Rock physics and seismic reflectivity parameterization and amplitude variation with offsets inversion in terms of total organic carbon indicator

Total organic carbon (TOC) prediction with elastic parameter inversions has been widely used in the identification and evaluation of source rocks. However, the elastic parameters used to predict TOC are not only determined by TOC but also depend on the other physical properties of source rocks. Besides, the TOC prediction with the elastic parameters inversion is an indirect method based on the statistical relationship obtained from well logs and experiment data. Therefore, we propose a rock physics model and define a TOC indicator mainly affected by TOC to predict TOC directly. The proposed rock physics model makes the equivalent elastic moduli of source rocks parameterized by the TOC indicator. Combining the equivalent elastic moduli of source rocks and Gray’s approximation leads to a novel linearized approximation of the P-wave reflection coefficient incorporating the TOC indicator. Model examples illustrate that the novel reflectivity approximation well agrees with the exact Zoeppritz equation until incident angles reach 40°. Convoluting the novel P-wave reflection approximation with seismic wavelets as the forward solver, an AVO inversion method based on the Bayesian theory is proposed to invert the TOC indicator with seismic data. The synthetic examples and field tests validate the feasibility and stability of the proposed AVO inversion approach. Using the inversion results of the TOC indicator, TOC is directly and accurately estimated in the target area.

Fast pre-stack multi-channel inversion constrained by seismic reflection features

Classical multi-channel technology can significantly reduce the pre-stack seismic inversion uncertainty, especially for complex geology such as high dipping structures. However, due to the consideration of complex structure or reflection features, the existing multi-channel inversion methods have to adopt the highly time-consuming strategy of arranging seismic data trace-by-trace, limiting its wide application in pre-stack inversion. A fast pre-stack multi-channel inversion constrained by seismic reflection features has been proposed to address this issue. The key to our method is to re-characterize the reflection features to directly constrain the pre-stack inversion through a Hadamard product operator without rearranging the seismic data. The seismic reflection features can reflect the distribution of the stratum reflection interface, and we obtained them from the post-stack profile by searching the shortest local Euclidean distance between adjacent seismic traces. Instead of directly constructing a large-size reflection features constraint operator advocated by the conventional methods, through decomposing the reflection features along the vertical and horizontal direction at a particular sampling point, we have constructed a computationally well-behaved constraint operator represented by the vertical and horizontal partial derivatives. Based on the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) optimization, we have derived a fast algorithm for solving the objective function, including Hadamard product operators. Compared with the conventional reflection features constrained inversion, the proposed method is more efficient and accurate, proved on the Overthrust model and a field data set.

Reflection-based traveltime and waveform inversion with second-order optimization

Reflection-based inversion that aims to reconstruct the low-to-intermediate wavenumbers of the subsurface model, can be a complementary to refraction-data-driven full-waveform inversion(FWI), especially for the deep target area where diving waves cannot be acquired at the surface. Nevertheless, as a typical nonlinear inverse problem, reflection waveform inversion may easily suffer from the cycleskipping issue and have a slow convergence rate, if gradient-based first-order optimization methods are used. To improve the accuracy and convergence rate, we introduce the Hessian operator into reflection traveltime inversion(RTI) and reflection waveform inversion(RWI) in the framework of second-order optimization. A practical two-stage workflow is proposed to build the velocity model, in which Gauss-Newton RTI is first applied to mitigate the cycle-skipping problem and then Gauss-Newton RWI is employed to enhance the model resolution. To make the Gauss-Newton iterations more efficiently and robustly for large-scale applications, we introduce proper preconditioning for the Hessian matrix and design appropriate strategies to reduce the computational costs. The example of a real dataset from East China Sea demonstrates that the cascaded Hessian-based RTI and RWI have good potential to improve velocity model building and seismic imaging, especially for the deep targets.

Complex spherical-wave elastic inversion using amplitude and phase reflection information

Unlike the real-valued plane wave reflection coefficient(PRC)at the pre-critical incident angles,the frequency-and depth-dependent spherical-wave reflection coefficient(SRC)is more accurate and always a complex value,which contains more reflection amplitude and phase information.In near field,the imaginary part of complex SRC(phase)cannot be ignored,but it is rarely considered in seismic inversion.To promote the practical application of spherical-wave seismic inversion,a novel spherical-wave inversion strategy is implemented.The complex-valued spherical-wave synthetic seismograms can be obtained by using a simple harmonic superposition model.It is assumed that geophone can only record the real part of complex-valued seismogram.The imaginary part can be further obtained by the Hilbert transform operator.We also propose the concept of complex spherical-wave elastic impedance(EI)and the complex spherical-wave EI equation.Finally,a novel complex spherical-wave EI inversion approach is proposed,which can fully use the reflection information of amplitude,phase,and frequency.With the inverted complex spherical-wave EI,the velocities and density can be further extracted.Synthetic data and field data examples show that the elastic parameters can be reasonably estimated,which illustrate the potential of our spherical-wave inversion approach in practical applications.

Research on Thin Layer Structure Identification and Sedimentary Facies of Middle and Deep Layers Based on Reflection Coefficient Inversion—By Taking Dongying Formation of CFD Oilfield in Bohai Offshore as an Example

The sand layer B of Dongying Formation of CFD oilfield in Bohai offshore belongs to the middle deep layer of buried hill overlap deposit. Its reservoir distribution has the characteristics of large burial depth, thin thickness and rapidly lateral change. Because of low resolution of seismic data and overlying sand layer. It is difficult to identify and interpret the structure of sand layer accurately. The uncertainty of structure and reservoir restricts the fine development of B sand layer. In order to identify the top surface of reservoir effectively. The seismic data are processed by using the reflection coefficient inversion method. The results show that the inversion resolution of reflection coefficient is significantly higher than that of original data. The top surface of sand layer B and its overlying sand layer can be well identified and traced. Carrying out structural interpretation of B sand layer based on reflection coefficient inversion data and the microstructure and the formation tip extinction point are implemented. Based on the constraint of new interpretation level, the sedimentary facies plane distribution of B sand layer is described and make prediction of dominant reservoir development area in detail combining with sedimentary paleogeomorphology, along layer attribute section and limited drilling data. The research shows that the study area is mainly from the northwest material sources, the slope belt in the northwest is close to the lake shoreline with a gentle slope and shallow water depositional environment, which is located on the main transport and deposition channels. The shallow water gentle slope landform is suitable for forming large-area sand bar deposition, mainly composed of underwater distributary channel and debouch bars facies, which is the dominant reservoir development area. The research conclusion guides the deployment and implementation of the development well location effectively.

Graded and Quantitative Technology and Application of Coal-Bearing Reservoir Based on Seismic Reflection Characteristics

Taiyuan formation is the main exploration strata in Ordos Basin, and coals are widely developed. Due to the interference of strong reflection of coals, we cannot completely identify the effective reservoir information of coal-bearing reservoir on seismic data. Previous researchers have studied the reservoir by stripping or weakening the strong reflection, but it is difficult to determine the effectiveness of the remaining reflection seismic data. In this paper, through the establishment of 2D forward model of coal-bearing strata, the corresponding geophysical characteristics of different reflection types of coal-bearing strata are analyzed, and then the favorable sedimentary facies zones for reservoir development are predicted. On this basis, combined with seismic properties, the coal-bearing reservoir is quantitatively characterized by seismic inversion. The above research shows that the Taiyuan formation in LS block of Ordos Basin is affected by coals and forms three or two peaks in different locations. The reservoir plane sedimentary facies zone is effectively characterized by seismic reflection structure. Based on the characteristics of sedimentary facies belt and petrophysical analysis, the reservoir is semi quantitatively characterized by attribute analysis and waveform indication, and quantitatively characterized by pre stack geostatistical inversion. Based on the forward analysis of coal measure strata, this technology characterizes the reservoir facies belt through seismic reflection characteristics, and describes coal measure reservoirs step by step. It effectively guides the exploration of LS block in Ordos Basin, and has achieved good practical application effect.

Application of Coherence Inversion Method to Shallow Reflection

Because of the disturbance of some regular waves, the deformity of reflective wave occurs, making the coherence inversion method unreliable. By using the event time from multi fold reflective stack the range of model parameters obtained by coherence inversion is limited in coherence inversion. Then by adjusting the initial values of the model parameters to make the waveform from the coherence inversion method be consistent with that from the original reflective gathers, the result of the inversion becomes more reliable. The application of this method in processing the reflective gathers in Songzikou by the Jingjiang River of Hubei demonstrates the efficiency of the method.

Analysis of the ambiguity of log-constrained seismic impedance inversion

Although the ambiguity of seismic inversion is widely recognized in both theory and practice, so far as a concrete inversion example is concerned, there is not any objective, controllable method or any standard for how to evaluate and determine its ambiguity and reliability, especially for the high frequency components beyond the effective seismic frequency band. Taking log-constrained impedance inversion as an example, a new appraisal method is proposed on the basis of analyzing a simple geological model. Firstly, the inverted impedance model is transformed to a reflection coefficient series. Secondly, the maximum effective frequency of the real seismic data is chosen as a cutoff point and the reflection coefficient series is decomposed into two components by low-pass and high-pass filters. Thirdly, the geometrical reflection characteristics of the high-frequency components and that of the real seismic data are compared and analyzed. Then, the reliability of the inverted impedance model is appraised according to the similarity of geometrical characteristics between the high-frequency components and the real seismic data. The new method avoids some subjectivity in appraising the inverted result, and helps to enhance the reliability of reservoir prediction by impedance inversion technology.

A Method of Improving Seismic Data Resolution：Comprehensive Inversion of Well logging and Seismic Data

Comprehensive inversion of logging and seismic data presented in this paper is a method to improve seismic data resolution. It involves using ample high-frequency information and complete low-frequency information of known logging to make up for the lack of limited bandwidth of practical seismic recording, obtaining an approximate reflection coefficient sequence (or wave impedance) of high resolution by iterative inversion and providing more reliable seismic evidence for further lithologic interpretation and lateral tracking, correlation and prediction of thin reservoir. The comprehensive inversion can be realized in the following steps: (1) to establish an initial model of higher resolution; (2) to obtain wavelets, and (3) to constrain iterative inversion. The key to this inversion lies in building an initial model. It is assumed from our experience that when the initial model is properly given, iterative inversion can be quickly converged to the ideal result.

Joint inversion of gravity and seismic data along a profile across the seismogenic fault of 2010 Yushu Ms7. 1 earthquake

Yushu Ms7.1 earthquake occurred on the Ganzi-Yushu fault zone, across which we carried out a joint relative-gravity and seismic-reflection survey, and then performed a gravity inversion constrained by the seismic-reflection result. Based on the data of complete Bouguer gravity anomaly and seismic reflection, we obtained a layered interface structure in deep crust down to Moho. Our study showed that the inversion could reveal the interfaces of strata along the survey profile and the directions of regional faults in two-dimension. From the characteristics of the observed topography of the Moho basement, we tentatively confirmed that the uplift of eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibet plateau was caused by the subduetion of the Indian plate.

AVO inversion based on common shot migration

常规 AVO 倒置利用 CMP 集合的踪迹振幅。有三个主要因素，影响倒置的精确性。首先， CMP 集合基于水平层的假设，但是很真实的层不是水平的。处于观察 CMP 集合和他们的真实地点之间的更大的差别的更大的层剧降结果。第二，象 NMO， DMO，和 deconvolution 那样的常规处理流动将弄歪振幅。第三，思考系数的明确的表达与发生角度有关，得到在振幅和发生角度之间的关系是困难的。波浪方程 prestack 深度移植有成像建筑群媒介和陡峭地蘸的层的能力。它能减少回到他们的真实地点的常规处理和行动振幅的错误。与真振幅移植，普通角度集合抽象，和 AVO 倒置，我们从普通射击集合建议 AVO 倒置的一个方法以便减少上述因素的效果并且改进 AVO 倒置的精确性。

Experimental Research on Quantitative Inversion Models of Suspended Sediment Concentration Using Remote Sensing Technology

Research on quantitative models of suspended sediment concentration(SSC)using remote sensing technology is very important to understand the scouring and siltation variation in harbors and water channels.Based on laboratory study of the relationship between different suspended sediment concentrations and reflectance spectra measured synchronously,quantitative inversion models of SSC based on single factor,band ratio and sediment parameter were developed,which provides an effective method to retrieve the SSC from satellite images.Results show that the b1(430-500nm)and b3(670-735nm)are the optimal wavelengths for the estimation of lower SSC and the b4(780-835nm)is the optimal wavelength to estimate the higher SSC.Furthermore the band ratio B2/B3 can be used to simulate the variation of lower SSC better and the B4/B1 to estimate the higher SSC accurately.Also the inversion models developed by sediment parameters of higher and lower SSCs can get a relatively higher accuracy than the sin-gle factor and band ratio models.

Fluid discrimination incorporating amplitude variation with angle inversion and squirt flow of the fluid

Pre-stack seismic inversion is an important method for fluid identification and reservoir characterization in exploration geophysics. In this study, an effective fluid factor is initially established based on Biot poroelastic theory, and a pre-stack seismic inversion method based on Bayesian framework is used to implement the fluid identification. Compared with conventional elastic parameters, fluid factors are more sensitive to oil and gas. However, the coupling effect between rock porosity and fluid content is not considered in conventional fluid factors, which may lead to fuzzy fluid identification results. In addition,existing fluid factors do not adequately consider the physical mechanisms of fluid content, such as squirt flow between cracks and pores. Therefore, we propose a squirt fluid factor(SFF) that minimizes the fluid and pore mixing effects and takes into account the squirt flow. On this basis, a novel P-wave reflection coefficient equation is derived, and the squirt fluid factor is estimated by amplitude variation with offset(AVO) inversion method. The new reflection coefficient equation has sufficient accuracy and can be utilized to estimate the parameters. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method in fluid identification are verified by the synthetic and field examples.

Common offset ground penetrating radar data inversion based on ray theory

The authors use the common offset ground penetrating radar(GPR)data inversion based on ray theory to estimate interval velocity and to obtain the relative permittivity.In the ray-tracing based inversion,the input data are the offset distance between antennas,the velocity of the first layer,the pick-up amplitude and re-ference amplitude of each reflection layer.The thickness and velocity of each layer are calculated by this recursive method.Firstly,the horizontal homogeneous layered medium model is established,and the ideal inversion results are obtained.Subsequently,Monte Carlo method is used to establish a randomly undulating homogeneous layered medium model.The common offset GPR data for the built geological model is then simulated by finite-difference time-domain(FDTD).It proved that this ray-tracing based inversion method is feasible for the horizontal layered geological model,even the layered geological model with random undulation.Undulation,represented by RMS height and CL(correlation length),influences the inversion results.Finally,a more complex geological model--pinch-out model was established.In the pinch-out model,the pinch-out interface can be clearly identified,though there is a false anomaly,which will not significantly affect the identification of the underground medium structure.

改进鲸鱼优化算法的壁面红外反射特性求解

壁面的红外反射特性由双向反射分布函数(BRDF)表征和求解。目前BRDF测量需要大量实验数据,同时存在精度不高的问题。通过构建壁面反射特性测试平台,使用MR170型傅立叶红外光谱辐射计获取2~15μm波段下入射角度和各个反射角度的目标辐射亮度。针对隐身目标,应用RBF网络对3~5μm以及8~14μm波段的辐射亮度曲线进行拟合,排除大气干扰,进而求解出上述两个波段隐身目标的BRDF值。为了解决BRDF模型精度不高的问题,提出了改进的鲸鱼优化算法(IWOA),对BRDF模型参数进行反演,并设计了基于BRDF的反射率求解方法。IWOA对BRDF计算模型参数反演有良好的效果。根据反射法,应用所得到的BRDF数据求解得到的反射率为0.5496,相对误差为6.17%,满足工程需求。

基于黏弹性Chapman-Kelvin模型的裂缝储层频变AVAZ反演研究

为了在地震资料和裂缝储层特征之间建立联系,对裂缝储层采用了等效介质模型.而传统的等效介质模型未充分考虑非完全弹性介质理论和基于频变各向异性理论的双相或多相流体假设,也不能对实际裂缝储层中的地震波频散和衰减现象提供准确合理的解释,并且储层参数的反演研究对裂缝储层的定性预测和定量描述举足轻重.为此,本文首先根据所提出的黏弹性Chapman-Kelvin动态等效介质模型,该模型考虑了耦合的双相流体假设、黏弹性理论、喷射流以及斑块效应,并在此基础上分析了裂缝储层参数(主要为裂缝密度、裂缝长度、孔隙度和含水饱和度)对地震波频变特征的影响.然后基于黏弹性Chapman-Kelvin模型与Schoenberg和Protazio概括的Zoeppritz方程所计算出的频变反射系数,分析了反射PP波和PS波的频变AVAZ(Amplitude Versus Angle and Azimuth)特性和PP波频变反射系数与裂缝储层参数的关系.同时考虑到发生地震频散时,反射系数和频率产生关系,构建了在角度、方位和时间域内的新型正演方程.最后,基于PP波频变反射系数对裂缝密度、裂缝长度、孔隙度和含水饱和度的变化有较好的敏感性特点,进行了两种反演方法研究:其一是基于贝叶斯理论直接反演方法,其中以对数绝对范数作为似然函数和高斯分布,即L2范数度量作为先验约束;其二是基于频变反射系数的MCMC(Markov Chain Monte Carlo)随机反演方法.通过频变AVAZ进行裂缝储层参数的反演研究,结果表明,MCMC随机反演方法在缺失先验的储层参数信息时,反演结果的不确定性较强.当存在有效且足够的先验信息时,反演结果的可靠性进一步提升.而基于贝叶斯理论直接反演方法,则显示出基于频变AVAZ来区别大尺度裂缝和微尺度裂隙的潜力.

空间特性光谱反演及对户外光谱修正的可行性研究

户外高光谱探测可以快速获取样品的光谱信息,但受环境光线和样品二向反射特性的影响,采集到的光谱并不能准确反映样品的真实信息,对户外探测精度有一定影响。为了提高户外高光谱探测精度,提出了一种使用空间特性光谱对户外光谱进行修正的方法,以冬枣、红提、小白杏为研究对象,使用Walthall、Shibayama、Ross-li、Roujean与Rahman这5种BRDF模型反演3种果品的空间特性光谱,利用反演的空间特性光谱对户外光谱进行修正,之后分别建立暗室光谱、户外光谱与修正光谱的品质预测模型。反演结果表明:3种果品的空间特性光谱均有较好的反演效果,反演误差从低到高依次为冬枣、小白杏、红提,平均决定系数R2分别为0.957、0.947、0.927,平均误差分别为3.56%、4.90%、8.23%;5种BRDF模型中,Walthall模型的反演效果最佳,平均决定系数R2与误差分别为0.949、5.33%,Ross-li模型的反演效果最差,平均决定系数与误差分别为0.934、6.05%。户外光谱修正结果表明:户外光谱经过修正后噪声减少,光谱更为平滑,且光谱趋势与暗室光谱一致,受反演效果影响,冬枣光谱的修正效果最佳,而红提与小白杏的修正光谱中噪声较多。品质预测模型结果表明:3种果品的品质预测模型预测效果差异较大,从高到低依次为冬枣、小白杏、红提,可能与3种果品的品质不同有关;5种BRDF模型得到的修正光谱所建立的模型预测效果不同,但无显著差异;预测模型中,使用暗室光谱建立的预测模型最优,修正光谱建立的模型预测能力优于户外光谱建立的模型,表明户外光谱经过修正后模型预测能力得到提升。BRDF模型能够较好地反演果品的空间特性光谱,修正后的光谱与暗室光谱较为接近,修正光谱建立的模型优于户外光谱建立的模型,表明使用空间特性光谱对户外光谱进行修正的方法是可行的,可为提高户外无损检测的精度提供一种新的思路。

压缩感知拓频技术在SHB地区应用

金湖凹陷北部SHB地区滩坝砂等隐蔽油气藏较发育,目前地震资料在该类油气藏勘探方面存在不足,不能满足目前精细刻画砂体的要求。压缩感知地震频带双向拓频技术是一种在压缩感知域通过反射系数反演,实现地震频带有效展宽的创新性技术,基于该技术在SHB地区地震资料处理、解释、反演及砂体识别中的应用,有效提升了上述隐蔽油气藏勘探的精度,为后续该技术的应用推广奠定了基础。

孔隙率对矩形沟槽上垂直多孔屏障的波浪散射效应影响

The effect of porosity on surface wave scattering by a vertical porous barrier over a rectangular trench is studied here under the assumption of linearized theory of water waves.The fluid region is divided into four subregions depending on the position of the barrier and the trench.Using the Havelock’s expansion of water wave potential in different regions along with suitable matching conditions at the interface of different regions,the problem is formulated in terms of three integral equations.Considering the edge conditions at the submerged end of the barrier and at the edges of the trench,these integral equations are solved using multi-term Galerkin approximation technique taking orthogonal Chebyshev’s polynomials and ultra-spherical Gegenbauer polynomial as its basis function and also simple polynomial as basis function.Using the solutions of the integral equations,the reflection coefficient,transmission coefficient,energy dissipation coefficient and horizontal wave force are determined and depicted graphically.It was observed that the rate of convergence of the Galerkin method in computing the reflection coefficient,considering special functions as basis function is more than the simple polynomial as basis function.The change of porous parameter of the barrier and variation of trench width and height significantly contribute to the change in the scattering coefficients and the hydrodynamic force.The present results are likely to play a crucial role in the analysis of surface wave propagation in oceans involving porous barrier over submarine trench.

融合非线性收敛因子与变异准反射学习的哈里斯鹰优化算法

针对哈里斯鹰优化算法(Harris Hawks optimization,HHO)易早熟收敛、寻优精度低、收敛速度慢等问题,提出一种融合非线性收敛因子与变异准反射学习的哈里斯鹰优化算法(improved Harris Hawks optimization,IHHO)。首先,初始化阶段引入Circle混沌映射,提高初始化种群多样性和种群位置质量;其次,引入Sigmoid非线性收敛因子,平衡全局探索和局部开发能力;最后,针对HHO算法易陷入局部最优问题,提出变异准反射学习(quasi-reflection-based learning,QRBL)策略,提高种群活力,进一步提高算法局部收敛能力。仿真实验采用13个标准测试函数和1个经典工程问题对改进算法进行测试,结果表明改进算法收敛精度、收敛速度均有较大提高,适用于解决实际问题。