Optimization of CO_2 separation technologies for Chinese refineries based on a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model

This study aims at determining the optimal CO2 separation technology for Chinese refineries, based on current available technologies, by the method of comprehensive evaluation. Firstly, according to the characteristics of flue gas from Chinese refineries, three feasible CO2 separation technologies are selected. These are pressure swing adsorption （PSA）, chemical absorption （CA）, and membrane absorption （MA）. Secondly, an economic assessment of these three techniques is carried out in accordance with cash flow analysis. The results show that these three techniques all have economic feasibility and the PSA technique is the best. Finally, to further optimize the three techniques, a two-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model is established, including economic, technological, and environmental factors. Considering all the factors, PSA is optimal for Chinese refineries, followed by CA and MA. Therefore, to reduce Chinese refineries carbon emission, it is suggested that CO2 should be captured from off-gases using PSA.

A Review of Performance Appraisals of Nigerian Federal Government-Owned Refineries

The aim of this paper is to review previous works on the performance appraisal of Nigerian government-owned refineries. The review has been done in a general sense, covering appraisal works by engineers, scientists, management experts, economists, sociologists and even historians. The outcome indicates that while there seems to be several works directly and/or indirectly assessing the performance of the refineries in a general sense, there is a dearth of such in the specific area of energy consumption. There also appears to be no single one appraising energy utilisation of all the refineries at the same time in the open literature. This is in spite of the fact that refining processes are energy intensive. Despite popularisation of exergy analysis as a veritable tool, the only energy utilisation appraisal within our reach which was carried out on just one of the refineries has not been done exergetically. However, the work still reveals, within the limitations of 1st Law energy analysis that the energy consumption patterns are below international benchmarks in the oil and gas industry. Some suggestions have also been offered to take care of the energy efficiency challenges in these refineries. These include plant to plant analyses of energy utilisation patterns in the four refineries, periodical determination of GHG emission levels in the refineries using current international best practices as benchmarks, use of exergy analysis to check avoidable energy wastage in the refining processes, shifting refinery fuelling pattern in favour of low carbon content fuels like natural gas and ensuring regular turnaround maintenance of the system.

Effects of Sampling Conditions on Composition and Emission Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compounds in Process Units from Different Refineries

This study investigates the effects of sampling conditions on volatile organic compound(VOC)compositions including different flow restrictors,SUMMA volumes,sampling heights,and wind speeds.Results show that at the six sampling heights the concentrations of main VOC species were slightly different,while the wind speed had a greater impact on the VOC composition of source profiles.With the increase of wind speed,the weighted percentage of high-carbon aromatic hydrocarbons was higher.Besides,there was an extremely different profile between the normal production and shutdown conditions of the delayed coking unit.To compare the emission characteristics of VOCs in various process units of the S and the C refineries,the samples were collected from the catalytic cracking unit,the continuous catalytic reforming unit,and the delayed coking unit.In the continuous catalytic reforming unit,C3-C5 alkanes and low-carbon aromatic hydrocarbons were the main components collected from the S and the C refineries,accounting for 67.1%and 34.9%,respectively.For the delayed coking unit,the total weighted percentage of high carbon C6-C12 alkanes was significantly higher than other units in the S and the C refineries,accounting for 30.5%and 24.4%,respectively.In the catalytic cracking unit,the low-carbon C2-C5 alkanes were abundant,and the weighted percentage of propylene was higher.The emission characteristics obtained were consistent with the processing technology of production units.The results indicate that the VOC emission characteristics from the same production unit in different refineries have similarities and significant differences which are related to the technological process.The emission characteristics of VOCs could provide the data support for source apportionment work in the production units.

Economic Benefits of Energy Efficiency to the Petroleum Refineries in Ghana: A Case of Tema Oil Refinery (TOR)

<span style="font-family:Verdana;">This study investigates the economic benefits of energy efficiency to petroleum refineries regarding Tema Oil Refinery (TOR), Ghana. The study explores lessons relating to the cost of production, energy recovery levels and economic fortunes of the refinery activities and designs a conceptual framework for improving the energy efficiency of Tema Oil Refinery (TOR). The study adopted a descriptive design using a quantitative approach to provide a statistical background to investigate the economic benefits of energy efficiency. A sample of 84 was adopted for study from a staff population of 520 working at Tema Oil refinery. In addition to primary data, secondary data on energy supply and consumption values from 2008 to 2019 was gathered. For the primary survey, 84 respondents were sampled from TOR and a structured questionnaire was used to retrieve information. A correlation analysis at P < 0.05 was conducted to test the relationship and significance of energy efficiency and economic benefits to the refinery. The study concludes that there is a linear trend between energy production (supply) and energy consumption. The energy generated in the entire economy of Ghana far exceeds the amount of energy consumed thus raising issues of waste or excesses that calls for better policies and management plan to improve EE. The study also identified that issues of lost energy are critical to the operations of the petroleum industry as the situation is compounded by the inability of the refineries to explore better ways to reduce and manage the waste. The study concludes that a significant and positive correlation between energy efficiency and the economic fortunes of Tema Oil Refinery is necessary for its economic fortunes. The supply of energy should have equivalence to the public consumption of energy.

Modeling of Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions from Selected Nigeria Petroleum Refineries

The dispersion models were used to estimate or predict the concentration of air pollutants or toxins emitted from sources such as industrial plants, vehicular traffic or accidental chemical releases. In this study, the Industrial Source Complex Short Term (ISCST3) emission dispersion model was used to measure the ground level concentration of criteria air pollutants within 50 km radius of location. This model considered emissions from major point sources of pollutants in four existing and twenty-three proposed Nigeria petroleum refineries. The obtained ground level concentration for 24-hr averaging periods of the criteria air pollutants at sensitive receptor around each of the refineries was compared with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of Nigeria, World Bank and World Health Organization (WHO) to determine their level of compliance. The highest ground level concentration predicted to be 450 - 1875 μg/m3 for 24-h averaging period was obtained at Tonwei Oil Refinery, Ekeremor Local Government, Bayelsa State, while the lowest ground level concentration predicted to be 0.0099 - 0.1 μg/m3 for 24-h averaging period was obtained at Amakpe International Refinery, Eket Local Government, Akwa Ibom State. Percentage set limits of criteria air pollutants ranging from 0.02% to 94.5% are within the set standard limits and no health risk is associated with areas around the plant’s locations while percentage set limits of criteria pollutants ranging from 1.1 to 55.6 folds of the standards exceed the maximum permitted limits, hence affecting areas around the plants. The air quality standards guiding petroleum refinery emissions must be strictly considered, in order to ensure that the ground level concentrations do not exceed the required standard limits and prevent the adverse effects of air pollution in the Nigeria airshed.

Discontinuation of Recycled Lead Refineries Planned in Jiangxi Province

The first round of rectification action of the Central Environmental Inspection Group will be fully implemented in the near future.Six Central Environmental Inspection Groups will successively station in 10 provinces,including Henan,Hebei,Inner Mongolia,Heilongjiang,Jiangsu,Jiangxi,Guangdong,Guangxi。

Sinopec Manages to Form Shandong Fuel Oil Association“Local”Refineries Concern Regrouping

Shandong Fuel Oil Association conducted by Sinopec Group was established in Jinan,the capital of Shandong province,on Janu-ary 28th.The forthcoming uniform supply of oil products by Sinopec to "local" refin-eries(not owned by Sinopec,CNPC or CNOOC) in Shandong has received wide-spread applause.As Qingdao Refinery constructed

Molecular transformation of dissolved organic matter in refinery wastewaters: Characterized by FT-ICR MS coupled with electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure photoionization

Dissolved organic matter(DOM)in refinery wastewater is an extremely complex mixture of various organic compounds.Using mass spectrometry,it is impossible to characterize all of the DOM molecules with only one ionization source.In this study,negative-ion,electrospray ionization(ESI),positive-ion ESI,and positive-ion atmospheric pressure photoionization(APPI)were coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry(FT-ICR MS)to analyze the molecular composition of DOM in a refinery wastewater stream during the treatment process.There were obvious differences in the heteroatom composition,number of DOM constituents,and chemical properties in refinery wastewater under the three ionization modes.Acidic CHO and CHOS compounds detected by(+)ESI,basic CHN and CHON compounds detected by(þ)ESI,and hydrocarbons detected by(+)APPI were analyzed to determine the molecular transformations that occurred during treatment.In an anaerobic biological treatment process,acidic CHO and CHOS compounds with a high oxygen content were preferentially removed,and acidic CHO and CHOS compounds with a low oxygen content were produced.In an aerobic biological process,acidic CHO and CHOS compounds with a low oxygen content were preferentially removed,and acidic CHO and CHOS compounds with a high oxygen content were produced.The whole biological treatment process has a poor removal efficiency for CHN and CHON compounds,and hydrocarbons.An activated carbon(AC)adsorption process removed different heteroatom compounds mainly with a low oxygen content for acidic and basic compounds.The transformation mechanism of CHO and CHOS compounds in the biological treatment process was analyzed by the Kendrick mass defect(KMD)theory and a mass difference network analysis.In the anaerobic process,large amounts of oxygenated CHO and CHOS compounds were degraded by decarboxylation,deoxydation,demethoxylation,and dehydration reactions,and converted to lower oxygen content compounds.In the aerobic processes,these low oxygen CHO and CHOS compounds mainly underwent carboxylation and oxidation reactions.This study determined the transformation characteristics and mechanisms of different types of organic compounds in refinery wastewater during the treatment process.The results provide guidance for the design and optimization of technologies for refinery wastewater treatment.

利用石蜡基原油减压渣油生产高等级道路石油沥青的研究(英文)

Many specifications of paving asphalts are closely related to their colloidal stability, which is, however, determined by their exact chemical compositions. The Yumen vacuum residue (YVR), the bottoms of a paraffinic crude oil is unfit for the production of highway paving asphalts directly, Neither are the de-oiled asphalts of the YVR. In this research a blending method and an optimal process of solvent de-asphalts are adopted to investigate the feasibility of formulating highway-paving asphalts from YVR. Results show that highway paving asphalts are formulated by blending solvent de-oiled asphalts with one or more of the materials including YVR, decanted oil from FCC process, and furfural extracts from lubricating base stocks. Further investigations indicate that adding oil decanted from FCC process to the solvent de-asphalting process can increase the de-asphalted oil production, improve the de-oiled asphalts quality, and thus optimize the refinery processes. The methodology of this research can be extended even to refineries processing non-paraffinic crude oils.

Clean Coal &High Carbon Efficiency Energy Engineering

Today we live in a world of Hydrocarbon Energy Carriers, where Carbon is always used as a Carrier for Hydrogen 1) Biomass (CH1.44O0.66 or C6H12O6);2) Natural Gas [NG] (CH4);3) Water Gas [C+H2O];4) Gasoline (C6H12, C7H18, C8H18, etc.);5) Kerosene (C17H36, C18H38, C19H40, C20H42, C21H44, C22H46, etc.) and;6) Crude Oil. The Carbon aggregates are all storable and have worthwhile, logistically manageable energy densities. But whenever recovering Energy from the Carbon molarities, CO2 gets emitted into the atmosphere, while separate use of Hydrogen Energy contents carried by the Carbon moieties would just generate water vapor. Hydrogen is also the most important intermediary in Refineries, hydrogenating lower grade Hydrocarbons into higher potencies, or for removing Sulfur by the formation of Hydrogen Sulfur, that can be dissociated after its segregation from the Hydrocarbon products. But most of the internal Hydrogen yields in Refineries today is used for onsite production of Ammonia as a basis for Energy fertilizers in high performance agriculture. Because Hydrogen is awkward to store and transport, most of it is currently used captive within large size centralized plants as a reactant for producing Hydrocarbon energy carriers, using the Carbon as a carrier for the Hydrogen moieties, to then be distributed over big enough areas for consumption of the such large scale plants’ volumes. With recently proven achievements of Hydrogen production from excess Wind & Solar Power by electrolysis, Hydrogen could become available in abundant quantities, to be distributed locally within the coverage area of the transmission grid such Wind & Solar installations are feeding into. In combination with Carbon as a reactant such abundant Hydrogen could also be synthesized into Hydrocarbon Energy Carriers and substitute fossil commodities.

Exposure Assessment of Ambient Sulfur Dioxide Downwind of an Oil Refinery in Curacao

Primary sources of atmospheric sulfur dioxide are anthropogenic activities associated with the burning of fossil fuels and industrial processes that may have associations with various morbidities and mortalities. As such, several regional and global regulatory agencies have recommended ambient air limits to reduce environmental exposures. The objectives of this study were to evaluate ambient levels of sulfur dioxide surrounding an oil refinery on the island of Cura?ao. Levels which were then compared to literature values and recommended public health guidelines to determine potential public health risks. Concentrations of sulfur dioxide in Curacao were found to be among the highest globally with an increasing trend over time. While the epidemiological evidence does not conclusively suggest there is a health risk from these levels of exposure, SO2 concentrations greatly exceed regulatory and guidance levels and suggest that further emissions control is warranted. Future recommendations include a more rigorous epidemiological study in Cura?ao and expand the air monitoring efforts to include areas upwind of the refinery as well as additional petrochemical emissions.

Assessment of Inhalable Particulate Matter Associated with a Refinery in Curacao

Inhalation and atmospheric pollution studies have focused on particulate matter due to correlations and associations with various morbidities and mortalities. This research analyzed ambient concentrations of inhalable particulate matter (PM10) on the island of Cura&ccedil;ao in order to evaluate through comparative literature analysis and recommended public health guidelines the potential health risks. Available hourly, daily and monthly PM10 measurements were accessed from June 2010 through December 2014 from a local air monitoring station in Willemstad. Mean annual concentrations of PM10 (31 - 122 μg/m3) in Cura&ccedil;ao are among the highest reported globally, demonstrating an increasing trend over time and exceed current public health guidelines recommended by local and international agencies. While the epidemiological evidence is inadequate to infer a causal association between health effects and long-term exposures of the measured PM10 concentrations, the results indicate that emissions controls are not adequate for compliance with international exposure standards.

从文化、思维差异浅谈Chinglish现象

Chinglish即Chinese English——中式英语,也就是按汉语习惯构成的不地道的英语。任何两种语言都既有其相通之处,又存在大量的差异。英语学习者有时会被英、汉语言中某些相同的现象所迷惑,想当然地以此类推,而忽视了两种语言之间更为重要的“异”。

An alternative treatment process for upgrade of petroleum refinery wastewater using electrocoagulation

An electrocoagulation treatment process was developed for treatment and upgrade of petroleum refinery effluent （wastewater）, instead of the conventional methods, which can consume higher amounts of chemicals and produce larger amounts of sludge. The effect of the operation parameters, such as current density, initial pH, anode material, anode dissolution, energy consumption and electrolysis time, on treatment efficiency was investigated. The experimental results showed that the effluent can be effectively treated under optimal conditions. Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） analysis of the effluent, and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） coupled with energy dispersive analysis of X-rays （EDAX） of the sludge produced, revealed that the unwanted pollutants can be eliminated. The electrocoagulation treatment process was assessed by using the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand （COD）, total suspended solids （TSS）, and the general physicochemical characteristics of wastewater, and the results showed that the electrocoagulation is an efficient process for recycling of petroleum wastewater; it is faster and provides better quality of treated water than the conventional methods.

Chemoselective hydrogenolysis of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol to 1,5-pentanediol over Ir-MoO_x/SiO_2 catalyst

In this work, MoOx promoted Ir/SiO2 catalysts were prepared and used for the selective hydrogenolysis of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol （THFA） to 1,5-pentanediol in a continuous flow reactor. The effects of different noble metals （Ir, Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh）, supports and Ir contents were screened. Among the investigated catalysts, 4 wt%Ir-MoOx/SiO2 with a Mo/Ir atomic ratio of 0.13 exhibited the best catalytic performance. The synergy between Ix particles and the partially reduced isolated MoOx species attached on them is essential for the excellent catalytic performance of Ix-MoOx/SiO2. The catalyst exhibited a better hydrogenolysis efficiency of THFA with the selectivity of 1,5-pentanediol of 65%-74% at a conversion of THFA of 70%-75% when the initial THFA concentration is ranging from 20 wt% and 40 wt%. And higher system pressure was also in favor of the conversion of THFA. During a stability test, the conversion of THFA and 1,5-pentanediol yield over Ix-MoOz/SiO2 decreased with reaction time, which can be explained by the leaching of Mo species during the reaction.