Film hole irrigation has been widely adopted as an effective water-saving irrigation technology in the arid and semiarid areas of China.To investigate the effects of initial soil moisture content(θ0)on soil water and...Film hole irrigation has been widely adopted as an effective water-saving irrigation technology in the arid and semiarid areas of China.To investigate the effects of initial soil moisture content(θ0)on soil water and nitrogen transport characteristics under muddy water film hole infiltration,the laboratory experiments were conducted with muddy water film hole infiltration,using five initial soil moisture content treatments.The models for describing the relationships between the cumulative infiltration(I(t))and infiltration duration(t);the relationship among the horizontal and vertical migration distances of the wetting front(Fx,Fz),θ0 and t,were established.The results showed that the initial soil moisture content had a significant effect on I(t),Fx,Fz and moisture content distribution in the wetted body.The change of I(t)over t conformed to Kostiakov model.With the increase ofθ0,the infiltration coefficient(K)gradually decreased.NO-3-N was mainly distributed in the range of the wetting radius of 15 cm,while NH+4-N was mainly distributed in the range of the wetting radius of 8 cm.This study can provide a theoretical basis and technical support for film hole irrigation.展开更多
我国是世界上最大的猪肉生产国,同时也是最大的消费国。猪肉的品质影响着人们摄取蛋白质的质量,目前缺乏有效的快速无损检测方法应对巨大的检测需要。为快速测定冷藏猪肉挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、pH值和含水率,提出一种新的猪肉品质检测方...我国是世界上最大的猪肉生产国,同时也是最大的消费国。猪肉的品质影响着人们摄取蛋白质的质量,目前缺乏有效的快速无损检测方法应对巨大的检测需要。为快速测定冷藏猪肉挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、pH值和含水率,提出一种新的猪肉品质检测方法,利用近红外光谱技术结合化学计量学方法建立冷藏猪肉TVB-N、pH值和含水率的数学模型。以不同种类的白条猪肉为研究对象,选择排酸完成后的猪最长背部肌肉的切块,采集相应猪肉近红外光谱数据并结合化学计量学试验获取TVB-N、pH和含水率的测量值,对比分析采集到的光谱信息和理化指标,发现在8600~8450、7160~6950、5300~5000 cm^(-1)区域出现显著的吸收峰,而8600~8450 cm^(-1)附近吸收峰的峰值却明显小于其他吸收峰。使用SPXY(sample set partitioning based on joint X-Y distances)算法进行数据集划分,将数据集按照3∶1的比例划分成训练集和测试集。使用蒙特卡罗交叉验证法(MCCV)剔除异常数据,通过偏最小二乘法回归(PLSR)建立TVB-N、pH值、含水率和全波段光谱信息的回归关系。利用数据中心化、Savitzky-Golay(S-G)一阶求导、S-G二阶求导、直接差分二阶求导和多元散射校正等方法对原始光谱进行预处理,探寻合适的预处理方式。结果显示:数据中心化、直接差分二阶求导、二阶求导取得较优的试验效果;故结合竞争性自适应重加权算法(CARS)、非信息变量剔除(UVE)、连续投影算法(SPA)等特征波长提取算法建立PLSR特征波段模型并进行分析。结果显示,TVB-N、pH值、含水率的预测模型结构分别为数据中心化-CARS-PLSR、直接差分二阶求导-CARS-PLSR、二阶求导-CARS-PLSR时具有优异的性能,其中训练集相关系数RC分别为0.9471、0.9988、0.9971,均方根误差(RMSE)分别为1.2088、0.0087、0.0015;测试集相关系数RP分别为0.9275、0.9630、0.9459,RMSE分别为1.6836、0.0517、0.0056。综上可知,近红外波段区域与猪肉TVB-N、pH值、含水率存在显著相关性,利用近红外光谱可以准确预测猪肉中TVB-N、pH值和含水率。展开更多
基金This study was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFC0400204)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52079105,51779205 and 51479161)+1 种基金and the Public welfare industry research special project(Grant No.201203003)The authors acknowledge the anonymous reviewers and the editor for their valuable comments and suggestions.
文摘Film hole irrigation has been widely adopted as an effective water-saving irrigation technology in the arid and semiarid areas of China.To investigate the effects of initial soil moisture content(θ0)on soil water and nitrogen transport characteristics under muddy water film hole infiltration,the laboratory experiments were conducted with muddy water film hole infiltration,using five initial soil moisture content treatments.The models for describing the relationships between the cumulative infiltration(I(t))and infiltration duration(t);the relationship among the horizontal and vertical migration distances of the wetting front(Fx,Fz),θ0 and t,were established.The results showed that the initial soil moisture content had a significant effect on I(t),Fx,Fz and moisture content distribution in the wetted body.The change of I(t)over t conformed to Kostiakov model.With the increase ofθ0,the infiltration coefficient(K)gradually decreased.NO-3-N was mainly distributed in the range of the wetting radius of 15 cm,while NH+4-N was mainly distributed in the range of the wetting radius of 8 cm.This study can provide a theoretical basis and technical support for film hole irrigation.
文摘我国是世界上最大的猪肉生产国,同时也是最大的消费国。猪肉的品质影响着人们摄取蛋白质的质量,目前缺乏有效的快速无损检测方法应对巨大的检测需要。为快速测定冷藏猪肉挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、pH值和含水率,提出一种新的猪肉品质检测方法,利用近红外光谱技术结合化学计量学方法建立冷藏猪肉TVB-N、pH值和含水率的数学模型。以不同种类的白条猪肉为研究对象,选择排酸完成后的猪最长背部肌肉的切块,采集相应猪肉近红外光谱数据并结合化学计量学试验获取TVB-N、pH和含水率的测量值,对比分析采集到的光谱信息和理化指标,发现在8600~8450、7160~6950、5300~5000 cm^(-1)区域出现显著的吸收峰,而8600~8450 cm^(-1)附近吸收峰的峰值却明显小于其他吸收峰。使用SPXY(sample set partitioning based on joint X-Y distances)算法进行数据集划分,将数据集按照3∶1的比例划分成训练集和测试集。使用蒙特卡罗交叉验证法(MCCV)剔除异常数据,通过偏最小二乘法回归(PLSR)建立TVB-N、pH值、含水率和全波段光谱信息的回归关系。利用数据中心化、Savitzky-Golay(S-G)一阶求导、S-G二阶求导、直接差分二阶求导和多元散射校正等方法对原始光谱进行预处理,探寻合适的预处理方式。结果显示:数据中心化、直接差分二阶求导、二阶求导取得较优的试验效果;故结合竞争性自适应重加权算法(CARS)、非信息变量剔除(UVE)、连续投影算法(SPA)等特征波长提取算法建立PLSR特征波段模型并进行分析。结果显示,TVB-N、pH值、含水率的预测模型结构分别为数据中心化-CARS-PLSR、直接差分二阶求导-CARS-PLSR、二阶求导-CARS-PLSR时具有优异的性能,其中训练集相关系数RC分别为0.9471、0.9988、0.9971,均方根误差(RMSE)分别为1.2088、0.0087、0.0015;测试集相关系数RP分别为0.9275、0.9630、0.9459,RMSE分别为1.6836、0.0517、0.0056。综上可知,近红外波段区域与猪肉TVB-N、pH值、含水率存在显著相关性,利用近红外光谱可以准确预测猪肉中TVB-N、pH值和含水率。
