Transient Heat Transfer Study of Direct Contact Condensation of Steam in Spray Cooling Water

We conducted a transient experimental investigation of steam–water direct contact condensation in the absence of noncondensible gas in a laboratory-scale column with the inner diameter of 325 mm and the height of 1045 mm. We applied a new analysis method for the steam state equation to analyze the molar quantity change in steam over the course of the experiment and determined the transient steam variation. We also investigated the influence of flow rates and temperatures ofcooling water on the efficiency ofsteam condensation. Our experimental results show that appropriate increasing of the cooling water flow rate can significantly accelerate the steam condensation. We achieved a rapid increase in the total volumetric heat transfer coefficient by increasing the flow rate of cooling water, which indicated a higher thermal convection between the steam and the cooling water with higher flow rates. We found that the temperature ofcooling water did not play an important role on steam condensation. This method was confirmed to be effective for rapid recovering ofsteam.

Experimental Investigation on Heat Transfer Coefficient during Upward Flow Condensation of R410A in Vertical Smooth Tubes

This paper presents an experimental investigation on condensation of R410 A upward flow in vertical tubes with the same inner diameter of 8.02 mm and different lengths of 300 mm, 400 mm, 500 mm and 600 mm. Condensation experiments were performed at mass fluxes of 103-490 kg m-2s-1. The saturation temperatures of experimental condition were 31℃, 38℃and 48℃, alternatively. The average vapor quality in the test section is between 0.91 and 0.98. The effects of tube length, mass flux and condensation temperature on condensation were discussed. Four correlations used for the upward flow condensation were compared with the experimental data obtained from various experimental conditions. A modified correlation was proposed within a ±15% deviation range.

Numerical Simulation of Direct-contact Condensation from a Supersonic Steam Jet in Subcooled Water

The phenomenon of direct-contact condensation,used in steam driven jet injectors,nuclear reactor emergency core cooling systems and direct-contact heat exchangers,was investigated computationally by introducing a thermal equilibrium model for direct-contact condensation of steam in subcooled water.The condensation model presented was a two resistance model which takes care of the heat transfer process on both sides of the interface and uses a variable steam bubble diameter.The injection of supersonic steam jet in subcooled water tank was simulated using the Euler-Euler multiphase flow model of Fluent 6.3 code with the condensation model incorporated. The findings of the computational fluid dynamics（CFD） simulations were compared with the published experimental data and fairly good agreement was observed between the two,thus validating the condensation model.The results of CFD simulations for dimensionless penetration length of steam plume varies from 2.73-7.33,while the condensation heat transfer coefficient varies from 0.75-0.917 MW·（m ^2 ·K）^ -1 for water temperature in the range of 293-343 K.

Research on the effect of Reynolds correlation in natural convection film condensation

Film condensation is a vital phenomenon in the nuclear engineering applications,such as the gas-steam pressurizer design,and heat removing on containment in the case of postulated accident.Reynolds number in film condensation can be calculated from either the mass relation or the energy relation,but few researches have distinguished the difference between them at present.This paper studies the effect of Reynolds correlation in the natural convection film condensation on the outer tube.The general forms of the heat transfer coefficient correlation of film condensation are developed in different flow regimes.By simultaneously solving a set of the heat transfer coefficient correlations with Re_(mass) and Re_(energy),the general expressions for Re_(mass) and Re_(energy) and the relation between the corresponding heat transfer coefficients are obtained.In the laminar and wavefree flow regime,Re_(mass) and Re_(energy) are equivalent,while in the laminar and wavy flow regime,Re_(mass) is much smaller than Re_(energy),and the deviation of the corresponding average heat transfer coefficients is about 30% at the maximum.In the turbulent flow regime,the relation of Re_(mass) and Re_(energy)is greatly influenced by Prandtl number.The relative deviation of their average heat transfer coefficients is the nonlinear function of Reynolds number and Prandtl number.Compared with experimental results,the heat transfer coefficient calculated from Re_(energy) is more accurate.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CONDENSATION HEAT TRANSFER CHA- RACTERISTICS OF HORIZONTAL TUBE BUNDLES IN VACUUM STATES

TO develop an excellent heat transfer element under the vacuum condition, experiments about the heat transfer performance of horizontal tube bundles of different materials under various vacuum conditions were carried out, including the stainless steel tube, the brass tube, the Ni-based implanted steel tube and the ion implanted brass tube. The relative trends show that the condensation heat transfer coefficient and the overall heat transfer coefficient of bundles of four materials all increase with the vacuum degree, especially, those of the Ni-based implanted steel tube and the ion implanted brass tube. Under a high vacuum condition （0.07 MPa）, the condensation heat transfer coefficient of the Ni-based implanted steel tube bundle is about 1.4 times of that of the stainless steel tube bundle, the condensation heat transfer coefficient of the ion implanted brass tube bundle is found to be about 1.3 times of that of the common brass tube bundle. Therefore, according to the condensation heat transfer characteristics studied under high vacuum conditions, it is believed that a dropwise condensation is partly achieved on the surface of these two implanted tube bundles, and the ion implantation is shown to be an effective method to achieve the dropwise condensation. Based on this study, it is believed that the Ni-based steel tube may replace the brass tube, which is more expensive as a heat transfer component.

The Heat Transfer Coefficients of the Heating Surface of 300 MWe CFB Boiler

A study of the heat transfer about the heating surface of three commercial 300 MWe CFB boilers was conducted in this work. The heat transfer coefficients of the platen heating surface, the external heat exchanger (EHE) and cyclone separator were calculated according to the relative operation data at different boiler loads. Moreover, the heat transfer coefficient of the waterwall was calculated by heat balance of the hot circuit of the CFB boiler. With the boiler capacity increasing, the heat transfer coefficients of these heating surface increases, and the heat transfer coefficient of the water wall is higher than that of the platen heating surface. The heat transfer coefficient of the EHE is the highest in high boiler load, the heat transfer coefficient of the cyclone separator is the lowest. Because the fired coal is different from the design coal in No.1 boiler, the ash content of the fired coal is much lower than that of the design coal. The heat transfer coefficients which calculated with the operation data are lower than the previous design value and that is the reason why the bed temperature is rather high during the boiler operation in No.1 boiler.

Experiment of Flow Regime Map and Local Condensing Heat Transfer Coefficients Inside Three Dimensional Inner Microfin Tubes

This paper developed a new type of three dimensional inner microfin tube. The experimental results of the flow patterns for the horizontal condensation inside these tubes are reported in the paper. The flow patterns for the horizontal condensation inside the new made tubes are divided into annular flow, stratified flow and intermittent flow within the test conditions. The experiments of the local heat transfer coefficients for the different flow patterns have been systematically carried out. The experiments of the local heat transfer coefficients changing with the vapor dryness fraction have also been carried out. As compared with the heat transfer coefficients of the two dimensional inner microfin tubes, those of the three dimensional inner microfin tubes increase 47-127% for the annular flow region, 38-183% for the stratified flow and 15-75% for the intermittent flow, respectively. The enhancement factor of the local heat transfer coefficients is from 1.8-6.9 for the vapor dryness fraction from 0.05 to 1.

n-Octadecanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayer Coating with Microscopic Roughness for Dropwise Condensation of Steam

Here we presented a novel technology to achieve a Super-hydrophobic coating with microscopic roughness on copper surface. First, make a layer of verdigris grow on the fresh pure copper surface. Gain it by exposing the copper to air and the mist of acetic acid solution. The green coating is a mixture of basic copper（II） carbonate and copper（II） acetate. Second heat the coating and make it decompose to CuO. Lastly, form an n-octadecanethiol self-assembled monolayers coating on the outermost surface. Contact angle test, scanning electron microscope analysis and electrochemical testing were carded out to characterize the surface, and a heat transfer experiment for dropwise condensation of steam was performed also. Results show that the modified surface bears a few Super-hydrophobic features, the static contact angle is higher than that in literatures, reaching 153.1±1.7°. The microscopic roughness can be seen in SEM images, differing much from H2O2 etched surface and bare copper surface. The condensation of steam on the surface is a typical form of dropwise condensation, in the measured range of temperature difference, under 0.1 MPa, the average convection heat transfer coefficients of the vertical surface are 1.7-2.1 times for those of film condensation. At the same time, the inhibition efficiency of surface is improved to some extent comparing with the same kind of SAMs, which suggests that the lifetime of maintenance dropwise condensation would have the possibility to surpass the existing record.

自然对流下蒸汽凝结表面传热系数测定实验装置研制

自然对流下蒸汽凝结表面传热系数测定实验是将蒸汽通过一组表面状态各不相同的管道,测定管道在大空间空气介质中自然冷却过程中的蒸汽凝结表面传热系数。由于管道的材质、几何形状、接触方式及管外空气流动状况都会不同程度地影响换热效果,因此测定每根管道的表面传热系数值,可条理性和系统性地分析影响传热过程的各因素。该文设计了自然对流下蒸汽凝结表面传热系数测定实验装置,可开展管道材质、肋片结构、管道横截面几何形状、管道保温材料对传热系数的影响实验研究。应用实践表明,实验项目内容全面,提高了学生的课堂积极性,具有良好的教学效果。

采用集中发球的凝汽器清洗系统改造与评估

为解决凝汽器严重结垢的问题,采用集中发球技术对其清洗系统进行了改造。改造中,胶球发送采用间歇集中发球方式,由压缩空气驱动;胶球收集采用V型活动网板漏斗式收球网,由排污泵驱动。对改造后系统进行了性能测试。结果表明,改造后胶球清洗系统的收球数为8700~9000个,收球率由改造前的55%~70%增加到96%~99%;改造后凝汽器传热系数增加21%,清洁系数增加22%,传热端差降低1.05℃,冷却水出口温度降低0.5℃,凝汽器压力降低0.36 kPa,真空度降幅为7.9%,凝汽器温度降低1.6℃,机组煤耗降低1.2 g/(kW·h)。本集中发球式胶球清洗系统提高了凝汽器传热性能及机组发电效率。

复合绝缘子无溢流覆冰增长数值模拟及自然覆冰试验验证

绝缘子覆冰对电力系统的安全可靠运行构成了严重威胁。目前,主要从试验角度定性解释伞裙结构对绝缘子覆冰形态、覆冰量的影响,少有基于覆冰增长机理的冰形数值模拟研究。因此以FXBW-35/70为研究对象,基于流体力学和热力学原理,计算分析了绝缘子表面冻结系数和对流换热系数的变化规律,建立了绝缘子无溢流覆冰增长三维数值模型,并进行了自然覆冰试验验证。结果表明,冻结系数随着温度、水滴直径和液态水含量的升高而降低;对流换热系数随着风速的增大而增大。绝缘子无溢流覆冰增长方向与位置有关,杆径覆冰主要沿径向增长,而伞裙边缘覆冰沿径向和轴向2个方向增长。模型计算得到的绝缘子覆冰特征参数与试验的误差均在15%以内,验证了模型的有效性。

R513A在水平螺纹管内冷凝换热性能与压降

为研究R513A在内螺纹管中的冷凝换热性能与流动特性,通过实验对R513A在外径为12.7 mm和9.52 mm的光滑管和内螺纹管中的冷凝换热系数和压降进行分析,实验工况为:质量流速50—270 kg/(m^(2)·s),冷凝温度33、35、38、40℃。结果表明:R513A与R134a在光滑管内的冷凝换热系数差值为-18.8%—-25.5%,在螺纹管内差值为-5.5%—0.8%,螺纹管对于R513A的管内冷凝换热效果的增强更为显著;R513A的压降比R134a低5.6%—17.8%;随着管径的减小,R513A的管内冷凝换热系数和压降均增大。Oliver关联式对所测试螺纹管的管内冷凝换热系数的预测精度最高,平均误差值约为14.56%;对于管内压降的预测,所选关联式的计算结果与部分实验值存在较大误差;新拟合的压降关联式对R513A在内螺纹管内冷凝的压降预测结果较好,95.32%的数据点在30%误差线之内。

倾斜微肋管内两相流动冷凝换热特性研究

用实验方法对倾斜微肋管内两相流动冷凝换热特性进行实验研究,主要分析管内传热系数在不同实验工况、微肋管中的变化趋势,以揭示各实验变量对管内换热特性的影响机理,获取管内传热系数理论模型。实验结果显示:微肋管内传热系数随质流密度和干度的增加而增大,随管倾斜角的增大呈现先升高后减小的变化趋势;相比于光滑管,40°微肋管和25°微肋管换热强化倍率随干度的增加而增大、随倾斜角的增加而减小。此外,现有关联式低估了大部分实验数据,其预测误差均随干度、肋片螺旋角等的升高而增大。基于实验数据所获取新关联式可对40°微肋管和25°微肋管表现出较好的预测效果,其平均预测误差小于7%。

基于CNN-BiGRU-AT的凝汽器传热系数预测

以掌握凝汽器传热性能为目标,采用基于CNN-BiGRU-AT(基于注意力机制的卷积神经网络和双向门控循环单元)的模型对凝汽器传热系数进行预测。以某电厂1 000 MW机组的凝汽器作为研究对象,首先分析凝汽器特性,构建凝汽器传热系数计算的理论模型;然后通过CNN(卷积神经网络)对传热特性影响因素的数据特征进行提取,并利用BiGRU(双向门控循环单元)提取数据间长短期依赖关系;最后使用AT(注意力机制)来突出特征中的重要部分,由此构建了基于CNN-BiGRU-AT的凝汽器传热系数预测模型。分析计算结果表明,与传统的理论计算及BP(反向传播)网络、GRU(门控循环单元)网络相比,采用CNNBiGRU-AT模型的计算结果更加精确且规律性好。

集中生活热水系统循环流量有关问题研究

梳理了不同版本建筑给水排水设计标准对生活热水管道热损失计算的有关规定,以及相关设计手册、标准图集等对生活热水管道热损失计算的方法,参考国家标准《工业设备及管道绝热工程设计规范》(GB50264-2013)的有关规定,对生活热水管道热损失的计算方法进行研究,并就有关问题提出了看法。

岩棉条复合保温结构墙体传热系数研究

建筑墙体作为围护结构构件的主要组成部分,其传热系数的直接影响了建筑保温系统的隔热性能评价。检测机构在实验室内依照相关建筑节能检测标准对建筑构件和建筑材料的保温性能进行检测。通过实验室测量和数值模拟计算相结合,研究了聚氨酯板复合岩棉条保温墙体结构和石墨聚苯板复合岩棉条保温墙体结构的传热系数,结果表明:随着岩棉条宽度的增加,非匀质复合保温墙体的传热系数的计算值和测量值之间误差波动增大。当外墙墙体的传热系数设计值为不大于0.30 W/(m^(2)·K)、复合保温板的厚度为70 mm、岩棉条的宽度为20 mm、岩棉条所占面积比为0.09时,所测得的复合墙体的传热系数为0.31 W/(m^(2)·K),与计算设计值误差3.3%。

预制舱热设计及计算方法探析

为适应不同地区的各类恶劣气候条件,应在预制舱设计过程中进行热计算和研究,配置合理的暖通系统,以保障舱内设备的安全稳定运行。介绍了预制舱热设计原则,研究了多种因素对预制舱内部温度的影响,并提出了一种预制舱热计算方法,分别对高温环境制冷量和低温环境供暖量进行分析计算。经工程实践验证,该方法具备准确性和可行性,可应用于不同地点、不同配置或不同温度要求的预制舱热设计。

高速列车运行时车体传热系数K值研究

车体传热系数K值是轨道车辆热工性能的重要指标,是高速列车空调系统能耗的重要影响参数。文章主要采用数值计算的方式,研究了高速列车车体传热系数K值。通过计算高速列车中间车的静止车体传热系数K值及运行条件下的车体传热系数K值,分析了不同运行速度时高速列车中间车车体传热系数K值的变化规律。计算结果表明:列车运行速度越高,车体传热系数K值越大,但增加幅度越来越小。此外,文章还分析了车体传热系数K值的变化对整车空调系统能耗的影响:高速列车以时速380 km运行时,相对于静止状态,由车体传热系数K值增大引起的整车空调系统能耗增加值不大。在设计高速列车时,相对于车体传热系数K值,更应注重列车高速运行时车体气密性。虽然车体传热系数K值增大引起的整车空调系统能耗增加值不大,但通过车体传入车内的热量仍较大,高速列车车体传热系数K值仍需控制在合理的范围内。

铁路车辆车窗隔热系数计算及隔热性能分析

根据铁路车辆车窗结构特点,将其分为安装结构和中空玻璃两部分,分别通过一维稳态导热公式和中空玻璃稳定状态下U值计算方法计算隔热系数,再通过面积贡献率叠加计算整窗隔热系数,并验证了方法的可行性。利用隔热系数计算方法研究了安装结构材料导热系数和厚度、中空层气体厚度与种类、玻璃表面辐射率、中空玻璃材质与厚度对隔热系数的影响。结果表明,车窗安装结构隔热性能主要取决于是否有效隔断热桥,非金属隔断层的厚度越大,热阻越高,隔热性能越好。中空玻璃获得良好隔热性能的前提是具有较优的中空层厚度,在此基础上采用镀Low-E膜玻璃可以有效降低隔热系数,填充惰性气体、使用PC板代替玻璃或增加玻璃厚度均可一定程度降低车窗隔热系数,但效果不明显。

Experimental Study on the Thermal Performances of a Tube-Type Indirect Evaporative Cooler

The so-called indirect evaporative cooling technology is widely used in air conditioning applications.The thermal characterization of tube-type indirect evaporative coolers,however,still presents challenges which need to be addressed to make this technology more reliable and easy to implement.This experimental study deals with the performances of a tube-type indirect evaporative cooler based on an aluminum tube with a 10 mm diameter.In particular,the required tests were carried out considering a range of dry-bulb temperatures between 16℃ and 18℃ and a temperature difference between the wet-bulb and dry-bulb temperature of 2℃∼4℃.The integrated convective heat transfer coefficient inside the tube in the drenching condition has been found to lie in the range between 36.10 and 437.4(W/(m^(2)⋅K)).