Analysis of the Changes in Rural Chinese Family Structure since Reform and Opening Up

This article uses data from censuses since 1982 to reveal changes in the family structure of rural China since the launch of reform and opening up and against the backdrop of institutional relocation,social transformation and an aging population.Since the advent of reform and opening up,rural family structure and its changes can be divided into two phases.Before the 1990 s,the household contract responsibility system was implemented,labor in rural villages was still mainly engaged in farming,and the number of nuclear families remained stable with a steady rise.After the 1990 s,as reform progress deepened,substantial numbers of young and middle-aged laborers in rural villages began to relocate into non-farming sectors and aging in rural villages rose.As those born in the early days of the family planning policy gradually matured,family structure was directly affected and changed in new ways and forms not seen before.Vocational divisions of labor among the parents of young families and married offspring emerged and the significance of cooperation for family economy and daily life between parents and offspring rose in importance.Also,the prevalence of immediate families with three generations climbed while the standard nuclear families declined,the ratio of middle-aged couples with young children that worked outside the home increased,the function of middle-aged and senior parents in the upbringing of infants and children enhanced,and the commonness of incomplete family types such as only grandparents with grandchildren increased.During this phase,the number of seniors living alone surged to the point of becoming a matter worthy of attention.

Practical Significance of Rural Survey of the Communist Party of China after Reform and Opening up

Conducting rural social investigation is the excellent tradition of the Communist Party of China.Since the reform and opening up,the Communist Party of China has undertaken several times of rural investigation,fully grasped the first-hand data of rural development situation of China,and formulated scientific policies and measures.These promote tremendous changes in rural development.Rural investigation of the Communist Party of China covers a wide range of topics,including politics,economy,education,science and technology,health care,sanitation,and population.Undertaking detailed investigation in rural areas is of great significance for development of rural society,scientific administration of the Communist Party of China,and the construction of the socialist society with Chinese characteristics.

Innovation of Chinese Discourse in the Context of Reform and Opening Up

Through reform and opening up,China has moved from the edge of the world arena to the center and this great historical change in its development has created new requirements for the innovation of Chinese discourse.The remarkable achievements of reform and opening up have not only maintained the vitality of Chinese discourse,but also built the inherent foundation for holding confidence in discourse.The key reason why the policy of reform and opening up has facilitated the historic construction of Chinese discourse is that it is a scientific answer to the questions of our times about how to build socialism in a country relatively backward in the level of economy and education.In a new era for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics,the innovations and development of Chinese discourse have shown new features rarely seen before,among which the most significant is that constructing Chinese discourse is no longer a matter of individual cases but more of a common phenomenon.In the historic journey towards an all-round in-depth reform,broader theoretical space has been created for Chinese discourse.In addition,it is an important signpost in the path of promoting innovative development of Chinese discourse in a new era,namely,how to"tell China’s stories well",and establish an appropriate mode for conveying Chinese discourse to the world.

Research on the path of building a good Party conduct since the reform and opening up

The construction of the good Party conduct is a great project for the Chinese Communist Party to realize its great dream and realistic pursuit. Since the reform and opening up, the four generations of the leading collectives have emphasized the focus of the construction of the Party conduct from the unique perspectives, promoted the standardization of the ＂institutional construction＂, promoted the construction of the ＂two major issues＂ to be scientific, and promoted the construction of＂anti-corruption and building a clean government＂ in detail. Since entering the new era ofXi Jinping, the new central leadership collective, on the basis of inheriting both the existing ideas and the existing achievements, puts forward the new problems of ＂four winds＂, explores the new paths, depicts the new blueprint including the ideal beliefs, the leadership power and the long effect mechanisms, and transforms them into the practical actions, to promote the construction of the new development of the Socialist Party conduct with Chinese characteristics.

30 years of reform and opening up:experience and characteristics

This year marks the 30th anniversary of China’s reform and opening-up program,which has brought about unprecedented achievements in the country’s three decades of rapid development. This issue contains three articles on the theme of this 30th anniversary,presenting insights on the past and present and prospects for the coming period. The current issue includes "China’s 30 years of reform and opening up:experiences and characteristics" by Prof. Chen Jiagui;"30 years of prosperity in China’s non-state economy" by Prof. Liu Yingqiu; and "The development of an open economy in China" by Prof. Pei Changhong. These articles evaluate the policies of the past three decades from different angles and looking at different facets,yet each with theoretical as well as practical signif icance. We believe that these historical reflections will steer China on an even more successful path of future reform and opening.

30-Year Reform and Opening up-Export Review(1978-2008)(Continued)

The year of 1994 was a milestone on a historical road of the textile trade development worldwide. The Final Act concluding the Uruguay Round and officially establishing the WTO regime was signed during ministerial meeting at Marrakesh, Morroco on the 15th of April, 1994, and hence is known as the Marrakesh Agreement. That marked a beginning of quota phase out. China has been on a resolute stance to trade restrictions and protectionism all through quota phase out and post-quota period and will continue to do so when safeguard deal terminates…

Development during last 30 years' reform and opening up in China's printing,printing equipment and material industries(Ⅰ)

As the industry of knowledge diffusion and civilization spreading, printing industry has been paid much attention by Party and Government.

After Forty Years of Reform and Opening up:A Multi-perspective Analysis of the Innovation and Development of Ideological and Political Education

In the past 40 years of reform and opening up,the political,economic and cultural exchanges and cooperation between China and other countries have been increasing.In particular,with the opening of the doors to the outside world,the intermingling and collision of various cultures and trends from the East and the West have affected the practice and development process of ideological and political education to a certain extent.With the continu­ous penetration of network technology,the ideological and political theoret­ical system under the leadership of the Party has been constantly innovated and improved.Although it has gone through the course of cancellation,restoration,development and then integration and deepening,it has also pointed out a series of new diversified development paths for ideological and political education.Therefore,against such a background,it is impor­tant to deeply understand the distinctive features of ideological and political education in the context of pluralism.Adhering to the principle of keeping pace with the times and the people-oriented education policy and exploring new paths,methods and means of ideological and political education in the context of pluralism are not only in line with the trend of development of the times,but also continue to promote the reform and development of ide­ological and political theory in the new era.

Reform and Opening up,the Motive Power for the Technical Advance of Dongfang Hydroelectric Equipment

Preface On October 13, 1958, in the county town of Deyang in southwestern China, a new power equipment manufacture enterprise-Dongfa ng Electric Machinery was es tablished, which had been placed

30-Year Reform and Opening up——Export Review(1978-2008)

This year marks 30th year commemoration of China's" reform and opening up" policy, the strategic decision made at the 3rd plenarysession of the national party congress' 11th central committee of Communist Party of China (CPC) in Dec. 1978. History made its way to the end of 1978. In December of that particular year, CPC leaders tapped on the table to decide to open up and reform this long-encapsulated country in a milestone conclusion. Thirty years elapsed. Like many other industrial sectors that benefited from this monumental decision, Chinese textile industry has undeniably been growing at a fantastic speed, and its export is on an unrivalled growth in phase...

Improving Lives Forty years of reform and opening up helps drive poverty reduction in China and globally

Li Naluo still remembers how isolated and poor her native village was not so long ago： a few thatched huts,no roads or electricity, secluded in the mountains of south China＇s Yunnan Province. Who would have thought that a few years later, this poor village would rise like a phoenix from the ashes？

Development during last 30 years' reform and opening up in China's printing,printing equipment and material industries (Ⅱ)

Ⅳ.Development of Printing Technology i.16 characters guideline and 28 characters guidefine directed the development of China’s printing technology Mr.Fan Muhan chaired 16 characters guideline in September,1982,which includes laserphototypesetting,

Development during last 30 years' reform and opening up in China's printing,printing equipment and material industries(Ⅲ)

(connected to the last month’s Print China) V.Regional Economy Regional imbalance appeared in development of China’s printing industry because of impact of gov-

Uplifting a Nation China’s 40 years of reform and opening up has brought tangible benefits to its people and the world

Beijing resident Li Zhangzhe, 58, still keeps a pair of sunglasses he bought nearly 40 years ago.

Perceiving Truth and Ceasing Doubts： What Can We Learn from 40 Years of China＇s Reform and Opening up？

China＇s reform, opening up and resultant economic growth in the past 40 years have led to the accumulation of an immense array of experiences, which economists are obligated to look into, analyze and theorize upon. In fact, the rich literature in this area has positively assessed and documented China＇s successful experiences. However, theories that were established in Western countries have been applied as doctrine to judge China＇s experiences. By adopting an analytical framework unifying historical logic and theoretical logic, the purpose of this paper is to reveal the unique Chinese experience and its relevance to the general laws of economic development. Based on the experiences of and in reference to research findings about China, this paper chronicles the process of reform, opening up and economic growth, and analyzes the nexus between them. The study demystifies how the incentive mechanism, the factor accumulation and allocation system, market development, and macro policy environment reforms have spurred China＇s economic growth, structural changes and the increase in productivity. The changes in development stage are examined and policy implications for further reform are discussed.

Thirty years of reform and opening up summarized from the perspective of Marxist philosophy

Overall reflection on the thirty years of reform and opening up from the perspective of Marxist philosophy will demonstrate that every policy involved in this undertaking has undergone a process of the negation of negation that includes the phases of affirmation, negation and integration. A new round of integration on a higher level can only be assured by a new round of the negation of negation targeting new contradictions. In making a dialectical evaluation of these three decades, we should not only fully acknowledge the great achievements of this period, but also recognize the problems and underlying risks, such as the contradictions between the productive forces and relations of production, the economic foundation and the superstructure, and ideology and social being, as well as those within the productive forces and the relations of production. With regard to the mechanism of economic operation, we need to place a renewed emphasis on the state＇s role in macroeconomic regulation at the same time as we carry out market-oriented reform. In respect of the ownership structure, we need a renewed emphasis on ＂public ownership as the mainstay＂ while different forms of ownership continue to develop together. And when it comes to distribution relations, ＂letting some people get rich first＂ should be changed to ＂attaching greater importance to social equity.＂

Reform and opening up are a powerful motive force for developing socialism with Chinese characteristics

The history of China＇s reform and opening up are at the same time the history of the theoretical exploration of the Sinicization of Marxism. The in-depth movement of emancipating the mind represents a great leap ahead for both the practice and the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The great practice of three decades of reform and opening up has given us a store of valuable historical experience and provided a practical and scientific foundation for the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Reform and opening up are a tremendous impetus to socialism with Chinese characteristics. To adhere to this theoretical system is in effect to adhere to the viewpoint of the emancipation of the mind, seeking truth from facts and the productive forces criterion, as well as to the scientific concept of development and the correct outlook on reform. Taking this theoretical system as our guide is of the utmost importance for further reform and opening up and the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Retrospective and Prospects for China’s International Educational Exchange in the 40th Anniversary Year of Reform and Opening Up

International exchange is an important part of China’s educational opening up,cooperation,and connection with other countries.It also serves as a unique strategic resource,helping to develop and consolidate mutual political trust,diplomatic exchange,economic and trade relations,cultural exchange and educational cooperation between China and other countries in the world,thereby enhancing China’s international image.We have seen positive contributions made to our progress towards peace among peoples,and noted the irreplaceable role played by China.International educational exchange is an important part of global international student flows.Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,especially in the 40 years of reform and opening up,China has experienced a development process in education from language students to students at all levels and from quantity to quality.The change in the type of international students studying in China and of Chinese students studying abroad reflects the Chinese spirit and the broadening the appeal of China’s programs.It can be interpreted as the fulfillment of the“Chinese Dream,”contributing to national revitalization.The trade imbalance between exporting countries and destination countries in international educational exchange has been reduced.

Chinese Experience in Industrial Development During the Forty Years of reform and opening-up

Over the past forty years of reform and opening-up,China's industry has sustained rapid and sound development and generated impressive achievements.Industrialization has entered the second half of its final stage.This experience of successful industrialization with Chinese characteristics constitutes an important component Chinese wisdom and Chinese approaches,and serves as a reference for other developing countries and countries in transition.The Chinese experience in industrial development during this period includes: progressively promoting industrial and economic system reform adapted to local circumstances; seizing the right moment to firmly integrate into the global system of labor division; pursuing the new path of industrialization featuring coordinated development of the "Five Pillars" in keeping up with the times; and developing an industrialization model with Chinese characteristics with concerted efforts of effective market and enabling government.

Key Terms to Understand Reform and Opening Up

The China Academy of Translation has analyzed prevailing terms concerning the reform and opening-up policy and translated them into a number of foreign languages.The research institute is affiliated with the China International Publishing Group,the country’s leading international publisher.