Thermal Performance of Building Roof with Infrared Reflective Coatings

This paper investigated the applicability and effects of infrared reflective coating on energy consumption of factory building in hot summer and warm winter zone.It first resorted to theoretical calculation,which demonstrated the beneficial effects of infrared reflective coating on reducing building energy consumption.Then it analyzed a field measurement done on two identical rooms respectively with ordinary coated roof and infrared reflective coated roof from November 2006 to October 2007,on a 24h basis.The measured data include exterior and interior roof surface temperature,indoor air temperature,and indoor globe temperature.The related weather data is from a weather station near the measured area.The continuous measurement has been accomplished in southern China,and the measured data indicate that roof surface temperature and heat gain are significantly decreased in summer while slight negative effects in winter are induced by adopting infrared reflective coating.Thus it is simple and applicable to reduce building energy consumption in this area by applying infrared reflective coating.Regress equation between reduced roof thermal property,such as surface temperature and heat gain,and reduction in absorbed solar radiation shows their highly linear relationship.Based on the measured data,it is estimated that the reduced power consumption is 3.45 kWh/m2·month in June.

Kubelka-Munk Revised Theory for High Solar Reflectance and High Long-wave Emissivity Coatings Designing

The Kubelka-Munk revised theory was adopted to derive the mix design theory of high solar reflectance and high emissivity coatings.When the concentration of each colorant is within 20%,and the width of the coating is more than 200 μm,each colorant has enough covering power in visible and near-infrared spectral range.It can be assumed that the addition of colorants in coatings can only change the solar spectral absorption ratio rather than solar spectral scattering coefficient.The spectral scattering coefficient of coatings tends to a constant.The spectral absorption-scattering property of each colorant can be characterized through one parameter.The spectral absorption-scattering coefficient of coatings can be calculated with the multivariate linear relationship of each pigment.Moreover,the results can be expanded for high solar reflectivity and high long-wave emissivity coating preparation.The accuracy of Kubelka-Munk revised theory has been tested and verified through comparison between the calculated value and tested value of coating reflectance.

Ultrasonic characterization of modified Cr_2O_3 coatings by reflection coefficient spectroscopy

Pores,microcracks and density of plasma sprayed Cr2O3 coatings before and after high-intensity pulsed ion beam(HIPIB) irradiation were investigated using the ultrasonic reflection coefficient spectroscopy(URCS).The URCS was analyzed based on an acoustic transmission model for the multi-layered structure.The longitudinal velocity in the coatings was calculated from the experimental URCS,and the attenuation coefficient expression was deduced by comparing the experimental and numerical fitting amplitude spectral lines.The longitudinal velocity of as-sprayed Cr2O3 coating is 2 002 m/s,and increases to 2 099 and 2 148 m/s after being irradiated by HIPIB with 1 and 5 shots.Correspondingly,the factor A changes from 0.046 to 0.026 and 0.020 and n from 1.702 to 1.658 and 1.649 in the attenuation coefficient expression of α=Af n.It is observed that the surface morphology of Cr2O3 coatings changes from rough and porous to smooth and uniform with the increase of shot number,which accords with the ultrasonic analyses reasonably.The URCS seems to provide a convenient and nondestructive method to characterize surface modification of the plasma sprayed coatings.

Accuracy design of ultra-low residual reflection coatings for laser optics

Refractive index inhomogeneity is one of the important characteristics of optical coating material, which is one of the key factors to produce loss to the ultra-low residual reflection coatings except using the refractive index inhomogeneity to obtain gradient-index coating. In the normal structure of antireflection coatings for center wavelength at 532 nm, the physical thicknesses of layer H and layer L are 22.18 nm and 118.86 nm, respectively. The residual reflectance caused by refractive index inhomogeneity（the degree of inhomogeneous is between -0.2 and 0.2） is about 200 ppm, and the minimum reflectivity wavelength is between 528.2 nm and 535.2 nm. A new numerical method adding the refractive index inhomogeneity to the spectra calculation was proposed to design the laser antireflection coatings, which can achieve the design of antireflection coatings with ppm residual reflection by adjusting physical thickness of the couple layers. When the degree of refractive index inhomogeneity of the layer H and layer L is-0.08 and 0.05 respectively, the residual reflectance increase from zero to 0.0769% at 532 nm. According to the above accuracy numerical method, if layer H physical thickness increases by 1.30 nm and layer L decrease by 4.50 nm, residual reflectance of thin film will achieve to 2.06 ppm. When the degree of refractive index inhomogeneity of the layer H and layer L is 0.08 and -0.05 respectively, the residual reflectance increase from zero to 0.0784% at 532 nm. The residual reflectance of designed thin film can be reduced to 0.8 ppm by decreasing the layer H of 1.55 nm while increasing the layer L of 4.94 nm.

PRELIMINARY STUDY ON RETRO-REFLECTIVE COATED PAPER BASED ON MICROGLASS BEADS

High-reflectivity micro-glass bead, as a kind of retro-reflective material, is widely used in reflective fabric or film and other reflective coatings. But it is rarely used in coated paper. The retro-reflective theory of micro-bead is described. Also the effect of size of micro-bead, dosage of binder and different color layers on reflective properties of coated paper are discussed in this article. The results show that its retro-reflective efficiency is good, equally to reflective fabric or film when the micro-glass bead is used in coated paper.

Three-Component Model for Bidirectional Reflection Distribution Function of Thermal Coating Surfaces

We present a bidirectional reflection distribution function （BRDF） model for thermal coating surfaces based on a three-component reflection assumption, in which the specular reflection is given according to the microfacet theory and Snell＇s law, the multiple reflection is considered Nth cosine distributed, and the volume scattering is uniformly distributed in reflection angles according to the experimental results. This model describes the reflection characteristics of thermal coating surfaces more completely and reasonably. Simulation and measurement results of two thermal coating samples SR107 and S781 are given to validate that this three-component model significantly improves the modeling accuracy for thermal coating surfaces compared with the existing BRDF models.

Design of Reflective, Photonic Shields for Atmospheric Reentry

We present the design of one-dimensional photonic crystal structures, which can be used as omnidirectional reflecting shields against radiative heating of space vehicles entering the Earth’s atmosphere. This radiation is approximated by two broad bands centered at visible and nearinfrared energies. We applied two approaches to find structures with the best omnidirectional reflecting performance. The first approach is based on a band gap analysis and leads to structures composed of stacked Bragg mirrors. In the second approach, we optimize the structure using an evolutionary strategy. The suggested structures are compared with a simple design of two stacked Bragg mirrors. Choice of the constituent materials for the layers as well as the influence of interlayer diffusion at high temperatures are discussed.

Evaluation of thermal sprayed coating using ultrasonic inspection by means of bottom echo back reflection

Thermal spraying technique is widely used in various mechanical parts as a surface reforming technique.However,as demand to maintain superior mechanical performance in harsh operating environment increases,the need for non-destructive evaluation method for thermal spray coating becomes more important.For this purpose,we thinned the thickness of the thermal sprayed coating by abrasion with blasting and used ultrasonic inspection by means of bottom echo reflection for effective measurement of abrasion quantity in thermal sprayed coating.The results obtained are summarized as follows.When the thickness of thermal sprayed coating becomes thin,the echo height increases.This is because thermal sprayed coatings absorb ultrasonic energy.Ultrasonic energy absorbed by Al2O3 is smaller compared with Fe-13Cr coating.Thermal sprayed coatings submerged in water have a lower echo height compared with air.As mentioned above,the thermal sprayed coating thickness can be estimated using ultrasonic inspection by means of bottom echo back reflection.

THE RESEARCH ON NEW REFLECT ROAD MARK COATING

As the developing of the traffic and transport, road signs coating materials become important more and more. This paper introduces the development and current situation of the traffic marking coating and discusses its raw material and application operation. C 5 petroleum resin made in china is used as major material in a hot melt traffic marking coating. To get the best material composition, orthogonal test is used and wear resistant, water resistant, acidity proof, alkaline proof, adhesive strength, fluid characteristic of the coating is researched.

The Optical Properties of Black Coatings and Their Estimated Cooling Effect and Cooling Energy Savings Potential

The optical properties of coatings pigmented with different black colorants were systematically investigated and their surface temperatures and cooling energy savings were estimated. The black coatings pigmented with chromite iron nickel black and manganese ferrite black spinel colorants are not cool enough to be energy efficient cool black coatings. The cool black coatings pigmented with NIR-transmitting perylene black and dioxazine purple colorants possess a green shade and a violet shade, respectively. The estimated surface temperature reduction values and annual cooling energy savings in Beijing range from 3.0°C and 1.21 kWhm-2yr-1 for the black coating pigmented with chromite iron nickel colorant to 13.8°C and 5.52 kWhm-2yr-1 for the black coating pigmented with dioxazine purple colorant, respectively.

Metal Nano Layer Coating for Improving the Detection and Recognition of Micro-Poisons Using Reflection Spectroscopic Measurement

Metal nano layer coating for increasing the sensitivity of spectroscopic measurements is proposed and experimentally demonstrated in this paper. The metal nano layer will attract the micro-poisons from any measured aqueous sample increasing the concentration of the micro-poison in the vicinity of the surface and significantly improves the sensitivity of the spectroscopic measurement. The demonstration was carried out using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) operating in the MIR 400 cm-1 - 4000 cm-1 and 5 nm Gold layer which was grown on silicon oxide substrate. In the experimental demonstration Malathion organophosphate pesticide was used as micro-poison. The spectroscopic measurement proves that Malathion was attracted to the metal nano layer. Furthermore, the absorption lines of Malathion were detected and recognized. This proof of principle can be applied to any Internal Reflection Elements (IRE) and it can be used to purify any aqueous solutions and atmosphere from micro-poisons which will be attracted to the metal Nano layer.

涂层界面反射超声的梳状滤波效应及其结合质量成像检测研究

涂层结构的界面结合质量可以通过超声无损检测技术进行有效表征。基于涂层界面超声传播模型及其反射信号特征研究,发现其回波信号具有梳妆滤波效应。理论分析表明,超声反射系数和相位都会随界面刚度而变化,在此基础上基于梳状滤波效应构建了适用于界面结合强度检测的频域特征参数。利用高频水浸超声扫查系统对不同结合质量的涂层样品进行了成像测试,并与标准划格法测试结果对比。研究结果表明,在涂层结合强度差异较小的情况下,通过回波信号的反射系数和梳状滤波效应频域特征参数都可以区分结合质量为0级和2级样品,而频域特征参数能够显著提升结合质量成像结果的对比度。该研究将为大批量涂层界面质量无损、在线、全覆盖检测提供理论基础与技术支撑。

可见光减反射膜薄层控制误差的分析与性能优化

为提升光学镜头的成像质量,消除杂散光的影响,以K9玻璃为基底设计可见光波段平均反射率小于0.1%的减反射膜。采用电子束离子辅助沉积的制备方式,针对薄层敏感度高、光谱变化大等问题,通过建立稳定控制膜层厚度的数学模型来减小膜厚误差,提高制备精度和成膜稳定性。对减反射膜进行环测实验,优化调整工艺参数,侧重提高减反射膜的硬度和耐水煮能力。实验结果表明,最终制备出的减反射膜在420~680 nm波段内的平均反射率约为0.044%,最高反射率为0.0712%,克服了以MgF2为外层的减反射膜机械性能和化学稳定性较差的问题,满足工程应用低损耗、稳定可靠、高强度、可重复性制备的要求。

基于辐射型反射涂层的热控制墙体性能分析

为评估基于辐射型反射涂层的热控制墙体节能效果,解决相关评测体系缺失问题,建立墙体瞬态传热模型,探究复杂气候交变环境下墙体温度和热流的动态特性,以及辐射换热在被动式制冷过程中的热调控作用,基于热流和墙体传热系数提出一种新的评估模型进行性能评价.结果表明:在室内空调开启情况下,热控制墙体相比于普通墙体,其外表面温度平均下降10.74%,热流提升了281.54%;在夏热冬暖地区,建筑南侧涂覆辐射型反射涂层效果最佳,涂层可以降低建筑全年冷负荷87.8 MJ/m2;在夏热冬冷地区,建筑西面涂覆辐射型反射涂层可以降低建筑全年总负荷26.3 MJ/m2.所提出的性能评价指标能够刻画热控制墙体一天内的传热过程和传热特性,进而得到墙体的折合传热系数,对指导实际建筑施工、降低建筑全生命周期总能耗有重要意义.

自然通风、冷屋顶与外遮阳对室内热环境改善效果实验研究

对自然通风、冷屋顶与外遮阳3种被动技术在夏热冬冷地区的综合隔热降温作用及对室内热环境的改善效果进行了测试分析。结果显示:当三者协同作用时,外遮阳可以遮挡太阳辐射,有效降低窗户的得热量,实验房间玻璃外表面温度较对比房间最高降幅达到7.6℃;高反射涂料的应用使屋顶表面降温幅度达到10.3℃,有效减少了屋顶的温差传热;自然通风系统成功诱导了连续并具有周期性波动的气流,并对埋管内空气有着良好的预冷效果;实验房间室内温度稳定在26.8~27.9℃之间,室内热环境得到了明显的改善。

沥青路面热反射涂层开发及耐久性能评价

为开发高性能沥青路面热反射涂层,研究了功能填料配比对隔热性能的影响、粘结材料配比对粘结强度的影响以及功能填料掺量对隔热性能和粘结强度的影响,并在此基础上制备热反射涂层,对其耐久性能进行评价。结果表明:不同TiO_(2)和SiO_(2)质量比例下,随着TiO_(2)质量的增加,热反射涂层的隔热性能升高。相同固化剂掺量下,在增韧剂掺量为20%~30%时,粘结强度最大;相同增韧剂掺量下,当固化剂掺量为30%~40%时,粘结强度最大。随着功能填料掺量的增加,热反射涂层隔热性能升高,粘结强度先缓慢降低,后加速降低。根据各组分最佳配比制备热反射涂层,涂层磨耗率随磨耗次数的增加而升高,前期升高速率快;隔热性能随磨耗率的增大而线性减小;抗滑性能随磨耗次数的增加先迅速上升后缓慢下降。

水性反射隔热型涂料的制备及性能影响因素探究

研究了反射隔热涂料中重要组分对其性能的影响规律。以纯丙乳胶作为成膜物,空心玻璃微珠和金红石型二氧化钛作为功能填料,在基本配方体系基础上,通过单一变量控制法研究了空心玻璃微珠、金红石型二氧化钛的尺寸及添加量等因素对反射隔热涂料透水及耐沾污性、太阳光反射性能和隔热性能的影响规律,并制备得到综合性能优异的水性反射隔热涂料。研究结果表明,反射隔热填料不仅影响涂层的太阳光反射和隔热性能,对于涂层的耐水和耐沾污性也有显著影响。

沥青路面水性聚氨酯丙烯酸热反射涂料制备

以异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)、聚丙二醇(PPG)等原料制备水性聚氨酯(WPU),通过丙烯酸单体和交联剂改性WPU制得水性聚氨酯丙烯酸(WPUA)乳液。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析WPUA的官能团,利用铅笔硬度和百格划线法对WPUA膜的硬度、附着力进行测定,利用水接触角试验对WPUA膜的疏水性能进行测试;以降温值、黏度值、光泽度作为评价指标,借助正交试验设计确定WPUA热反射涂料的最佳配方;通过室内太阳辐射模拟装置以及室外太阳照射试验对WPUA热反射涂料的降温效果进行测试。结果表明,WPUA膜的附着力和硬度均得到提高,具有较好的疏水性;WPUA热反射涂料的最佳制备配方为固含量30%的WPUA乳液、16%的金红石型钛白粉、2%的石英砂和4%的中空玻璃微珠。WPUA热反射涂料室内外降温效果显著。

Dynamic performance and energy efficiency of reflective and insulative composite coating on building exterior wall

Reflective and insulative composite coatings are a new energy-saving material with high solar reflectance and extremely low thermal conductivity for buildings.The optimization and impact of high solar reflectance and low thermal conductivity on the insulating capacity of walls remain uncertain.This work investigates the dynamic thermal performance and energy efficiency of a reflective and insulative composite coating in regions with hot summer and warm winter.A simplified thermal resistance-heat capacitance model of an exterior building wall is established to predict thermal performance.The dynamic temperature and heat flow of the wall are predicted to reduce heat loss through the interior surface of the wall and compared to the conventional coating.The specific impact of the thermal conductivity and solar reflectance of the coating on the heat loss is further investigated to minimize heat loss of the wall.This research shows that the composite coating shows better performance on adjusting outdoor climate change than the other coating.Compared with cement,it reduces the maximum temperature of the exterior surface of the wall by 7.45°C,and the heat loss through the interior surface of the wall by 38%.The heat loss is reduced with the increase of solar reflectance and the reduction of thermal conductivity.The results can provide a useful reference and guidance for the application of reflective and insulative composite coating on building exterior wall to promote their energy-saving use on building envelopes.

SiO_(2)气凝胶及其他功能填料对反射隔热涂料性能影响

为了提高SiO_(2)气凝胶反射隔热涂料的保温隔热性能,研究了亲水、疏水性SiO_(2)气凝胶的掺量对反射隔热涂料的太阳热反射率和隔热温差的影响,以及几种功能性填料的作用。结果表明:掺量1.5%的疏水SiO_(2)气凝胶制得的反射隔热涂料性能最好,其太阳热反射率达到了83.32%,隔热温差达到了31.6℃。掺量为9%的空心玻璃微珠所制的反射隔热涂料的反射率达到85.33%,隔热温差达到32.65℃,是其他功能性填料中表现最佳的一种填料。1.5%疏水SiO_(2)气凝胶和9%空心玻璃微珠复配制得的反射隔热涂料其导热系数为0.041 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1),比各自单独使用制得的反射隔热涂料的导热系数低30%~40%,表现出良好的保温隔热效果。