Pyrolysis of Shenmu coal was performed in fixed-bed reactors indirectly heated by reducing operating pressure and mounting internals in the reactor to explore their synergetic effects on coal pyrolysis. Mounting inter...Pyrolysis of Shenmu coal was performed in fixed-bed reactors indirectly heated by reducing operating pressure and mounting internals in the reactor to explore their synergetic effects on coal pyrolysis. Mounting internals particularly designed greatly improved the heat transfer inside coal bed and raised the yield of tar production.Reducing pressure further facilitated the production of tar through its suppression of secondary reactions occurring in the reactor. The absolute increase in tar yield reached 3.33 wt% in comparison with the pyrolysis in the reactor without internals under atmospheric pressure. The obtained tar yield in the reactor with internals under reduced pressure was even higher than the yield of Gray–King assay. Through experiments in a laboratory fixed bed reactor, it was also clarified that the effect of reducing pressure is related to volatile release rate in pyrolysis. It did not obviously vary tar yield at pyrolysis temperatures below 600 ℃, while the effect was evident at 650 and 700 ℃ but became limited again above 800 ℃. Under reduced pressure the produced tar contained more aliphatics and phenols but less aromatics.展开更多
大规模安全约束机组组合(security constrained unit commitment,SCUC)问题的混合整数线性规划(mixed integer linear programming,MILP)模型因其高维、非凸的特点导致求解困难,尤其在考虑故障态安全约束后模型规模骤增,MILP算法常遇到...大规模安全约束机组组合(security constrained unit commitment,SCUC)问题的混合整数线性规划(mixed integer linear programming,MILP)模型因其高维、非凸的特点导致求解困难,尤其在考虑故障态安全约束后模型规模骤增,MILP算法常遇到收敛间隙下降瓶颈问题。为满足现货市场出清对SCUC问题求解时间的要求,提出了基于热启动的快速求解方法,从待求模型的一个可行解出发,根据节点边际电价和机组收益分析进行整数变量固定,同时削减无约束力的安全约束,以缩减模型规模,加快收敛进程。仿真结果表明:所提方法能够大幅缩减SCUC模型规模,尤其对于考虑故障态安全约束的大规模SCUC问题,能有效克服收敛间隙下降瓶颈问题,求解效率提高特别显著。展开更多
从某铀矿山周边土壤中富集分离出一株硫酸盐还原菌A1_(S)XC21Q,研究了该菌株在不同pH、温度、SO_(4)^(2-)浓度下的脱硫和固铀性能,及其固铀产物的稳定性。结果表明:pH升高有利于该菌对SO_(4)^(2-)和铀的去除,初始pH为5.5~7.0条件下,SO_(...从某铀矿山周边土壤中富集分离出一株硫酸盐还原菌A1_(S)XC21Q,研究了该菌株在不同pH、温度、SO_(4)^(2-)浓度下的脱硫和固铀性能,及其固铀产物的稳定性。结果表明:pH升高有利于该菌对SO_(4)^(2-)和铀的去除,初始pH为5.5~7.0条件下,SO_(4)^(2-)和铀的去除率均可达到95%以上;初始SO_(4)^(2-)浓度增加会降低菌株对SO_(4)^(2-)和铀的去除率,但在SO_(4)^(2-)浓度为2000 mg/L条件下,SO_(4)^(2-)和铀的去除率仍可达到75.42%和50.57%;温度升高可显著加速SO_(4)^(2-)和铀的去除,25~35℃条件下,SO_(4)^(2-)和铀的去除率均达到95%左右;A1 S XC21Q菌株可将富集于其表面的铀转移到细胞内部并形成多个“核状”磷酸铀酰络合物,形成的固铀产物稳定。从A1 S XC21Q菌脱硫固铀效果及其固铀产物稳定性来看,该菌有望用于后续酸法地浸铀矿山退役采区地下水生物修复技术试验研究中。展开更多
It is of great significance to improve the efficiency of railway production and operation by realizing the fault knowledge association through the efficient data mining algorithm.However,high utility quantitative freq...It is of great significance to improve the efficiency of railway production and operation by realizing the fault knowledge association through the efficient data mining algorithm.However,high utility quantitative frequent pattern mining algorithms in the field of data mining still suffer from the problems of low time-memory performance and are not easy to scale up.In the context of such needs,we propose a related degree-based frequent pattern mining algorithm,named Related High Utility Quantitative Item set Mining(RHUQI-Miner),to enable the effective mining of railway fault data.The algorithm constructs the item-related degree structure of fault data and gives a pruning optimization strategy to find frequent patterns with higher related degrees,reducing redundancy and invalid frequent patterns.Subsequently,it uses the fixed pattern length strategy to modify the utility information of the item in the mining process so that the algorithm can control the length of the output frequent pattern according to the actual data situation and further improve the performance and practicability of the algorithm.The experimental results on the real fault dataset show that RHUQI-Miner can effectively reduce the time and memory consumption in the mining process,thus providing data support for differentiated and precise maintenance strategies.展开更多
针对受外部干扰和模型不确定性影响的四旋翼飞行器的姿态控制问题,提出一种基于固定时间的降阶扩张状态观测器(reduced-order extended state observer,RESO)和固定时间反步状态反馈控制律的自抗扰姿态控制方法。基于四旋翼动力学模型...针对受外部干扰和模型不确定性影响的四旋翼飞行器的姿态控制问题,提出一种基于固定时间的降阶扩张状态观测器(reduced-order extended state observer,RESO)和固定时间反步状态反馈控制律的自抗扰姿态控制方法。基于四旋翼动力学模型及自抗扰(active disturbance rejection control,ADRC)理论,首先利用系统输出可测特性,设计具有固定时间收敛性能的降阶扩张状态观测器并对观测器收敛性进行理论证明;其次,在反步控制的基础上结合固定时间理论,设计固定时间反步状态反馈控制器,并理论证明了闭环系统的跟踪误差能在固定时间内收敛至原点。最后,通过仿真算例,从收敛时间、稳态误差、最大误差以及均方误差等指标考察了所提出的控制方法的性能。仿真结果表明:所提出的改进方法相较于传统自抗扰控制及反步滑模控制具有更好的控制品质。展开更多
Here we derive Newton’s and Einstein’s gravitational results for any mass less than or equal to a Planck mass. All of the new formulas presented in this paper give the same numerical output as the traditional formul...Here we derive Newton’s and Einstein’s gravitational results for any mass less than or equal to a Planck mass. All of the new formulas presented in this paper give the same numerical output as the traditional formulas. However, they have been rewritten in a way that gives a new perspective on the formulas when working with gravity at the level of the subatomic world. To rewrite the well-known formulas in this way could make it easier to understand the strengths and weaknesses in Newton’s and Einstein’s gravitation formulas at the subatomic scale, potentially opening them up for new important interpretations and extensions. For example, we suggest that the speed of gravity equal to that of light is actually embedded and hidden inside of Newton’s gravitational formula.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21376250)National Basic Research Program of China(2014CB744303)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA07010100)
文摘Pyrolysis of Shenmu coal was performed in fixed-bed reactors indirectly heated by reducing operating pressure and mounting internals in the reactor to explore their synergetic effects on coal pyrolysis. Mounting internals particularly designed greatly improved the heat transfer inside coal bed and raised the yield of tar production.Reducing pressure further facilitated the production of tar through its suppression of secondary reactions occurring in the reactor. The absolute increase in tar yield reached 3.33 wt% in comparison with the pyrolysis in the reactor without internals under atmospheric pressure. The obtained tar yield in the reactor with internals under reduced pressure was even higher than the yield of Gray–King assay. Through experiments in a laboratory fixed bed reactor, it was also clarified that the effect of reducing pressure is related to volatile release rate in pyrolysis. It did not obviously vary tar yield at pyrolysis temperatures below 600 ℃, while the effect was evident at 650 and 700 ℃ but became limited again above 800 ℃. Under reduced pressure the produced tar contained more aliphatics and phenols but less aromatics.
文摘大规模安全约束机组组合(security constrained unit commitment,SCUC)问题的混合整数线性规划(mixed integer linear programming,MILP)模型因其高维、非凸的特点导致求解困难,尤其在考虑故障态安全约束后模型规模骤增,MILP算法常遇到收敛间隙下降瓶颈问题。为满足现货市场出清对SCUC问题求解时间的要求,提出了基于热启动的快速求解方法,从待求模型的一个可行解出发,根据节点边际电价和机组收益分析进行整数变量固定,同时削减无约束力的安全约束,以缩减模型规模,加快收敛进程。仿真结果表明:所提方法能够大幅缩减SCUC模型规模,尤其对于考虑故障态安全约束的大规模SCUC问题,能有效克服收敛间隙下降瓶颈问题,求解效率提高特别显著。
文摘从某铀矿山周边土壤中富集分离出一株硫酸盐还原菌A1_(S)XC21Q,研究了该菌株在不同pH、温度、SO_(4)^(2-)浓度下的脱硫和固铀性能,及其固铀产物的稳定性。结果表明:pH升高有利于该菌对SO_(4)^(2-)和铀的去除,初始pH为5.5~7.0条件下,SO_(4)^(2-)和铀的去除率均可达到95%以上;初始SO_(4)^(2-)浓度增加会降低菌株对SO_(4)^(2-)和铀的去除率,但在SO_(4)^(2-)浓度为2000 mg/L条件下,SO_(4)^(2-)和铀的去除率仍可达到75.42%和50.57%;温度升高可显著加速SO_(4)^(2-)和铀的去除,25~35℃条件下,SO_(4)^(2-)和铀的去除率均达到95%左右;A1 S XC21Q菌株可将富集于其表面的铀转移到细胞内部并形成多个“核状”磷酸铀酰络合物,形成的固铀产物稳定。从A1 S XC21Q菌脱硫固铀效果及其固铀产物稳定性来看,该菌有望用于后续酸法地浸铀矿山退役采区地下水生物修复技术试验研究中。
基金supported by the Research on Key Technologies and Typical Applications of Big Data in Railway Production and Operation(P2023S006)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2022JBZY023).
文摘It is of great significance to improve the efficiency of railway production and operation by realizing the fault knowledge association through the efficient data mining algorithm.However,high utility quantitative frequent pattern mining algorithms in the field of data mining still suffer from the problems of low time-memory performance and are not easy to scale up.In the context of such needs,we propose a related degree-based frequent pattern mining algorithm,named Related High Utility Quantitative Item set Mining(RHUQI-Miner),to enable the effective mining of railway fault data.The algorithm constructs the item-related degree structure of fault data and gives a pruning optimization strategy to find frequent patterns with higher related degrees,reducing redundancy and invalid frequent patterns.Subsequently,it uses the fixed pattern length strategy to modify the utility information of the item in the mining process so that the algorithm can control the length of the output frequent pattern according to the actual data situation and further improve the performance and practicability of the algorithm.The experimental results on the real fault dataset show that RHUQI-Miner can effectively reduce the time and memory consumption in the mining process,thus providing data support for differentiated and precise maintenance strategies.
文摘Here we derive Newton’s and Einstein’s gravitational results for any mass less than or equal to a Planck mass. All of the new formulas presented in this paper give the same numerical output as the traditional formulas. However, they have been rewritten in a way that gives a new perspective on the formulas when working with gravity at the level of the subatomic world. To rewrite the well-known formulas in this way could make it easier to understand the strengths and weaknesses in Newton’s and Einstein’s gravitation formulas at the subatomic scale, potentially opening them up for new important interpretations and extensions. For example, we suggest that the speed of gravity equal to that of light is actually embedded and hidden inside of Newton’s gravitational formula.