This paper shall show an economic feasible approach to implement greenhouse gas(GHG) reduction measures into steel companies. The goal to improve energy consumption is directly linked to the reduction of GHG emissions...This paper shall show an economic feasible approach to implement greenhouse gas(GHG) reduction measures into steel companies. The goal to improve energy consumption is directly linked to the reduction of GHG emissions and therefore directly in correlation with the economic viability. A baseline scenario of the considered reference system and of the respective reference year has to be defined, mapped and analysed. In a second step an analysis of the same operation using available and prospected best available technology (BAT) processes is carried out to generate a basis for a benchmark system. The identified reduction potentials are reported and the GHG emission reductions are put into relation to the investment cost of the new process technologies/process adaption to be implemented.This economic feasibility calculation is necessary to realise a cost efficient GHG reduction roadmap implementation into the company's business operations. The GHG reduction roadmap is developed using the abatement curve concept to get an indication of ' low hanging fruits' and for establishing a sequence for implementing carbon emission reductions measures. The scope of that approach can be extended by including further important environmental parameters like NOx, SO_2,CO,dust,heavy metal emissions in air as well as production residues.That gives in the end a broader picture and more starting points to improve the overall environmental performance of steel producing companies beyond the GHG emissions and energy consumption.展开更多
This article describes an analysis of the energy and economic impacts of possible energy efficiency standards for room air conditioners on both U.S. consumers and the nation as a whole. We used two metrics to determin...This article describes an analysis of the energy and economic impacts of possible energy efficiency standards for room air conditioners on both U.S. consumers and the nation as a whole. We used two metrics to determine the effect of standards on a representative sample of U.S. consumers: life-cycle cost change and payback period. For the national impact analysis, we evaluated national energy savings attributable to each potential standard, the monetary value of the energy savings to consumers of room air conditioners, the increased total installed costs because of standards, and the net present value of the difference between the value of energy savings and increased total installed costs. Our analysis indicates that standards for room air conditioners at efficiency level 3, which is 17% more efficient than today’s typical unit in the case of room air conditioners less than 6000 Btu/h with louvers and 12% more efficient in the case of room air conditioners 8000 - 13,999 Btu/h with louvers, would save close to one quad of energy over 30 years and have a net present value of consumer benefit of between ?$0.14 billion and $1.82 billion, depending on the discount rate. In addition, such standards would reduce carbon dioxide emissions and NOx emissions.展开更多
In this paper, regulatory and optimum programming model has been adopted. Considering the costs of emission reduction, supervision and penalty, we went all out to analyze the optimal decision of cost efficiency of reg...In this paper, regulatory and optimum programming model has been adopted. Considering the costs of emission reduction, supervision and penalty, we went all out to analyze the optimal decision of cost efficiency of regulators when implementing these three policy instruments: carbon emission standards, carbon emission trading permissions, and carbon taxes as well. Its result has indicated: In strict accordance with control target of total carbon emissions, regulators are willing to render social and economic cost able to achieve the goal of optimal cost efficiency by regulating carbon emission standards and supervising marginal cost caused by variations in the probability; fortunately, under the conditions of low supervisory cost and certain criteria which is met, the implementation of carbon emission trading permissions could provide social and economic cost with opportunities to realize that objective; through comparative analysis, carbon emission trading permissions have the advantages of higher efficiency than carbon emission standards on the premise of incomplete information. During the implementation of carbon taxes strategy, when there exists uncertainty information in the enterprises reduction behaviors, the condition which enterprises can fully comply with is the tax rate level is not higher than marginal penalty function; the tax rate level of enterprises perfect compliance ought not to be lower than the division of marginal penalty cost and marginal supervisory cost. The optimal strategy of enterprises imperfect compliance is that regulators varying the marginal cost of emission standards is equal to varying that of supervisory probability.展开更多
The </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">development of photovoltaics (PV)-powered vehicles are expected to contribute to reduce CO</span&...The </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">development of photovoltaics (PV)-powered vehicles are expected to contribute to reduce CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> emission of vehicles and create </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">a </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">clean energy society. This paper presents </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">impact of high-efficiency solar cell modules on reduction in CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> emission, charging cost reduction for electric vehicles</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and reducing storage capacity of PV-powered electric vehicles. In this paper, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">effects of solar cell module efficiency upon driving distance of PV-powered vehicles are also shown. Especially, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">potential of Si tandem solar cells for PV-powered vehicle application</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> is discussed. This paper presents that the III-V/Si 3-junction solar cell modules with an efficiency of more than 37% have </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">potential of longer driving distance of 30 km/day average and more than 50 km/day on a clear day compared to </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">an </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">average 16 km/day driving by vehicles powered by 20% efficiency Si solar cell modules.展开更多
文摘This paper shall show an economic feasible approach to implement greenhouse gas(GHG) reduction measures into steel companies. The goal to improve energy consumption is directly linked to the reduction of GHG emissions and therefore directly in correlation with the economic viability. A baseline scenario of the considered reference system and of the respective reference year has to be defined, mapped and analysed. In a second step an analysis of the same operation using available and prospected best available technology (BAT) processes is carried out to generate a basis for a benchmark system. The identified reduction potentials are reported and the GHG emission reductions are put into relation to the investment cost of the new process technologies/process adaption to be implemented.This economic feasibility calculation is necessary to realise a cost efficient GHG reduction roadmap implementation into the company's business operations. The GHG reduction roadmap is developed using the abatement curve concept to get an indication of ' low hanging fruits' and for establishing a sequence for implementing carbon emission reductions measures. The scope of that approach can be extended by including further important environmental parameters like NOx, SO_2,CO,dust,heavy metal emissions in air as well as production residues.That gives in the end a broader picture and more starting points to improve the overall environmental performance of steel producing companies beyond the GHG emissions and energy consumption.
文摘This article describes an analysis of the energy and economic impacts of possible energy efficiency standards for room air conditioners on both U.S. consumers and the nation as a whole. We used two metrics to determine the effect of standards on a representative sample of U.S. consumers: life-cycle cost change and payback period. For the national impact analysis, we evaluated national energy savings attributable to each potential standard, the monetary value of the energy savings to consumers of room air conditioners, the increased total installed costs because of standards, and the net present value of the difference between the value of energy savings and increased total installed costs. Our analysis indicates that standards for room air conditioners at efficiency level 3, which is 17% more efficient than today’s typical unit in the case of room air conditioners less than 6000 Btu/h with louvers and 12% more efficient in the case of room air conditioners 8000 - 13,999 Btu/h with louvers, would save close to one quad of energy over 30 years and have a net present value of consumer benefit of between ?$0.14 billion and $1.82 billion, depending on the discount rate. In addition, such standards would reduce carbon dioxide emissions and NOx emissions.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71503178)
文摘In this paper, regulatory and optimum programming model has been adopted. Considering the costs of emission reduction, supervision and penalty, we went all out to analyze the optimal decision of cost efficiency of regulators when implementing these three policy instruments: carbon emission standards, carbon emission trading permissions, and carbon taxes as well. Its result has indicated: In strict accordance with control target of total carbon emissions, regulators are willing to render social and economic cost able to achieve the goal of optimal cost efficiency by regulating carbon emission standards and supervising marginal cost caused by variations in the probability; fortunately, under the conditions of low supervisory cost and certain criteria which is met, the implementation of carbon emission trading permissions could provide social and economic cost with opportunities to realize that objective; through comparative analysis, carbon emission trading permissions have the advantages of higher efficiency than carbon emission standards on the premise of incomplete information. During the implementation of carbon taxes strategy, when there exists uncertainty information in the enterprises reduction behaviors, the condition which enterprises can fully comply with is the tax rate level is not higher than marginal penalty function; the tax rate level of enterprises perfect compliance ought not to be lower than the division of marginal penalty cost and marginal supervisory cost. The optimal strategy of enterprises imperfect compliance is that regulators varying the marginal cost of emission standards is equal to varying that of supervisory probability.
文摘The </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">development of photovoltaics (PV)-powered vehicles are expected to contribute to reduce CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> emission of vehicles and create </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">a </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">clean energy society. This paper presents </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">impact of high-efficiency solar cell modules on reduction in CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> emission, charging cost reduction for electric vehicles</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and reducing storage capacity of PV-powered electric vehicles. In this paper, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">effects of solar cell module efficiency upon driving distance of PV-powered vehicles are also shown. Especially, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">potential of Si tandem solar cells for PV-powered vehicle application</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> is discussed. This paper presents that the III-V/Si 3-junction solar cell modules with an efficiency of more than 37% have </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">potential of longer driving distance of 30 km/day average and more than 50 km/day on a clear day compared to </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">an </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">average 16 km/day driving by vehicles powered by 20% efficiency Si solar cell modules.
