The impact of the accumulation of algal blooms on reed wetlands in the littoral zones of Chaohu Lake

In a large eutrophic lake,the littoral zone is normally an area with high-density elevated aquatic plant life,including algal blooms,where the presence of reed wetlands allows the accumulation of algae.In this study,the impact of accumulated algal blooms in reed wetlands in the littoral zone s of Chaohu Lake was investigated seasonally from 2018 to 2019.The concentrations of chlorophyll a(Chl a),total nitrogen(TN),and total phosphorus(TP)were much higher in the reed-covered littoral zones(RCLZ)than in the unvegetated littoral zones(ULZ),indicating that more algal biomass was trapped and accumulated in the RCLZ.Algal biomass could be horizontally transported to downwind littoral zones under low wind speeds,favoring the establishment of blooms.Algal accumulation levels were highest in summer due to high water temperatures and algal biomasses.Likewise,the northern littoral zones were conducive to the development of large algal blooms because of the wind pattern.The values of TN,TP,Chl a,and loss on ignition in surface sediments were higher in the RCLZ than in the ULZ.Moreover,the diffusive fluxes of ammonium and soluble reactive pho sphorus were also higher in the RCLZ than in the ULZ.Considering the capability of reed wetlands to trap algae,mechanical salvage and other physical methods should be adopted to eliminate algal biomass when massive blooms accumulate in the RCLZ.

Performance of a Horizontal Flow Constructed Reed Bed Filter for Municipal Wastewater Treatment: The Case Study of the Prototype Installed at Gaston Berger University, Saint-Louis, Senegal

In Saint-Louis, Senegal, a constructed wetland with horizontal flow reed beds (FHa and FHb) has demonstrated significant efficacy in treating municipal wastewater. Analyzing various treatment stages, the system showed only a slight temperature variation, from an influent average of 26.3°C to an effluent of 24.7°C. Electrical conductivity decreased from 1331 mS/cm to 974.5 mS/cm post-primary treatment, with suspended solids (SS) dramatically reduced from 718.9 mg/L to 5.7 mg/L in the final effluent. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) saw a notable decrease, from initial levels of 655.6 mg/L and 1240 mg/L to 2.3 mg/L and 71.3 mg/L, respectively. Nitrogenous compounds (N-TN) and phosphates () also decreased significantly, indicating the system’s nutrient removal capacity. Microbiological analysis revealed a reduction in fecal coliforms from 7.5 Ulog/100ml to 1.8 Ulog/100ml and a complete elimination of helminth eggs. The presence of Phragmites and Typha was instrumental in enhancing these reductions. The system’s compliance with the Senegalese standards for disposal into natural environments, WHO recommendations for unrestricted water reuse in irrigation, and the European legislation for water reuse was established. The effluent quality met the stringent criteria for various classes of agricultural reuse, illustrating the system’s potential for sustainable water management. This wetland model presents a robust solution for water-stressed regions, ensuring environmental protection while supporting agricultural needs. The study calls for ongoing research to further refine the system for optimal, reliable wastewater treatment and water resource sustainability.

Effects of Environmental Conditions and Aboveground Biomass on CO2 Budget in Phragmites australis Wetland of Jiaozhou Bay,China

Estuarial saline wetlands have been recognized as a vital role in CO_2 cycling.However,insufficient attention has been paid to estimating CO_2 fluxes from estuarial saline wetlands.In this study,the static chamber-gas chromatography(GC) method was used to quantify CO_2 budget of an estuarial saline reed(Phragmites australis) wetland in Jiaozhou Bay in Qingdao City of Shandong Province,China during the reed growing season(May to October) in 2014.The CO_2 budget study involved net ecosystem CO_2 exchange(NEE),ecosystem respiration(Reco) and gross primary production(GPP).Temporal variation in CO_2 budget and the impact of air/soil temperature,illumination intensity and aboveground biomass exerted on CO_2 budget were analyzed.Results indicated that the wetland was acting as a net sink of 1129.16 g/m^2 during the entire growing season.Moreover,the values of Reco and GPP were 1744.89 g/m^2 and 2874.05 g/m^2,respectively;the ratio of Reco and GPP was 0.61.Diurnal and monthly patterns of CO_2 budget varied significantly during the study period.Reco showed exponential relationships with air temperature and soil temperature at 5 cm,10 cm,20 cm depths,and soil temperature at 5 cm depth was the most crucial influence factor among them.Meanwhile,temperature sensitivity(Q10) of Reco was negatively correlated with soil temperature.Light and temperature exerted strong controls over NEE and GPP.Aboveground biomass over the whole growing season showed non-linear relationships with CO_2 budget,while those during the early and peak growing season showed significant linear relationships with CO_2 budget.This research provides valuable reference for CO_2 exchange in estuarial saline wetland ecosystem.

Growth pattern of reed in Caogang Lake,Huanghuaihai Plain,China

The researches about reed growth were mainly concentrated on seasonal dynamics, investigation of reed resource, and comparison of different ecotypes of reed. By means of fractal geometric theory of non linear science, the fractal character of growth pattern of reed, for the purpose of quantitatively exploring the mechanism of reed growth was studied. The way to calculate fractal dimension of reed growth is box dimension (BD) and information dimension (ID). The results showed that the difference between two samplings in May and those among three samplings in June and later were not remarkable for both BD or ID. It was noted that the difference between samplings in and after May is significant. It was demonstrated that the fractal dimension of size distribution of reed ranged from 0 6235 to 0 8761 The distribution pattern could be statistically divided as two significant periods: the size of reed is quite well distributed at the beginning of reed growth (fractal dimension>0 8), but is irregular in the middle and later growth season (fractal dimension<0 7). These results are benefit to reach the goal of rational use of reed resources and to protect the biodiversity in wetland ecosystem.

Purification function of the natural wetland in the Liaohe Delta

The estuary wetland is the last barrier for inland pollutants flowing into the sea. The possibility to use the natural wetland, mainly reed marsh and Suaeda heteroptera community as land treatment system to polluted river water was studied. Experimental results indicated that the reed march has a high retention rate to pollutants like COD, N, P and oil. The canal system has high a purification rate to these elements as well. There is also a big potential to use the Suaeda community as a treatment system to exchange water from prawn and crab breeding ponds along the coast. As the pollution problem of coastal seawater has become more and more serious in Eastern China, and Liaohe is among the most seriously polluted 7 rivers in China, this study will greatly contribute to the strategy makers to take suitable reactions.

A Lab-scale Study on the Routes of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal in Gravel-based Reed Bed Systems

The removal of ammonia and phosphorus from an artificial wastewater was studied in two lab-scale reed beds.During batch and continuous operations,it was found that ammonia was removed from the wastewater via a two-step process,sorption inside bed matrices followed by nitrification into nitrite and nitrate.Rapid decrease in the concentration of ammonia in the artificial wastewater was observed during the batch operation,whereas during the continuous operation,which lasted for 39 days,the percentage removal of ammonia decreased gradually with time before stabilizing at around 20%.The efficiency of phosphorus removal exhausted rapidly during the continuous operation,from 39% on the first day of operation to virtually zero after only 5 days.The results suggest that sorption(which may include ion exchange,adsorption,and biomass assimilation) serves as an initial step to remove ammonia and phosphorus from the wastewater,prior to any microbial transformations.

Macroinvertebrate Assemblage Changes as an Indicator of Water Quality of Perennial Endorheic Reed Pans on the Mpumalanga Highveld, South Africa

Reed pans are a very uncommon type of endorheic wetland, and as such the amount of information available is very limited. Thus, they are being impacted on by various agricultural, livestock and other anthropogenic activities. The objectives of this study were to determine the spatial and temporal variations of macroinvertebrate community structures in reed pans and the environmental factors (i.e., water quality) responsible for the maintenance of these structures. Reed pans were studied over four different seasons, during which time subsurface water, sediment and macroinvertebrate samples were collected and analyzed. The reed pans studied showed that the macroinvertebrates were able to reflect various changes in reed pans with regard to seasonal variability and anthropogenic impacts on water quality. These anthropogenic impacts caused the disappearance of sensitive macroinvertebrate taxa and the increase of tolerant macroinvertebrate taxa.

The Design of Treatment Wetlands in the United Kingdom:Successes,Failures,and Alternative Approaches

Constructed wetland was first introduced into the United Kingdom in the middle of 1980s,following a visit by a group of scientist to Western Germany.In the past 2 decades,the applications of constructed wetlands in this country have expanded substantially,due to the demand for green technologies and rising cost of fossil fuel energies.This paper reported a statistical investigation of the performances of 78 horizontal flow wetlands,representatives of such system in the United Kingdom.Alternative design equations,based on organic matter removal efficiency,have been developed from Monod kinetics,and the accuracy and reliability of current and alternative design approaches have been examined.

Kinetic Modelling of the Removal of Seven Common Pollutants in Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands

The main removal mechanisms for the degradations of seven pollutants in wastewater treatment wetlands were analysed,and a mathematical model was established to quantify the removal of each pollutant,based on its main removal mechanisms.Subsurface horizontal flow wetlands were treated as a series of continuous stirred-tank reactors(CSTRs).Kinetic models for the removal of biochemical oxygen demand,chemical oxygen demand,ammonia,total nitrogen and faecal coliforms were established by combining Monod or first-order kinetics with CSTR assumptions.These tentative models account for a wide range of factors that affect wetland performance,but the models have not been proven by experiment data.Depending on the derivation of various coefficients in the models and verification by actual performance data,this study may provide a starting point for an integrated pollutant removal model to be developed,and experimentally verified,thereby making a step forward from the current greenbox'approach of wetland design.

太湖北部湖滨带芦苇湿地夏季水质时空变化特征分析

为了解太湖北部湖滨带芦苇湿地夏季水质时空变化,于2022年6—9月,在芦苇湿地时空分布调查的基础上,分别采集典型湖滨带芦苇湿地表层水体样品,测定pH、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH+4-N)、高锰酸盐指数(COD Mn)、叶绿素a(Chl-a)等水质理化指标,并对湿地水质时空变化特征和水体富营养化状态进行分析。结果表明,所调查的7片芦苇湿地中pH、溶解氧(DO)、电导率(EC)、水温(WT)月间变化差异均极显著(p<0.01),COD Mn月间差异显著(p<0.05),但TN、TP、NH+4-N和Chl-a月间变化无显著差异(p>0.05)。所有水质理化指标在竺山湾、月亮湾、梅梁湾和贡湖湾芦苇湿地间均具有显著差异性(p<0.05)。湿地夏季水体基本呈中度或重度富营养化状态,时间上8月水质最差,地理位置上月亮湾最差。太湖北部湖滨带芦苇湿地水体属于磷限制型,限制磷元素的输入可有效控制湖滨带苇区水体富营养化的程度。

闽江河口湿地围垦稻田对土壤铁碳结合特征的影响

土壤铁氧化物结合态有机碳是有机碳长期维持的主要途径,但其机理研究仍较为薄弱。为探究河口湿地围垦稻田对土壤铁碳结合特征的影响,本研究选择福建省闽江河口天然芦苇湿地与围垦稻田为研究对象,对两种类型土壤中的铁结合态有机碳(Fe-OC)及其相关指标进行测定与分析。结果显示:①芦苇湿地围垦稻田改变了土壤氧化还原过程,显著影响土壤中铁相的转化。围垦后土壤二价铁[Fe(Ⅱ)]、三价铁[Fe(Ⅲ)]、活性总铁含量(HCl-Fe_(t))及Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)分别显著下降了24.68%、52.56%、51.45%、35.68%(P<0.05)。游离态氧化铁(Fe_(d))与无定形态铁(Fe_(o))含量分别显著下降了21.64%和29.24%(P<0.05),络合态铁(Fe_(p))含量则有所增加。②芦苇湿地围垦稻田显著影响土壤碳固存,Fe-OC与土壤有机碳含量(SOC)在围垦稻田后分别显著下降了39.03%和18.42%(P<0.05);芦苇湿地与稻田土壤Fe-OC均主要以吸附途径结合,稻田土壤Fe-OC对土壤有机碳的贡献率(fFe-OC)显著高于芦苇湿地(P<0.05)。③土壤全氮、含水量、电导率、铁以及土壤有机碳、溶解性有机碳与Fe-OC呈显著正相关(P<0.01)。本研究可为退耕还湿、土壤碳增汇提供科学参考。

盐碱湿地水溶性物质对冻融干扰的响应

以松嫩平原盐碱区查干湖湿地土壤为试材,采用模拟冻融培养的方法,研究不同冻融温度、冻融循环次数对土壤水溶性有机碳(WSOC)含量变化及水溶性物质荧光特性的影响,以期揭示盐碱湿地土壤水溶性物质对冻融循环和冻融温度的响应,为评价土壤肥力、资源的合理利用和土壤环境的修复提供参考依据。结果表明:湿地0~20 cm土层的土壤WSOC含量高于20~40 cm土层;冻融干扰对土壤水溶性有机碳含量有显著性影响;随着冻融循环次数的增加,土壤水溶性有机碳含量呈增加的趋势;冻融温度和冻融循环次数交互存在时影响土壤水溶性碳含量变化。不同冻融处理土壤WSOC均由类腐殖质酸组成,-25~5℃冻融温度样品中含有的腐殖酸含量最高;冻融处理影响了土壤水溶性物质的荧光强度,但并未影响土壤水溶性物质的结构变化。

自由表面流人工湿地处理超稠油废水

采用自由表面流芦苇湿地处理超稠油废水 .当芦苇床的水力负荷为 3 3 3cm/d时 ,对于年平均进水COD4 59.1 6mg/L ,石油类 2 7 65mg/L ,BOD53 3 52mg/L ,TN 1 3 74mg/L的超稠油废水 ,该系统的出水指标为COD77 2 1mg/L ,石油类 1 4 2mg/L ,BOD53 90mg/L ,TN 1 60mg/L .去除率分别为 :COD 83 1 8% ,石油类 94 86% ,BOD588 3 7% ,TN 88 3 6% ,pH值由 7 87降至 7.77.处理后的超稠油废水对土壤的污染并不明显 ,对芦苇的生长和材质指标几乎没有影响 .可见 ,自由表面流芦苇湿地深度处理超稠油废水的出水水质稳定 ,耐冲击负荷强 。

芦苇湿地生态系统对造纸废水中铅的净化研究

采集辽宁双台河口芦苇湿地芦苇样品,于沈阳农业大学实验场的试验池内进行了对废水中Pb净化的模拟试验.分析了芦苇生长季内,造纸废水、湿地土壤和芦苇组织中的Pb分布特征.结果表明,芦苇灌溉20%浓度的造纸废水,对Pb的去除率最高;芦苇在拔节期阶段,去除效果最好.对于同一生长期,在10cm水深处Pb的含量最少,净化效果最明显;在10～40cm深度土壤对Pb的热力学吸附差异显著.随着采样深度的增加,土壤在10cm深处对Pb的吸附量最大,净化效果最明显.芦苇组织中Pb的分布特征为,在芦苇整个生长期内,芦苇根组织对Pb的吸收量最大,其次为茎组织,而叶组织对Pb的吸收量最小.

黄河三角洲芦苇湿地生态系统碳、水热通量特征

利用涡度相关法对黄河三角洲芦苇湿地生态系统进行了连续两年的通量观测,对2009—2010年生长季芦苇湿地的净生态系统碳交换量(NEE),感热通量(Hs)和潜热通量(LE)数据进行了分析。结果表明,在日尺度上,芦苇湿地NEE日变化特征表现为两个CO2吸收高峰,分别出现在11:00和16:00左右,其特点是在午间出现了碳交换通量的降低。CO2吸收的日最大值在两个生长季出现的时间有所不同,分别出现在2009年7月(-0.30 mg CO2m-2s-1)和2010年6月(-0.37 mg CO2m-2s-1)。CO2排放的日最大值两个生长季均出现在9月,分别为0.19和0.25 mg CO2m-2s-1。Hs和LE的日动态均为单峰型,极值都出现在中午前后,生长季生态系统的能量消耗主要以潜热为主,且在日尺度上,热通量和NEE有显著的负相关关系。在季节尺度上,芦苇湿地生长季具有明显的碳汇功能,2009年生长季生态系统白天固定354.63 g CO2/m2,同时期夜间释放159.24 g CO2/m2,净CO2吸收量为-195.39 g CO2/m2。2009年整个生长季生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)为-651.13 g CO2/m2,生态系统呼吸(Re)为455.74 g CO2/m2,系统表现为碳汇。路径分析表明:光合有效辐射(PAR)显著影响NEE的日动态(R2=0.46—0.84),而NEE的季节动态主要受土壤温度的影响,降水和PAR的影响次之。

基于MODIS数据的松嫩平原西部芦苇湿地地上生物量遥感估算

芦苇作为湿地生态系统中重要的群落类型,其地上生物量是衡量湿地生态系统质量的关键指标。应用面向对象的土地覆盖分类技术,基于多季相Landsat8 OLI遥感数据,提取松嫩平原西部芦苇湿地分布信息;依托野外实测芦苇地上生物量数据(AGB)和同期MODIS数据源的NDVI、EVI、RVI、MSAVI和WDVI 5种光谱植被指数,探讨不同光谱植被指数对芦苇AGB的敏感性,进而构建松嫩平原西部芦苇AGB遥感估算最优模型,并进行芦苇AGB遥感反演及空间格局分析。结果表明:2014年松嫩平原西部地区芦苇总面积为1653 km^2,其中扎龙湿地自然保护区内芦苇分布面积最大(1178km^2),占区域芦苇总面积的71.3%;所选取的5种植被指数均与芦苇AGB呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),基于EVI构建的指数曲线模型为松嫩平原西部芦苇AGB反演的最优模型(R2=0.55)。研究区芦苇平均AGB为372.1g/m^2,AGB总量为6.14×105t,其中扎龙湿地自然保护区内芦苇AGB总量为4.38×105t;各保护区芦苇平均AGB由大到小依次为:向海保护区(469.7 g/m^2)>大布苏保护区(454.1 g/m^2)>莫莫格保护区(373.0 g/m^2)>扎龙保护区(372.4 g/m^2)>查干湖保护区(369.8 g/m^2);松嫩平原西部芦苇AGB总体呈现南高北低的分布格局,将为湿地生态系统管理与保护及芦苇资源的合理利用提供科学依据。

黄河三角洲芦苇湿地的恢复

近年来由于人类活动及自然灾害等多种因素的影响,黄河三角洲芦苇湿地生态系统的健康受到威胁,出现不同程度的退化。为进一步研究2002年开始实施的湿地恢复工程,选择未恢复区、恢复区比较其水、植被、土壤等生态特征,结合野外调查及实验分析数据,结果显示至2005年7月恢复区湿地水域面积比例增加,水质得到明显改善,植被群落呈正向演替,土壤达到中、轻度盐化土水平,水禽种类增加,生物多样性更加丰富。研究结果表明,以恢复湿地水文条件为核心措施的湿地恢复方案具有可行性。研究对于黄河三角洲其他类型湿地的恢复及改善其生态功能具有指导作用。

芦苇湿地温室气体甲烷(CH_4)排放研究

用封闭式箱法对辽河三角洲芦苇湿地温室气体 CH4 的观测结果表明 ,其排放有明显的季节变化规律。淹水前 ,土壤为 CH4 汇。淹水期间 ,有大量的 CH4 排放。排水后 ,CH4 排放明显减少。在测定期内 ,CH4 排放通量为 -968～2 73 4 μg CH4 l/ (m2· h)。另外 ,土壤中产生的 CH4 主要是通过芦苇植株的传输作用进入到大气中。试验结果还表明 ,有芦苇生长的湿地 CH4 排放是无芦苇生长的 1 5倍。同时 ,建议芦苇田应采用间歇灌溉的水分管理措施 ,这样既能促进植株生长 ,又能减少 CH4

封闭式芦苇湿地处理钻井泥浆的可行性研究

研究了现场中试条件下芦苇湿地处理钻井泥浆的可行性及钻井泥浆对土壤和芦苇等湿地介质的影响 .研究结果表明 :在 7个月的运行期内 ,单位面积钻井泥浆施入量为 5kg m2 ,2 0kg m2 和 40kg m2 的芦苇湿地对矿物油的迁移降解率分别为 :75 %— 85 % ,78%— 90 %和 6 5 %— 90 % ;钻井泥浆中的矿物油对湿地土壤的污染基本局限于表层 ,对深层土壤的污染趋势并不明显 ,一般 40cm以下矿物油含量已低于对照区表层土的背景值 ;钻井泥浆能增加芦苇的生物量 。

水分条件对滨海芦苇湿地土壤微生物多样性的影响

滨海湿地因受河流和海水的交互作用,其土壤氧化还原电位及营养元素等条件复杂且处于不断变化之中,为了阐明此种环境下不同水分条件对滨海芦苇湿地土壤微生物多样性的影响,尤其是对铁还原菌群落结构的影响,作者以黄河三角洲滨海湿地为对象,研究了淹水和非淹水芦苇湿地表层(0~30 cm)土壤理化特性、微生物多样性(采用T-RFLP技术)和培养条件下湿地土壤微生物的Fe(III)还原能力的变化。结果表明,淹水芦苇湿地土壤有机碳、全氮、盐度、Fe(II)含量和pH值显著(P<0.05)高于非淹水芦苇湿地土壤,而淹水芦苇湿地土壤铵态氮含量显著(P<0.05)低于非淹水芦苇湿地。淹水芦苇湿地土壤主要优势细菌和古菌分别为铬还原菌属(Alishewanella)、纤维单胞菌属(Cellulomonas)、鞘脂单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和甲烷杆菌属(Methanobacterium)、甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina);而纤维单胞菌属、食酸菌属(Acidovorax)、地杆菌属(Geobacter)、硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)和甲烷八叠球菌属分别为非淹水芦苇湿地土壤主要优势细菌和古菌。淹水芦苇湿地土壤主要优势铁还原菌为副球菌属(Paracoccus)、地杆菌属、铬还原菌属和硫单胞菌属(Thiomonas),而非淹水芦苇湿地土壤为地杆菌属和固氮螺菌属(Azospira)。说明淹水能增加芦苇湿地土壤细菌、古菌和铁还原菌的多样性。培养条件下,淹水芦苇湿地土壤铁还原菌的还原Fe(III)能力在培养后期(25d后)低于非淹水芦苇湿地,说明淹水条件在一定程度上抑制了芦苇湿地土壤铁还原菌的铁还原能力。