Chinese and US S&T Innovation Policies and Their Effects on Economic Growth Potentials

Since the eruption of the recent global financial crisis, major countries have been pushing forward structural reforms with science and technology （S＆T） innovation at the heart. Since taking office, US President Donald Trump has adopted an ＂America First＂ strategy but has yet to specify a clear S＆T innovation policy. However, Trump＇s current policies have already affected S＆T innovation and his planned budget cuts will impact US growth potentials. Compared with the US, China is steadily implementing its innovation-driven development strategy with significant improvement in S＆ T innovation that increasingly supports economic growth. To spur future economic growth, China should steadfastly follow its S＆T innovation strategy, promote the utilization of S＆T innovation results, boost its economic growth potentials and make the most of global innovation resources.

Changes of Wage Structures in Chinese Public and Private Sectors： 1995-2007

Using CHIP （Chinese Household Income Project Survey） data and the sample selection bias corrected wage function model, this paper estimated changes in wage structure in China by ownership types （SOEs, COEs, FEs, and PEs） in 1995 and 2007. The major conclusions are as follows. First, effects of education on wage levels in SOEs and FEs become greater, while education effects decrease in SOEs and PEs under economic transition periods; firm-specific human capital becomes more important in the wage determination mechanism along with market-oriented reforms in SOEs, PEs, and FEs; age effect decreases in SOEs and COEs, but it becomes greater in PEs and FEs. Second, there exist wage structure differences between sectors by wage distributions. For example, in 2007, in SOEs, education return rates are higher for the low-wage and middle-wage groups, and the effect is the highest at the 40th percentile. However in COEs and FEs, education return rates are higher for the high-wage groups, and the effect is the highest at the 70th percentile in COEs and at the 70th percentile in FEs. Tenure effects are greater in the middle-wage groups （40th-80th） in SOEs, COEs, and FEs, and age effects are greater in the low-wage groups （5th-30th） in SOEs, FEs, and PEs.

Discussion on the Path of Chinese Urbanization

The urbanization is the course that industries and economic activities concentrate, and the history of urban development can be divided into three periods： early urbanization, industrial urbanization and post-industrialized urbanization. Marketization is the foundation of the city, and the development of non-agricultural industry such as commerce, service trade and secondary industry has spurred the prosperity of the city enormously. China has led rfiarketing economy into the course of industrialization and urbanization gradually in more than 20 years, but the level of marketization is still relatively low. China should endeavor to strengthen the tertiary industry, improve its quality and level, in order to get the full outside-effect and diffusion effect of it.

Research on the Supply-Side Reform Promotes Economic Growth Model in Xi’an

Xi’an is situated at west China, the industrial structure the restriction function which grows to the economy is not balanced more obvious, uni？ es the Xi’an actual situation, speeds up the supplies side constitutive property reform, the promotion industrial structure optimized promotion appears especially importantly. Firstly, this paper analyzes the present situation and development trend of supply-side reform at home and abroad. Based on the situation of Xi’an, the author analyzes ？ ve production-side reforms, such as “de-production,” “de-stocking,” “deleveraging”, “cost reduction” The author puts forward the main problems of Xi’an’s supply-side reform to promote economic growth. Finally, it puts forward the path choice of supply-side reform to promote economic growth in Xi’an. Adhere to reform and expand and demand side, supply side in xian accurate docking, supply and demand in xi ‘an supply side reform should constantly improve production quality, give full play to the market on the supply side of the reform main body role and foster the subject of the new.

Supply-Side Structural Reforms and China's Potential Economic Growth Rate

This paper examines the effect of supply-side structural reforms on China＇s potential economic growth rate in the coming decade according to the data the authors have gathered. Under the rapid growth scenario with the implementation of supply-side structural reforms, China＇s potential economic growth rate will reach an average of 6.5% and 5.8% respectively in the 13th Five-year Plan （2016-2020） and 14th Five-year Plan （2021-2025） periods. These rates are 0.2 and 0.3 percentage points higher, respectively, than that under the baseline scenario with the inertia of historic trends. In implementing supply-side structural reforms, China must transform governmental functions, break monopolies, create a comprehensive competitive market environment, foster the creation of pro-innovation mechanisms, refocus on quality and efficiency, and raise capital utilization and labor productivity.

The Airport Economy Development of ZAEZ's Innovation on the Regional Development Pattern

Regional economic development can be enhanced through the development of an airport economy that includes: changing the regional elements endowment at the micro scale, coupling with regional industries at the medium scale, and accelerating tax revenues and employment growth at the macro scale. As a representative example of the Chinese airport economy, the Zhengzhou Airport Economic Zone(ZAEZ) has played a significant leading and demonstrating role in the following fields: deepening the system reforms in an all-round way, promoting the "synchronization of five modernizations", building "one carrier and four systems", constructing "Four Henan", advancing the structural reform of supply-side and integrating the resources of the Henan airport. This article concludes: The supply-side structural reform needs to be accelerated and integrated into the international frontiers under "the Belt and Road" initiative. The ZAEA development has promoted the innovation of regional development patterns and showed the tendency toward the "five modernizations" of future regional development. The airport economy has developed rapidly based on the international aviation transportation system, and may change the traditional development patterns of regional centers located in coastal areas, and open a new era of regional development in the inland regions.

The Supply-Side Structural Reforms——Adapting to and Leading China's New Normal

The Central Economic Working Conference proposed supplyside structural reforms which can be regarded as major innovations and necessary measures that adapt to and lead the new normal of economic development. The 13^(th) Five Year Plan is a critical period for the transformation of economic development patterns and economic restructuring, so clarifying the theoretical values and practical significances of the supply-side structural reforms, making a clear explanation of the scientific connotations and policy implications of these reforms from a scientific standpoint, and discussing concrete measures to promote the reforms against the background of the economic new normal not only has academic values but also has important practical implications. Viewed from the practical standpoint of China' s new normal and through analyzing the basic national conditions, this article proposes a roadmap for implementing the proposed reforms and points out that only by doing well in the hybrid operation of "addition, subtraction, multiplication and division", based on the framework of the "five policy pillars", an innovative path of the supply-side structural reforms with Chinese characteristics can be paved.

Local Officials' Tactical Adjustment of Economic Growth Targets under China's Coordinated Regional Development Policy

This paper intends to examine Chinese local officials' behavior for economic growth after the central government's implementation of economic restructuring policy.Theoretically,this paper has demonstrated that when the central government credibly shifts its priority from overall national growth to regional economic restructuring,it will adopt an economic policy in favor of less developed region and local government officials will tactically adjust growth targets accordingly;when the restructuring policy has reached a wide enough coverage of benefit,officials of developed region will relatively lower growth targets for their respective jurisdictions.Empirically,this paper employs the growth targets laid out in the provincial Government Work Reports between 2001 and 2012 and the growth targets set in the five-year plans for the period between 1996 and 2015,and has discovered that changes of inter-provincial gaps are dominated by growth targets;after the central government has launched the program of regional economic restructuring on a full scale,developed provinces start to lower growth targets set for their respective jurisdictions.This paper's discoveries are robust and provide an explanation to the new tendency of China's economic growth in recent years,i.e.,economic growth of eastern region slows down,interprovincial gaps narrow and the central government has adopted the policy of coordinated regional development in favor of inland regions.

Supply-Side Structural Reforms of China's Industries

Supply-side structural reforms are structural adjustments and institutional reforms to address the mismatch between supply and demand and improve TFP. The mismatch is exhibited at the supply side and arises from structural contradictions and must be addressed through reforms. Supply-side structural reforms can be analyzed at the levels of firms, industries and government to arrive at theoretical and systematic conclusions that offer practical guidance. Based on this perspective, this paper proposes policy recommendations on how to deal with zombie firms, reduce cost for manufacturing companies, deepen SOE reforms, eliminate overcapacity, implement ＂Made in China 2025＂ and Internet＋ strategies, promote Beijing-l^anjin-Hebei integrated development, as well as develop the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the old industrial bases of the northeast.

Dilemma of healthcare reform and invention of new discipline of health fiscalogy

Background:China's Reform and Open up Policy in 1980s has brought rapid economic development to Chinese society.With the deepening of economic reform,the withdrawal of the state in China has had visible and worrisome consequences for health and for the functioning of health services.The new round of healthcare reform after 2009 has made significant achievements on improving fundamental health and bringing back the nature of welfare of health.However,the financing mechanism of health system has not been established,and the underlying reason behind the healthcare reform dilemma and the theoretical solution need to be found.Methods:This study used the methods of literature review,theoretical research and comparative research to summarize and analyze the reasons and solutions of current dilemma in healthcare reform,and created the new discipline of health fiscalogy through theoretical analysis and vertical and horizontal comparison of healthcare system,especially health financing.Results:Dilemma in healthcare system emerged from the circumstances of rapid process of industrialization,urbanization and population aging,including the profit-driven phenomena,tendency of excessive marketization in public hospitals,strained doctor-patient relationship,high disease burden on individuals and families,and so on.It can be concluded that the theoretical basis of healthcare system and the nature of health resources are crucial in solving the dilemma of healthcare reform.The theoretical basis of healthcare reform should be health fiscalogy focusing on government as the main body of health care responsibility rather than health economics focusing on anti-monopoly.There are two key differences between health economics and health fiscalogy:responsible person/department of disease and health welfare,and nature of resource.The new discipline of health fiscalogy has universal and important implications on both China’s healthcare reform and the healthcare reform in the world.Conclusions:China’s healthcare reform should return from the paradigm of health economics and marketization financing model to the paradigm of health fiscalogy and government-led financing model,which is reflected in the main position of government and social welfare.

Government Regulation,Enforcement,and Economic Consequences in a Transition Economy:Empirical Evidence from Chinese Listed Companies Implementing the Split Share Structure Reform

In a changing transition economy, Chinese government regulations that adopt the relatively simple bright line rule formula are enforceable in practice. Taking the early reform-oriented policies of the China Securities Regulatory Commission(CSRC) as an example, we find that the CSRC did not consider local enthusiasm for reform when allocating IPO resources because of the high enforcement costs involved. We also find that CSRC listed company regulations were enforced due to the lower costs involved in verifying regulatory violations, and that listed companies that completed the reform process were given priority in public refinancing. We present empirical evidence supporting the theoretical basis for the hypotheses outlined above. We also conclude that companies that completed the reform process in 2005 were of significantly higher quality and that the SEO regulation did not affect stock market efficiency. These findings enhance our understanding of the efficiency of government regulation in a transition economy.

Chinese Social History： Forty Years of Research under the Chinese Economic Reform

In the wake of the Chinese economic reform, Chinese scholars have welcomed in the resurgence of historical social research. Looking back over the past 30-odd years of research development, it could be said there existed four general periods： A brainstorm period, an initial ＂beginning＂ period, a period of maturation and lastly an expansion period. From looking at the context of [its] theoretical development, it is clear that scholars researching Chinese social history were, from the beginning, focused on how exactly to define ＂society.＂ This, however, resulted in much debate about the different concepts of social history itself. Though the matter has yet to be setded, the ultimate research objective for the field of historical social research is in its pursuit of truth. In recent years following the dissolution of disciplinary boundaries, the interdisciplinary viewpoint（s） established by social and cultural history have also provided forth a new horizon for the development of Chinese historical social research.

A Comparative Analysis of Chinese-Nigerian Economic Reforms and Development Experiences

China has witnessed consistent economic growth and development in the past two decades and half in spite of the significant downturn recorded in the global economic performance during part of the period of this dramatic achievement. Principally, the Chinese economic development is the direct outcome of the economic restructuring embarked in 1978. Of interest is the fact that while the one time economically fragile communist nation has made such a tremendous progress within a period of less than three decades, most of the developing countries in the Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly Nigeria, the sub regional power that engaged in similar economic reforms in 1986 has performed grossly below expectation in spite of its economic potentials. Why this sharp variation in the outcomes of the reforms in the two nations, what＇s the missing link in the Nigerian economic reforms？ This paper basically provides the response to these fundamental questions in its comparative analysis of the two distant economies and draws significant lessons for the less successful SSA economies undergoing economic reforms.

中国全面深化经济体制改革全面推进中国式经济现代化

围绕全面深化经济体制改革,全面推进中国式经济现代化主题研究,对党的十八大以来全面深化经济体制改革做了历史回顾,分析了中国式经济现代化、农业现代化、工业现代化、科技现代化、基础设施现代化“五位一体”的发展历程。全面深化经济体制改革、全面推进中国式经济现代化已经成为实现中国式现代化的主要任务与关键所在。展望2035年,中国将基本实现社会主义经济现代化,经济实力、工业实力、科技实力、综合国力将大幅跃升,经济总量和城乡居民人均收入将再迈上新的大台阶,关键核心技术实现重大突破,进入世界创新型国家前列。为此,根据党的二十届三中全会全面深化改革、全面推进中国式现代化的重要决定,分析了全面深化经济体制改革,全面推进中国式经济现代化及农业现代化、工业现代化、科技现代化、基础设施现代化历程,旨在大力发展中国经济生产力、农业生产力、工业生产力、科技创新力及基础设施现代化等,全面推进中国式经济现代化。

中国式现代化征程中体育产业高质量发展的基础、原则与方略——基于新结构经济学视角

中国式现代化新道路为体育产业发展提供方向指引,以体育产业高重量发展助推中国式现代化更是时代所需。运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法等研究方法,以新结构经济学为理论支撑,探究中国式现代化征程中体育产业高质量发展的基础、原则与实践方略。研究认为,基于新结构经济学的体育产业高质量发展是以要素禀赋厚植发展底色,以比较优势强化发展优势。在中国式现代化征程中体育产业高质量发展要立足于“有为政府”“有效市场”和现代产业等现实基础,其原则遵循是坚持以要素禀赋驱动升级,凸显体育产业现代特质;坚持以比较优势强关键点,转换体育产业发展优势;坚持以优先发展扬先手旗,攻克体育产业薄弱环节。并提出实践方略:把握时代需要,回应人民对美好生活的向往;构建现代体系,推动体育产业结构转型升级;秉承精准施策,引导区域与业态的协调联通;坚持创新引领,提升体育产业的自主话语权等。

社会保障助推中国式现代化的 逻辑联动与实现路径 ——新结构经济学视角

党的二十大报告提出要以“中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴”。基于新结构经济学视角,对社会保障与中国式现代化之间的关系进行探究发现,当社会保障的功能实现现代化之后,将遵循全民保障逻辑、全民福祉逻辑、文明幸福逻辑、生态福利逻辑以及和平发展逻辑与中国式现代化产生联动,进而助推中国式现代化“五大特征”的实现。其中,尤其能通过推动创新将巨大的人口规模从“人口约束”转化成“人才红利”,还能促进环境质量改善从而实现人与自然的和谐共生。为此,需重点对社会保障结构进行改革,促进社会保障功能的现代化,实现社会保障结构的联动化。

中国式现代化背景下新质生产力发展与智能时代我国社会结构现代化

党的二十届三中全会提出“健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制”。发展新质生产力是推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点,是推进中国式现代化的重大战略举措,对我国经济社会发展将产生深远影响。新质生产力的本质是先进生产力。新质生产力对人类社会交往方式、生活方式和社会结构现代化进程产生颠覆性影响。作为新质生产力的代表,人工智能正在成为类似于历史上蒸汽机、电力等具有广泛而深刻影响的新的通用技术。人工智能技术在工业社会、信息社会之后,正将人类社会带入智能时代,人类社会结构呈现智能现代化特征。发展新质生产力,必须进一步全面深化改革,形成与之相适应的新型生产关系。中国式现代化的本质和特征为新质生产力的解放和发展提供了契机,新质生产力也为破解我国发展不平衡不充分问题,实现社会结构现代化转型提供了历史机遇。西方现代化百年来,始终难以克服的弊病,也被带入了智能化时代,在“数字鸿沟”之后,“智能鸿沟”也在西方社会逐步形成。智能时代的中国社会结构,展示出新型现代化社会结构的特征,表现出优于西方社会结构的现代化新形态,成为与新质生产力相适应的新型生产关系的重要构成部分。

持续推动经济回升向好需要科学处理几方面重要关系

2023年我国经济在总体上呈现回升向好态势。“经济回升向好”是2023年12月召开的中央经济工作会议的重要关键词。但要持续推动我国经济回升向好,需要科学处理实现经济质的有效提升和量的合理增长、坚持高质量发展和实现高水平安全之间、扩大内需和深化供给侧结构性改革之间的关系,并就今后如何科学处理三方面的关系进行了探讨。必须把坚持高质量发展作为新时代的硬道理,努力营造高质量发展和高水平安全相互成就的发展格局,把扩大内需同深化供给侧结构性改革结合起来。