included only one cultivar Maqiesu.By using 7 pairs of SSR markers, i.e., M42, M49, M54, M55, M96, M99 and M103, digital fingerprints were constructed for the 30 mango cultivars. [Conclusion] The 30 mango cultivars present more complex genomic genetics and abundant genetic information, and they have higher genetic diversity.

Study on the Degradation Dynamics of Spraying Imidacloprid and Buprofezin before and After Mango Bagging

The four treatments of spraying water the control, spraying before bagging, spraying after bagging, spraying without bagging were conducted by spraying 38% of the mixed suspension agent of imidacloprid and buprofezin, and high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） method was used to test the imidacloprid and buprofezin residues on mango. The results showed that in 0.05-0.5 mg/kg adding level, the average recovery rate of imidacloprid and buprofezin was 82.6-93.8%, and 101.4-104.2%, respectively, and the relative deviation （RSD） was 1.9-4.5%, 9.3-15.6%, respectively. The minimum detectable amounts of both imidacloprid and buprofezin on mango were 0.01 mg/kg. The half-life periods of imidacloprid under the treatments of spraying before bagging, spraying after bagging and spraying without bagging were 16.74, 6.38, and 8.10 d, respectively, and the half-life periods of buprofezin under the treatments of spraying before bagging and spraying without bagging were 9.72 and 9.23 d, respectively. The residual of buprofezin was low in the treatment of spraying after bagging, and the amount detected in the 3rd day had already below the detectable limit. Bagging treatment reduced the digestion rate of 2 kinds of pesticides in mango, and imidacloprid had strong systemic in mango.

The chemical treatments combined with antagonistic yeast control anthracnose and maintain the quality of postharvest mango fruit

During the storage and transportation of the mango fruit, the major source of disease is anthracnose, caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The objective of this study is to find an appropriate method that not only reduces mango decay but also maintains its postharvest quality. The effects of chemicals, the use of the yeast species Metschnikowia pulcherrima and their combination on storage quality, focusing on the enzyme activity related to disease of Tainong mangos was studied. By immersing the mangoes in M. pulcherrima suspension(1.0×10~8 cfu mL^(–1)), salicylic acid(SA) solution(50 mg L^(–1)) or calcium chloride(CaCl_2) solution(1.0 g L^(–1)), the lesion expansion and decay of the mango fruit caused by C. gloeosporioides could be significantly delayed. These treatments also delayed the changes in quality traits(a~* value, firmness, contents of total soluble solids(TSS) and vitamin C(Vc), while the activities of anti-disease enzymes such as polyphenol oxidase(PPO), phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL), chitinase(CHT) and β-1,3-glucanase(GUN) were enhanced as compared to the control treatment. Furthermore, the combination of SA solution, CaCl_2 solution and M. pulcherrima suspension presented an additive effect, increasing the efficacy in controlling the disease and maintaining the storage quality of mango fruits. Taken together, our data suggest that the integration of chemical treatments combined with M. pulcherrima could be an alternative to the use of fungicides in postharvest treatment of the mango fruit, specifically for improving storage quality as well as the control of the anthracnose.

Protective effects of lupeol and mango extract against androgen induced oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice

Aim： To investigate antioxidant potential of lupeol/mango pulp extract （MPE） in testosterone induced oxidative stress in prostate of male Swiss albino mice. Methods： Oral treatment of lupeol （1 mg/animal） and MPE （1 mL [20% w/v]/ animal） was given separately to animals along with subcutaneous injection of testosterone （5 mg/kg body weight） consecutively for 15 days. At the end of the study period, the prostate was dissected out for the determination of reactive oxygen species （ROS） levels, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes status （catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase）. Results： In testosterone treated animals, increased ROS resulted in depletion of antioxidant enzymes and increase in lipid peroxidation in mouse prostate. However, lupeol/MPE treatment resulted in a decrease in ROS levels with restoration in the levels of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes. Conclusion： The results of the present study demonstrate that lupeol/MPE are effective in combating oxidative stress-induced cellular injury of mouse prostate. Mango and its constituents, therefore, deserve study as a potential chemopreventive agent against prostate cancer. （Asian J Androl 2008 Mar; 10： 313-318）

Construction of a Genetic Linkage Map of Mango Based on SRAP, AFLP and ISSR Markers

A hybrid Ft population was obtained by crossing between mango cultivars ＇ Jinhuang＇ and ＇ Guifei＇. Among the hybrid population, 98 F1 plants were selected as the mapping population. The molecular genetic map of mango was constructed by linkage analysis by SRAP, AFLP and ISSR markers using Joinmap4. 0 software. The genetic linkage map consisted of 33 linkage groups, with a total genetic distance of 1 561.1 cM. Moreover, the genetic linkage map involved 245 polymorphic markers, including 149 SRAP markers, 90 AFLP markers and 6 ISSR markers, with an average genetic distance of 6.37 cM. This study laid a founda- tion for further investigation of the important agronomic traits of mango.

A novel oil-in-water drilling mud formulated with extracts from Indian mango seed oil

Drilling muds with less environmental impact are highly desired over conventional diesel-based mud systems,especially in light of the emerging strict environmental laws.In this article,a novel oil-in-water(O/W)emulsion drilling fluid formulated with a methyl ester extracted from Indian mango seed oil was evaluated.The effect of the weight percent of different constituents of the emulsion/suspension including the oil phase,bentonite,and polyanionic cellulose polymer on the rheology and the fluid loss was examined.The methyl ester oil phase/mud system displayed superior physical,chemical,rheological and filtration properties relative to the diesel and the mango seed oil.Eco-toxicity of the methyl ester and diesel(O/W)emulsion mud systems was assessed using the acute lethal concentration test.The Indian mango methyl ester(O/W)emulsion mud displayed much less impact on fish population.Flow characteristics collected from the flow model at 85°C suggested excellent shear thinning behavior of the Indian mango methyl ester(IMME)(O/W)emulsion mud.Moreover,the IMME(O/W)emulsion displayed strong pseudoplastic behavior,an attractive feature in a drilling mud,with increasing clay content and polymer concentration.The methyl ester mud was thermally stable over a wide range of the constituent concentrations.Furthermore,a particle size analysis revealed that engineered drilling muds targeting suspension of particles with certain size range can be formulated by changing the volume fraction of the methyl ester in the mud system.

Comparison of machine learning algorithms for mapping mango plantations based on Gaofen-1 imagery

Mango is a commercial crop on Hainan Island,China,that is cultivated to develop the tropical rural economy.The development of accurate and up-to-date maps of the spatial distribution of mango plantations is necessary for agricultural monitoring and decision management by the local government.Pixel-based and object-oriented image analysis methods for mapping mango plantations were compared using two machine learning algorithms(support vector machine(SVM)and Random Forest(RF))based on Chinese high-resolution Gaofen-1(GF-1)imagery in parts of Hainan Island.To assess the importance of different features on classification accuracy,a combined layer of four original bands,32 gray-level co-occurrence(GLCM)texture indices,and 10 vegetation indices were used as input features.Then five different sets of variables(5,10,20,and 30 input variables and all 46 variables)were classified with the two machine learning algorithms at object-based level.Results of the feature optimization suggested that homogeneity and variance were very important variables for distinguishing mango plantations patches.The object-based classifiers could significantly improve overall accuracy between 2–7%when compared to pixel-based classifiers.When there were 5 and 10 input variables,SVM showed higher classification accuracy than RF,and when the input variables exceeded 20,RF showed better performances.After the accuracy achieved saturation points,there were only slightly classification accuracy improvements along with the numbers of feature increases for both of SVM and RF classifiers.The results indicated that GF-1 imagery can be successfully applied to mango plantation mapping in tropical regions,which would provide a useful framework for accurate tropical agriculture land management.

Changes in Nutritive Materials in Off-season Mango in Flower Bud Differentiation Stage

Under off-season production mode, change laws of nutritive materials in leaves of fruiting mother branches of mango in flowering process induced by dif- ferent agents were investigated. The results showed that the flowering time of manga trees in the potassium nitrate treatment was earlier than the ethephon treatment by 7 d, and changes trends of materials in leaves of the potassium nitrate and ethephon treatments were substantially the same. The nutritive materials in leaves showed trends of increasing at first and decreasing then. In early flower bud differentiation stage, soluble sugar and starch in leaves increased rapidly, and content of soluble protein also increased rapidly and showed its their peak values, thereby providing energy substances and structural substances demanded by flower bud formation. With flower bud differentiation going on, soluble sugar, starch and soluble protein decreased gradually. It was indicated that the accumulation of soluble sugar, starch and soluble protein is beneficial to flower bud differentiation.