THEORY AND APPLICATION OF FRACTIONAL STEP CHARACTERISTIC FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD IN NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SECOND ORDER ENHANCED OIL PRODUCTION

A kind of second-order implicit fractional step characteristic finite difference method is presented in this paper for the numerically simulation coupled system of enhanced （chemical） oil production in porous media. Some techniques, such as the calculus of variations, energy analysis method, commutativity of the products of difference operators, decomposition of high-order difference operators and the theory of a priori estimates are introduced and an optimal order error estimates in l^2 norm is derived. This method has been applied successfully to the numerical simulation of enhanced oil production in actual oilfields, and the simulation results ate quite interesting and satisfactory.

Theory and application of numerical simulation method of capillary force enhanced oil production

A kind of second-order implicit upwind fractional step finite difference methods are presented for the numerical simulation of coupled systems for enhanced （chemical） oil production with capillary force in the porous media. Some techniques, e.g., the calculus of variations, the energy analysis method, the commutativity of the products of difference operators, the decomposition of high-order difference operators, and the theory of a priori estimate, are introduced. An optimal order error estimate in the l2 norm is derived. The method is successfully used in the numerical simulation of the enhanced oil production in actual oilfields. The simulation results are satisfactory and interesting.

1995──A Year of Continuous Increase in Oil and Gas Production

１９９５──ＡＹｅａｒｏｆＣｏｎｔｉｎｕｏｕｓＩｎｃｒｅａｓｅｉｎＯｉｌａｎｄＧａｓＰｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＰａｎＸｉｎｇｇｕｏ（ＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔＢｕｒｅａｕ，ＣＮＰＣ）Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：Ｏｉｌａｎｄｇａｓ，Ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ，ＩｎｃｒｅａｓｅＩ...

Cameroon Green Energy Potentials: Field Survey of Production, Physico-Chemical Analyses of Palm Kernel Oil for Industrial Applications

This paper reports a field survey undertaken to determine the availability of raw material for palm kernel oil commercial production for industrial applications. Both industrial and artisanal wastes from palm kernel oil production were also surveyed as raw material (palm kernel seeds) for green energy production. Results of the field study show that 22% of palm kernel seeds (which represents tons of waste) resulting from palm oil processing plants are dumped while at the artisanal level, 80% of palm kernel seed waste is dumped. Analysis of field study data shows that large amounts of waste palm kernel seeds are available to enable large scale production of palm kernel oil (PKO) for desirable industrial applications in green energy production. The paper also reports on the physical and chemical properties of Cameroon palm kernel oil (PKO). Palm kernel oil was extracted using mechanical press and solvent extraction. The palm kernel oil (PKO) from Cameroon was analyzed by standard physico-chemical methods. Results of the physical measurements show a specific gravity of PKO of 0.92 kg/L, viscosity of 26.03 cSt and at 5.93 cSt at 40°C and 100°C respectively, viscosity index of 185, pour point of 20°C, cloud point of 29°C, flash point of 200°C, aniline point of 105°F, diesel index of 23, cetane number of 27 and ASTM (American Standards for Testing and Materials) color of less than 2.5. Results of chemical analyses showed an acid value of 17.95 mg KOH/g, free fatty acid (FFA) content of 8.98 mg KOH/g, iodine value of 2.10 mg I2/g, peroxide value of 2.10 meq/kg, ester value of 123.0 mg KOH/g, hydroxyl value of 93.4 mg OH/g, saponification value of 140.95 mg KOH/g and a sulfur content of 0.016% w/v, signifying low sulfur content. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed the palm kernel oil to be predominantly made up of glycerides of various fatty acids with higher proportions of C12 to C16 fatty acid residues. Cameroon PKO therefore has a broad spectrum of industrial applications by virtue of its rich physical and chemical properties.

Production calculation of the second and tertiary recovery combination reservoirs under chemical flooding

Based on the analysis of the production composition of reservoirs developed by the second&tertiary recovery combination(STRC),the relationship between the overall output of the STRC project and the production level during the blank water flooding stage is proposed.According to the basic principle of reservoir engineering that the“recovery factor is equal to sweeping coefficient multiplied by oil displacement efficiency”,the formula for calculating the ultimate oil recovery factor of chemical combination flooding reservoir was established.By dividing the reservoir into a series of grids according to differen-tial calculus thinking,the relationship between the ultimate recovery factor of a certain number of grids and the recovery de-gree of the reservoir was established,and then the variation law of oil production rate of the STRC reservoir was obtained.The concept of“oil rate enlargement factor of chemical combination flooding”was defined,and a production calculation method of reservoir developed by STRC was put forward based on practical oilfield development experience.The study shows that the oil production enhancing effect of STRC increases evenly with the in crease of the ratio of STRC displacement efficiency to water displacement efficiency,and increases rapidly with the increase of the ratio of recovery degree at flooding mode conversion to the water displacement efficiency.STRC is more effective in increasing oil production of reservoir with high recovery degree.Through practical tests of the alkali free binary flooding(polymer/surfactant)projects,the relative error of the oil production calculation method of STRC reservoir is about±10%,which meets the requirements of reservoir engineering.

Investigation of feasibility of alkali-cosolvent flooding in heavy oil reservoirs

Cold production is a challenge in the case of heavy oil because of its high viscosity and poor fluidity in reservoir conditions.Alkali-cosolvent-polymer flooding is a type of microemulsion flooding with low costs and possible potential for heavy oil reservoirs.However,the addition of polymer may cause problems with injection in the case of highly viscous oil.Hence,in this study the feasibility of alkali-cosolvent(AC)flooding in heavy oil reservoirs was investigated via several groups of experiments.The interfacial tension between various AC formulations and heavy crude oil was measured to select appropriate formulations.Phase behavior tests were performed to determine the most appropriate formulation and conditions for the generation of a microemulsion.Sandpack flooding experiments were carried out to investigate the displacement efficiency of the selected Ac formulation.The results showed that the interfacial tension between an AC formulation and heavy oil could be reduced to below 1o-3 mN/m but differed greatly between different types of cosolvent.A butanol random polyether series displayed good performance in reducing the water-oil interfacial tension,which made it possible to form a Type Il microemulsion in reservoir conditions.According to the results of the phase behavior tests,the optimal salinity for different formulations with four cosolvent concentrations(0.5 wt%,1 wt%,2 wt%,and 3 wt%)was 4000,8000,14000,and 20000 ppm,respectively.The results of rheological measurements showed that Type Ill microemulsion had a viscosity that was ten times that of water.The results of sandpack flooding experiments showed that,in comparison with waterflooding,the injection of a certain Ac formulation slug could reduce the injection pressure.The pressure gradient during waterflooding and AC flooding was around 870 and 30-57 kPa/m,respectively.With the addition of an AC slug,the displacement efficiency was 30%-50%higher than in the case of waterflooding.

老油田“3+2”大幅度提高采收率技术内涵、机理及实践

传统方式的化学驱项目一般采取“2+3”的协同方式,也就是先通过水驱井网调整一次到位,再实施化学驱,受剩余油认识和预测精度的影响,会出现部分低产低效井,化学驱含水谷底平台期短,提高采收率幅度有限。为此,胜利油田通过基础攻关和探索实践,创新提出了化学驱与动态优化调整加合增效的“3+2”大幅度提高采收率技术,该技术是指在化学驱过程中,充分发挥和利用驱油体系扩大波及体积、提高驱油效率、调整动态非均质性的特点,主动培育、壮大动态剩余油富集区(“油墙”),适时井网调整、重构流场、均衡注采,高效动用、采出“油墙”,最大程度延长化学驱含水谷底平台期,实现三次采油和二次采油(“3+2”)适配优化、大幅度提高采收率的目的。通过大量物理模拟和数值模拟研究,明确了“井网-驱油剂-剩余油”适配优化提高采收率的机理。该技术在胜坨油田二区东三段5砂组进行了应用,通过优化“3+2”井网调整方式、驱油体系和注入参数等,预计区块含水谷底平台期从3 a延长至8 a,最终采收率为60.5%,比原方案采收率再提高7.5百分点。该技术是老油田大幅度提高采收率的关键技术,可以为中外同类型油藏延长化学驱见效高峰期提供指导和借鉴。

2023年中国炼油工业发展状况及展望

2023年,中国炼油能力增长继续放缓,新增炼油能力1200万吨/年,总能力升至9.36亿吨/年,装置结构优化调整持续推进。2023年我国成品油需求快速反弹、市场整顿持续推进等利好因素推动炼油行业生产明显好转,多项主要生产经营指标显著回升。国家政策为我国炼油行业高质量发展指明了路径,炼油企业持续推进绿色、低碳、数字化、智能化发展,并积极“走出去、引进来”,扩大合作。展望未来,2024年中国炼油能力将继续较快增长,但能力峰值基本显现,预计炼油能力峰值将在2027年左右出现;“十五五”期间,我国炼油能力过剩的压力有一定缓解,但不能掉以轻心,淘汰落后产能、调整产品结构、节能降碳等转型升级措施需长期推进。

大庆致密储层水平井密切割穿层提产增效压裂试验

大庆致密油储层为陆相沉积,主要发育有扶余和高台子油层。扶余油层存在单井产量低、采出程度低、产量递减快等问题,同时扶余油层水平井钻出层情况比较普遍;某区块完钻20口井,其中11口井平均砂岩钻遇率仅40.7%,常规压裂储量损失大。为此,开展大庆致密油储层水平井密集切割穿层压裂提产增效试验,提高储量动用程度,实现井筒的立体改造;开展钻遇储层段密集切割+钻出层段穿层压裂优化设计,优化储层段簇距9.0~10.5 m,穿层段簇距20~24 m,根据致密油穿层标准优化参数,优选伽马值低、储隔层应力差值低、隔层厚度小的位置进行穿层压裂布缝,同时应用压前测试压裂诊断和现场施工控制技术,保证穿层成功率,优选一体化滑溜水压裂液体系,保证基质到裂缝、裂缝到井筒油气流通全通道的畅通,大幅降低储层伤害和施工成本。

重油催化裂解在炼化企业布局影响因素研究

随着我国炼化产业的快速发展,原油一次能力已接近10×10^(8)t/a,但汽柴油消费总量受经济结构转型、新能源替代等因素影响,汽油需求量即将达峰,柴油需求量已呈现下降趋势。与之相对应的,乙烯、丙烯的下游化工产品未来仍有一定增长空间。重油催化裂解装置相较常规催化裂化可大幅减少汽柴油产量、增产化工原料,已成为炼化企业实现“减油增化”转型升级的重要路径之一。在具体项目布局规划时,由于炼化企业装置结构、所处地域市场条件等情况不同,分析企业是否适宜布局该装置是决策者的主要难点。结合催化裂解技术特点,总结分析了“企业所在地油品过剩程度、减油增化程度、化工品目标市场、资源利用程度、苯资源平衡、催化裂解原料性质、存量资产利用程度、投资回报率”共八项影响重油催化裂解项目决策实施的主要因素,为投资决策者提供支持依据。

能源转型下炼化行业发展趋势与企业竞争力分析

交通运输一直是世界石油需求的主要领域。由于能源转型加速、燃油效率提升,世界交通运输燃料需求将达峰值,石化原料需求将成为石油需求增长的主要动力。随着减油增化、新建乙烯等项目的推进实施,我国乙烯规模将继续高速增长,大宗基础化学品和通用合成材料规模也将大幅提升,结构性过剩压力日益增加。实施炼化结构调整,选择有竞争力的工艺流程、产品结构和工艺技术,采取节能降耗措施、加大降碳技术应用、提高低碳石化原料比例等手段已成为炼化企业高质量发展的必由之路。

肠道菌群在治疗高尿酸血症中的研究进展

肠道微生物群定植于人体肠道,其结构变化或失衡可参与嘌呤代谢、酶的合成及炎症细胞因子的释放,进而引起代谢紊乱,这与高尿酸血症的发生、发展密切相关。将肠道菌群作为探究高尿酸血症发病机制的切入点,已成为新的研究热点。本文就不同类型的肠道菌群在高尿酸血症发病机制中的研究现状与进展进行综述,总结了肠道菌群在直接减少尿酸生成;增加嘌呤代谢;影响氨基酸转运,以及增加尿酸排泄等方面的具体作用机制,以期为未来治疗高尿酸血症提供新思路。

植物精油的生物学活性及其在仔猪生产上的应用

自抗生素在养殖业中的应用受到限制以来,植物精油作为绿色、高效、安全的抗生素替代品在提高动物生产性能和养殖效益等方面受到越来越多的关注,目前已被广泛应用于动物生产中。断奶仔猪的肠道发育不完全,在饲养过程中受多种因素的影响经常出现腹泻现象,影响生产性能。植物精油具有抑菌、抗氧化、抗炎等特性,能够有效改善断奶仔猪的肠道菌群结构、促进肠道健康发育、提高仔猪生长速度。本文从植物精油的理化特性、生物学活性及其在仔猪生产上的应用进行综述。

“双碳”目标下石油炼制技术研发策略与工业实践

百年石油炼制行业面临着“双碳”目标和第三次能源转型带来的燃料需求量持续减少的双重挑战,而传统石油炼制技术追求高转化率,造成石油资源碳氢利用效率低,CO_(2)排放高,与“减排增效”的转型发展目标相悖。为此,基于石油分子管理理念,以产品高选择性为石油炼制技术研发策略,开发出变革性的小分子烷烃加工、重油加工和低碳烯烃生产技术并进行工业实践,实现源头降碳和过程降碳,满足石油炼制行业向绿色低碳、减油增化、清洁生产方向转型日益迫切的需求。

航空电子设备数字化柔性调测产线设计与实现

航空电子设备具有小批量多品种、高度综合化、功能指标多、产品组成复杂的特点,其调测数字化、自动化和柔性化非常重要。针对航空电子设备生产调测产线数字化、自动化和柔性化需求,提出一种数字化柔性调测产线建设方法,包括产线设计思路、软硬件设计等,同时,着重介绍了通用适配器设计、多通道射频矩阵设计、全自动装夹适配台设计等主要技术。该产线已应用于多型航空电子设备的调测生产,生产效率高、自动化程度高,具备可柔性换产能力,并缩短了产品的调测交付周期,降低了调测生产成本。

水泥企业生产运营数字化实践

随着数字经济的发展,数字化转型已经成为各企业发展的必然选择。本文就某大型水泥生产企业通过数字化建设,从数字化生产运营管理的角度出发,在规范生产运营管理,优化工艺流程,降低生产成本,提升生产运营效率、产品质量、设备运转率等方面的数字化探索实践经历,具体做法和取得的成效方面进行论述,并总结了数字化转型在生产运营中的优势和不足之处,以及未来发展的趋势和展望。

关键勘探开发理论技术创新助力油气增储上产

我国油气需求高位增长且主要依赖进口,自主保障能力不足,是我国能源安全保障中的最大短板。加强油气勘探开发理论技术创新可拓展资源勘探开发边界,增加可采资源总量并降低生产成本,是实现增储上产的根本动力和重要抓手。初步统计显示,2011—2020年我国累计新发现亿吨级油田18个、千亿立方米级大气田21个,累计新增探明地质储量石油超100×10^(8)t、天然气超10×10^(12)m^(3),同期关键勘探开发理论技术创新累计获得国家科学技术进步奖25项,关键勘探开发理论技术创新对我国油气储量增长的贡献率达到32.1%,其中石油、天然气储量增长的贡献率分别达到39.6%和24.0%。为加快关键技术创新突破和重大科研成果转化应用,提出加强创新联合体与科研基础平台建设、建立完善油气科研资源与成果共享交流平台、完善科研考核和激励机制、加快油服企业市场化改革等政策建议。

西南某成品油管道增输改造工艺优化设计

随着西南某区域社会经济的快速发展,成品油市场需求量不断扩大,现有成品油管道不能满足输送量的要求。结合已建成品油管道现状及下游市场增输要求,开展水力分析,得出增输水力计算结果,对各个站场输油泵进行校核,对已建管道进行研究分析、优化设计,针对性的提出加注减阻剂和更换输油泵改造方案,在管道安全运行的同时实现管道的增输上量。

Φ3.4m×11m预粉磨系统增产降耗的改造措施

湖南良田水泥有限公司Φ3.4m×11m水泥预粉磨系统是2005年建成投产,自投产以来一直产量低、电耗高,M32.5水泥28 d强度低,水泥颗粒级配分布不合理。为降低产品能耗,改善水泥品质,分析影响磨机产量及品质的关键因素,组织实施了一系列改造,结果表明,系统产量由89t/h提高到121t/h,增产32t/h,粉磨电耗由年平均32.29 kWh/t降到年平均25.22kWh/t,节电7.07kWh/t。

超短半径多分支井技术在南海Z油田典型应用

在开展超短半径多分支井技术实施的可行性论证的基础上,通过精细方案设计及实施超短半径多分支井技术。该技术首次使用中国海油自研工具,在Z油田S井首次取得成功,创新解决合采层间压制问题,单井增产倍比达2.7倍且较稳定,为海上类似油田的开发积累了宝贵的增产技术经验。