A Reference Vector-Assisted Many-Objective Optimization Algorithm with Adaptive Niche Dominance Relation

It is still a huge challenge for traditional Pareto-dominatedmany-objective optimization algorithms to solve manyobjective optimization problems because these algorithms hardly maintain the balance between convergence and diversity and can only find a group of solutions focused on a small area on the Pareto front,resulting in poor performance of those algorithms.For this reason,we propose a reference vector-assisted algorithmwith an adaptive niche dominance relation,for short MaOEA-AR.The new dominance relation forms a niche based on the angle between candidate solutions.By comparing these solutions,the solutionwith the best convergence is found to be the non-dominated solution to improve the selection pressure.In reproduction,a mutation strategy of k-bit crossover and hybrid mutation is used to generate high-quality offspring.On 23 test problems with up to 15-objective,we compared the proposed algorithm with five state-of-the-art algorithms.The experimental results verified that the proposed algorithm is competitive.

Model Reference Variable Structure Autopilot Design for Homing Missile

To design the control system for some homing missile so that the autopilot can transfer guidance command correctly and be robust to disturbances, such as the measurement noises and parameter variation caused by areodynamic floating. The model reference adaptive control was combined with the variable structure control to design a model reference variable structure (MRVS) control system whose control structure is simple and can be realized easily. The simulation results indicate that MRVS can complete the task of transferring guidance command and suppress the distrubances effectively.

Analysis of Reference Evapotranspiration Change and Its Impact Factors in Australia

[ Objective] To discuss regional response of reference evapotranspiration （ ETo ） to global climate change and its influencing factors. [Method] Penman-Monteith equation was adopted to calculate ET0 in Australia from 1998 to 2007. Spatiotemporal change characteristics were analyzed by using GIS spatial analysis tools and relationships between ETo and main climate factors were also analyzed. [ Resultsl The results showed that multi-year average ET0 increased from the east and south part to the northwest part and inland, and its distribution was consistent with climate zones. Multi-year average ETo of the whole region was 1 750 mm, obtaining minimum and maximum values in 2000 and 2002 respectively. Regional ETo decreased in the order of summer, spring, autumn and winter; January and December got the highest monthly ET0, while June got the lowest value 79.55 mm. ETo positively correlated with mean temperature and solar radiation, R2 for each were 0.83 and 0.94, while the relationship between ETo and average relative humidity was negative, and precipitation had no significant relationship with ET0. [ Conclusion] This research could provide important reference for crop water requirement study and making irrigation method for Australia.

A resistorless CMOS bandgap reference with below 1 V output

This paper proposes a resistorless CMOS bandgap reference (BGR) circuit capable of generating a voltage less than 1V and presents a high performance start up circuit that can make the BGR circuit achieve the correct operation point at power on. The simulation with Hspice was carried out using a 0 25 μm CMOS process. The results indicate that the proposed BGR circuit can operate on a 2 2 to 3 3 V power supply and its output voltage has a variation of 11 mV at -10 to 80 ℃.

The System of Reference and Lexical Cohesion in Newspaper-An Example of Analyzing "Beijing and Shanghai in Race to Attract Top Foreign Talents"

Discourse analysis is gaining its prominence in teaching reading. The paper presents an example of analyzing the system of reference and lexical cohesion of a news report. It demonstrates how to involve discourse analysis into the teaching of newspaper reading in order to make students get a clear framework of reference and lexical cohesion in a functional-grammar-conscious manner.

Defining laboratory reference values and decision limits＇ populations, intervals, and interpretations

This article provides a brief overview of various approaches that may be utilized for the analysis of human semen test results. Reference intervals are the most widely used tool for the interpretation of clinical laboratory results. Reference interval development has classically relied on concepts elaborated by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry Expert Panel on Reference Values during the 1980s. These guidelines involve obtaining and classifying samples from a healthy population of at least 120 individuals and then identifying the outermost 5% of observations to use in defining limits for two-sided or one-sided reference intervals. More recently, decision limits based on epidemiological outcome analysis have also been introduced to aid in test interpretation. The reference population must be carefully defined on the basis of the intended clinical use of the underlying test. To determine appropriate reference intervals for use in male fertility assessment, a reference population of men with documented time to pregnancy of 〈 12 months would be most suitable. However, for epidemiological assessment of semen testing results, a reference population made up ofunselected healthy men would be preferred. Although reference and decision limits derived for individual semen analysis test results will undoubtedly be the interpretational tools of choice in the near future, in the long term, multivariate methods for the interpretation of semen analysis alone or in combination with information from the female partner seem to represent better means for assessing the likelihood of achieving a successful pregnancy in a subfertile couple.

Use of a Land Surface Model to Evaluate the Observed Soil Moisture of Grassland at the Tongyu Reference Site

A land surface model driven by the continuous three-year observed meteorological data with a time interval of 30 minutes at the Tongyu station, a reference site of the Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period （CEOP）, was used to evaluate the observation bias of soil moisture （SM） data and analyze the variation of SM at different time scales. The saline-alkaline soil of the grassland at the Tongyu site makes the measured SM too high, especially in boreal summer of 2003-05. The simulated annual mean SM has the lowest value in 2004 and its three-year variation corresponds to the change of precipitation, whereas the observation shows the increasing trend from 2003 to 2005. Compared to the variation range between -60% and 40% for the anomaly percentage of the simulated daily mean SM during May-October of 2004, the measured data show the higher values more than 40%. The magnitude of the variation trend of the observed daily mean SM in 2003 and 2005 is generally consistent with the simulation. The largest deficiency for the soil moisture observation of the grassland is the overestimated value in the drought year with less precipitation. The simulated monthly mean SM has the lowest value in March due to the large contribution of evaporation relative to precipitation and this phenomenon can not be reproduced in the observation.

A new free-hand pedicle screw placement technique with reference to the supraspinal ligament

We sought to compare the safety and accuracy of a new free-hand pedicle screw placement technique to that of the conventional technique. One hundred fifty-three consecutive adult patients with simple fracture in the tho- racic or/and lumbar spine were alternately assigned to either the new free-hand or the conventional group. In the new free-hand technique group, preoperative computerized tomography （CT） images were used to calculate the targeted medial-lateral angle of each pedicle trajectory and the pedicle screw was inserted perpendicular to the corresponding supraspinal ligament. In the conventional technique group, the medial-lateral and cranial-caudal angle of each pedicle trajectory was determined by intraoperatively under fluoroscopic guidance. The accuracy rate of pedicle screw placement, the time of intraoperative fluoroscopy, the operating time and the amount of blood loss during operation were respectively compared. All screws were analyzed by using intraoperative ra- diographs, intraoperative triggered electromyography （EMG） monitoring data, postoperative CT data and clinical outcomes. The accuracy rate of pedicle screw placement in the new free-hand technique group and the conven- tional technique group was 96.3% and 94.2% （P 〈 0.05）, respectively. The intraoperative fluoroscopy time of the new technique group was less than that of the conventional technique group （5.37 seconds vs. 8.79 seconds, P 〈 0.05）. However, there was no statistical difference in the operating time and the amount of blood loss during op- eration （P 〉 0.05）. Pedicle screw placement with the free-hand technique which keeps the screw perpendicular to the supraspinal ligament is an accurate, reliable and safe technique to treat simple fracture in the thoracic or lum- bar spine.

Temporal variations of reference evapotranspiration and its sensitivity to meteorological factors in Heihe River Basin, China

On the basis of daily meteorological data from 15 meteorological stations in the Heihe River Basin （HRB） during the period from 1959 to 2012, long-term trends of reference evapotranspiration （ET0） and key meteorological factors that affect ET0 were analyzed using the Mann- Kendall test. The evaporation paradox was also investigated at 15 meteorological stations. In order to explore the contribution of key meteo- rological factors to the temporal variation of ET0, a sensitivity coefficient method was employed in this study. The results show that： （1） mean annual air temperature significantly increased at all 15 meteorological stations, while the mean annual ET0 decreased at most of sites; （2） the evaporation paradox did exist in the HRB, while the evaporation paradox was not continuous in space and time; and （3） relative humidity was the most sensitive meteorological factor with regard to the temporal variation of ET0 in the HRB, followed by wind speed, air temperature, and solar radiation. Air temperature and solar radiation contributed most to the temporal variation of ETo in the upper reaches; solar radiation and wind speed were the determining factors for the temporal variation of ET0 in the middle-lower reaches.

Baishideng’s Reference Citation Analysis database announces the first Journal Article Influence Index of 101 core journals and a list of high-quality academic journals in gastroenterology and hepatology

After three rounds of rigorous evaluation of core journals in gastroenterology andhepatology conducted by the Reference Citation Analysis (RCA) editorial team ofBaishideng Publishing Group (Baishideng), the RCA database of Baishidengofficially released the 2022 Journal Article Influence Index (2022 JAII) of 101 corejournals in gastroenterology and hepatology, for the first time. The list of 101 corejournals can be found at: https://www.referencecitationanalysis.com/Search-Journal. Among them, the highest 2022 JAII is 48.014 and the lowest is 3.900. Thisarticle highlights the top 20 journals, describes the calculation method for the 2022JAII, the evaluation process, and the inclusion principles for journals in the RCA.These steps are the underpinning of the RCA’s empirical journal academicevaluation service by which the digital platform addresses the needs of authors toselect reliable journals for submission, readers to select high-quality literature forreading, and editors to track their own journal citation performance. As such, theRCA core journal list will serve as a useful Find-a-Journal tool. Any interestedparty is welcome to use this journal list and recommend it to their peers.

Evaluation of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR analysis of gene expression during early development processes of the tongue sole(Cynoglossus semilaevis)

Differential expression of genes is crucial to growth and development of fish. To select the appropriate genes for gene normalization during Cynoglossus semilaevis early developmental process, eight candidate reference genes （ACTB, B2M, EF1A, GADPH, RPL7, TUBA, UBCE and 18S） were tested for their adequacy by using quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that the expression of all the examined genes exhibited tissue dependent variations in the mature C. semilaevis. EFIA was listed as the most stable reference among the 14 tissues by RefFinder. Furthermore, the recommended comprehensive ranking of the stability determined by RefFinder showed that 18S was the most stable gene during the early developmental stages （from oosphere to 90 days old） in this study. However, when divided the Ct value data of the above mentioned early developmental stages into two separate periods （embryo and post-hatching periods）, TUBA and 18S represented the most stable references of these two developmental periods, respectively. Consequently, the reference gene should be carefully and accurately chosen even for studies of the same species at various developmental processes. The relevant data may help in selecting appropriate reference genes for mRNA expression analysis, and is of great value in the studies of fish growth and development.

An Yb-fiber frequency comb phase-locked to microwave standard and optical reference

We present a fully stabilized Yb-fiber frequency comb locked to a microwave standard and an optical reference separately. The carrier-envelope offset frequency is generated by a standard f–2f interferometer with 40 dB signal-tonoise ratio. The offset frequency and the repetition rate are stabilized simultaneously to the radio frequency reference for more than 30 hours, and the fractional Allan deviation of the comb is the same as the microwave standard of 10^(-12) at 1 s.Alternatively, the comb is locked to an ultra-stable optical reference at 972 nm using an intracavity electro-optic modulator,exhibiting a residual integrated phase noise of 458 mrad(1 Hz–10 MHz) and an in-loop tracking stability of 1.77× 10^(-18) at 1 s, which is significantly raised by six orders comparing to the case locked to the microwave frequency standard.

Normal reference value of hemoglobin of young women and geographical factors in China

A research is conducted on the relationship between the normal reference value of 20,475 examples of hemoglobin of young women and five geographical factors in 208 areas in China, the normal reference value is determined by the hemoglobincyanide method. It is found that the correlation of geographical factors and the normal reference value of hemoglobin of young women are quite significant (F=142.81). By using the method of multiple linear regression analysis, one regression equation is inferred. If geographical values are obtained in some areas, the normal reference value of hemoglobin of young women of this area can be reckoned by using the regression equation. Furthermore, depending on the geographical factors, China can be divided into six regions: Qinghai-Tibet (Qingzang) Plateau, Southwest, Northwest, Southeast, North and Northeast China.

Normal Reference Value of Red Blood Cell Count of Chinese Presenile Men and Geographical Factors

This paper aims at providing a scientific basis for unifying the normal reference value standards of red blood cell count of Chinese presenile men. The paper, using microscopical counting method, studies the relationship between the normal reference values of 38,061 samples of red blood cell count of presenile men and eight geographical factors in 297 units in China. It is found that the correlation of geographical factors and the normal reference value of red blood cell count of presenile men is quite significant （F=303.00, P=-0.000）. By using the method of stepwise regression analysis, one regression equation is inferred. It is concluded that if geographical data are obtained in a certain area, the normal reference value of red blood cell count of presenile men in this area can be reckoned by using the regression analysis. Furthermore, according to the geographical factors, China can be divided into eight regions： Northeast China Region, North China Region, Shanxi-Shaanxi-Irmer Mongolia Region, Middle and Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River Region, Southeast China Region, Northwest China Region, Southwest China Region and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Region.

Accurate and precise determination of lead isotope composition in selected geochemical reference materials

Lead(Pb)isotopes have been extensively employed in tracing sources of Pb and its transport pathways through the environment.However,Pb isotopic ratios in related geochemical reference materials are scarce.Here,we report high-precision Pb isotopic ratios measured by Nu Plasma II MC-ICP-MS using calibrated ^(205)Tl/^(203)Tl=2.38865(NIST SRM 997)for mass discrimination correction.The long-term external precision(2SD)for NISTSRM 981 of Pb,BCR-2,and BHVO-2 are 0.31‰(n=105),0.42‰(n=11),and 0.25‰(n=5)for ^(208)Pb/ ^(206)Pb and 0.16‰,0.53‰,and 0.07‰for ^(206)Pb/ ^(207)Pb,both respectively,and their Pb isotopic ratios are in excellent agreement with the recommended values.Using this method,we report for the first time Pb isotopic compositions in shale SGR-1b(USGS);coal CLB-1(USGS);stream sediments GSD-17,-21,and-23(IGGE);soils GSS-12,-13,-14,-15,and-16(IGGE);plants GSV-1,-2,and-3(IGGE);and human hair GSH-1(IGGE).

Thromboelastographic reference ranges for a cirrhotic patient population undergoing liver transplantation

AIM To describe the thromboelastography(TEG) "reference" values within a population of liver transplant(LT) candidates that underline the differences from healthy patients.METHODS Between 2000 and 2013, 261 liver transplant patients with a model for end-stage liver disease(MELD) score between 15 and 40 were studied. In particular the adult patients(aged 18-70 years) underwent to a first LT with a MELD score between 15 and 40 were included, while all patients with acute liver failure, congenital bleeding disorders, and anticoagulant and/or antiplatelet drug use were excluded. In this population of cirrhotic patients, preoperative haematological and coagulation laboratory tests were collected, and the pretransplant thromboelastographic parameters were studied and compared with the parameters measured in a previously studied population of 40 healthy subjects. The basal TEG parameters analysed in the cirrhotic population of liver candidates were as follows: Reaction time(r), coagulation time(k), Angle-Rate of polymerization of clot(α Angle), Maximum strenght of clot(MA), Amplitudes of the TEG tracing at 30 min and 60 min after MA is measured(A30 and A60), and Fibrinolysis at 30 and 60 min after MA(Ly30 and Ly60). The possible correlation between the distribution of the reference range and the gender, age, MELD score(higher or lower than 20) and indications for transplantation(liver pathology) were also investigated. In particular, a MELD cut-off value of 20 was chosen to verify the possible correlation between the thromboelastographic reference range and MELD score. RESULTS Most of the TEG reference values from patients with end-stage liver disease were significantly different from those measured in the healthy population and were outside the suggested normal ranges in up to 79.3% of subjects. Wide differences were found among all TEG variables, including r(41.5% of the values), k(48.6%), α(43.7%), MA(79.3%), A30(74.4%) and A60(80.9%), indicating a prevailing trend to hypocoagulability. The differences between the mean TEG values obtained from healthy subjects and the cirrhotic population were statistically significant for r(P = 0.039), k(P < 0.001), MA(P < 0.001), A30(P < 0.001), A60(P < 0.001) and Ly60(P = 0.038), indicating slower and less stable clot formation in the cirrhotic patients. In the cirrhotic population, 9.5% of patients had an r value shorter than normal, indicating a tendency for faster clot formation. Within the cirrhotic patient population, gender, age and the presence of hepatocellular carcinoma or alcoholic cirrhosis were not significantly associated with greater clot firmness or enhanced whole blood clot formation, whereas greater clot strength was associated with a MELD score < 20, hepatitis C virus and cholestaticrelated cirrhosis(P < 0.001; P = 0.013; P < 0.001).CONCLUSION The range and distribution of TEG values in cirrhotic patients differ from those of healthy subjects, suggesting that a specific thromboelastographic reference range is required for liver transplant candidates.

Identification of reference genes provides functional insights into meiotic recombination suppressors in Gerbera hybrida

Gerbera Hybrida is one of the important cut flowers across the world.The novel traits are the primarily market requirements and the breeding targets,mainly determined by the degree of genetic variation after hybridization.However,meiotic recombination is highly conserved in most eukaryotes which suppressed the crossover formation and limited the genetic diversity.Recently,several meiotic recombination suppressors have been identified and characterized in plants,whereas it remains elusive in G.hybrida.In order to characterize the expression patterns of these suppressors in G.hybrida,20 candidate reference genes were identified from the transcriptome datasets of G.hybrida,and their expression stabilities during plant development were evaluated by geNorm,NormFinder and BestKeeper.Although the most stable reference genes were variable in different softwares,comprehensive ranking revealed that PGK2 was the most stable reference gene and GAPDH was the most unstable one.The expression patterns of FANCM,FIGL1,RECQ4,RM1,and FLIP further validated that PGK2 was suitable for normalization of gene expression.Our study identified a reliable reference gene for gene expression during meiotic recombination,and provided functional insights into meiotic recombination suppressors in G.hybrida.

A comprehensive evaluation of factors affecting the accuracy of pig genotype imputation using a single or multi-breed reference population

Genotype imputation has become an indispensable part of genomic data analysis. In recent years, imputation based on a multi-breed reference population has received more attention, but the relevant studies are scarce in pigs. In this study, we used the Illumina Porcine SNP50 Bead Chip to investigate the variations of imputation accuracy with various influencing factors and compared the imputation performance of four commonly used imputation software programs. The results indicated that imputation accuracy increased as either the validation population marker density, reference population sample size, or minor allele frequency(MAF) increased. However, the imputation accuracy would have a certain extent of decrease when the pig reference population was a mixed group of multiple breeds or lines. Considering both imputation accuracy and running time, Beagle 4.1 and FImpute are excellent choices among the four software packages tested. This work visually presents the impacts of these influencing factors on imputation and provides a reference for formulating reasonable imputation strategies in actual pig breeding.

Sensitivity of Medium-Range Weather Forecasts to the Use of Reference Atmosphere

In this paper, the authors develop the earlier work of Chen Jiabin et al. (1986). In order to reduce spectral truncation errors, the reference atmosphere has been introduced in ECMWF model, and the spectrally-represented variables, temperature, geopotential height and orography, are replaced by their deviations from the reference atmosphere. Two modified semi- implicit schemes have been proposed to alleviate the computational instability due to the introduction of reference atmosphere. Concerning the deviation of surface geopotential height from reference atmosphere, an exact computational formulation has been used instead of the approximate one in the earlier work. To re duce aliasing errors in the computations of the deviation of the surface geopotential height, a spectral fit has been used slightly to modify the original Gaussian grid-point values of orography.A series of experiments has been performed in order to assess the impact of the reference atmosphere on ECMWF medium- range forecasts at the resolution T21, T42 and T63. The results we have obtained reveal that the reference atmosphere introduced in ECMWF spectral model is generally beneficial to the mean statistical scores of 1000-200 hPa height 10-day forecasts over the globe. In the Southern Hemisphere, it is a clear improvement for T21, T42 and T63 throughout the 10-day forecast period. In the Northern Hemisphere, the impact of the reference atmos phere on anomaly correlation is positive for resolution T21, a very slightly damaging at T42 and almost neutral at T63 in the range of day 1 to day 4. Beyond the day 4 there is a clear improvement at all resolutions.

Transcriptome-Wide Identification and Validation of Reference Genes in Black Rockfish(Sebastes schlegelii)

The quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR(qRT-PCR)is a widely used technique to analyze gene expression levels.Selecting a suitable reference gene is a crucial step to obtain an accurate result in qRT-PCR.However,most previous studies on fishes adopted reference genes that were commonly used in mammals without validation.In this study,we utilized 89 transcrip-tome datasets covering early developmental stages and different adult tissues,and carried out transcriptome-wide identification and validation of reference genes in Sebastes schlegelii.Finally,121 candidate reference genes were identified based on four criteria.Eight candidates(METAP2,BTF3L4,EIF5A1,TCTP,UBC,PAIRB,RAB10,and DLD)and four commonly used reference genes in mam-mals(TUBA,ACTB,GAPDH,RPL17)were selected for validation via qRT-PCR and four statistical analysis methods(delta-Ct,Best-Keeper,geNorm,and NormFinder).The results indicated that when the black rockfish are cultured in a general condition,the eight candidate reference genes are more stable than traditional reference genes in mammals,and RAB10,EIF5A1,PAIRB and BTF3L4 are the best reference genes in rockfish.This is the first study to conduct transcriptome-wide identification and validation of reference genes for quantitative RT-PCR in the black rockfish,and lay an important foundation for gene expression analysis in teleost.