Tasks and Priorities for Comprehensively Deepening Reform of China’s State Sector of Economy

The Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee ushered in a new chapter of China＇s comprehensive deepening of reform. The basic objective of comprehensively deepening reform of the state sector of economy in the new chapter is to fully integrate this sector with a sophisticated market economic system with the market playing the decisive role in resource allocation. In order to achieve this objective, China is confronted with the four major priorities of adjusting the functions and layout of the state sector of economy according to national mandates, expediting the mixed ownership reform, creating a classified and multi- tiered new system for the administration of the sector, and developing a modern corporate system for SOEs to ensure an efficient micro-level governance mechanism for the sector. （1） The functions of the different types of SOEs should be accurately defined and SOEs should be divided into the three types of public policy SOEs, functional SOEs, and commercial SOEs. This classification forms the premises for reforming the state sector of economy. Based on the functions of the three types of SOEs, the directions and emphases for strategic adjustment should differ as well. （2） The mixed ownership reform should adhere to the methodological principles of combining top-down and bottom-up approaches, implementing pilot programs, and promoting coordinated progress. Practical implementation should ensure fair and standard reform procedures, reform programs consistent with laws and regulations, open and fair equity transfers, as well as fair and transparent internal distributions. The mixed ownership reform of SOEs should introduce the employee stock ownership system and adhere to the principles of compatible incentives, shared growth, and long-term development. Monopolistic sectors should be transformed into competitive market structures to create conditions for the implementation of mixed ownership for SOEs. （3） The new system for the administration of the state sector of economy should comprise three hierarchies： the Commission for the Administration of State Economy at the top level, state capital operation companies or state capital investment companies at the intermediate level and general for-profit enterprises at the bottom level, which administer public policy, functional SOEs, and commercial SOEs respectively. （4） Under the new system for the administration of the state sector of economy characterized by the three hierarchies and categories, the key for perfecting the modern corporate system of SOEs is to establish a differentiated, classified governance mechanism, i.e., different corporate governance mechanisms should be created for SOEs of different functions and roles.

Exploring Public Finance Management Reform and Building up Model of General State Accounting （GSA）： The Case of Vietnam

There is no doubt that public finance and accounting have been playing a pivotal role in supporting the government＇s aspirations in the development in any countries. Through the receipt of funds from the state budget, the organizations in the public sector use country＇s resources towards the implementation of objectives as well as social policies set by national government. Therefore, most countries will aim to gradually improve the management of public finance, but control of public finance has faced challenges because of the existing limitations As a result, the public finance management needs to be reformed. In Vietnam, this process has been performed in recent years. To enhance the effectiveness of improvement, public finance has to combine with the transformation of public sector accounting. In fact, there are a lot of researches in public sector accounting together with financial management. However, in the world, from the past to present, very little research has been conducted to examine the change in management to the public finance and relationship to public accounting, especially to the model of general accounting. Because of the significance of above matters, the main purposes of this paper are to identify the role of public finance and the process of reforming it and to build up the new model in Vietnam, called as General State Accounting （GSA） which is applied for Vietnamese government in the near future. By using the mixed method for research, the author will analyze the figures of last budget data, administer the described statistics, and collect information about the budget from Vietnamese experts.

The 40-year Anniversary of Reform and Opening-up

In 1978,the third plenary session of the 11th Central Committee started the implementation of opening-up and reform policies,starting a new chapter of China’s economic development.A grand gathering to celebrate the 40th anniversary of China’s reform and opening-up was held by the CPC Central Committee and State Council on December 18,2018.President Xi Jinping addressed the gathering,saying“we shall never forget our original determination and keep in mind our commitment to carry forward reform and opening-up to the end.We shall endeavor to fulfill the people’s demands for beautiful lives and create a new miracle in a new era that amazes the world”.

30 years of prosperity in China's non-state economy

This article analyzes the basic experiences in the reform and development of China’s non-state-owned economy,based on a review of its distinctive features and major achievements of sustained rapid development over the last three decades since reform and opening began. It also identifies the problems facing further reform and development of China’s non-state-owned economy. Finally,it presents an outlook of the future of non-state-owned economic development. Looking ahead,the collectively owned economy in urban areas and townships is expected to enter a new stage of development based on transition and transformation; the individual and private economy will reach new heights of development; foreign invested enterprises will further boost economic and technological investment and raise the technological content of output.

进一步全面深化改革与推进中国式现代化——学习贯彻党的二十届三中全会精神专家笔谈

党的二十届三中全会审议通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革推进中国式现代化的决定》指出,“中国式现代化是在改革开放中不断推进的,也必将在改革开放中开辟广阔前景”。中国式现代化的重要保障是高水平社会主义市场经济体制,本质要求是发展全过程人民民主,中国式现代化是人与自然和谐共生的现代化,是物质文明和精神文明相协调的现代化。进一步全面深化改革涉及经济、政治、生态、文化诸领域。发展民营经济、壮大民营企业对于构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制具有重要意义,未来五年发展民营经济、壮大民营企业的重要任务有五方面:市场准入公平参与市场竞争;平等使用生产要素;受到同等法律保护;完善社会信用;完善企业治理结构。建构中国式现代社会治理体系的基本经验是以党建引领赋能多元一体的社会合作治理结构,以全过程基层民主激活共建共治共享的治理机制,以多元治理机制的互嵌提升社会治理的整体效能。深化生态文明体制改革的框架体系中,生态文明基础体制是“地基”,生态环境治理体系是“支柱”,绿色低碳发展机制就是“栋梁”。深化生态文明体制改革的保障机制需要主体合作、激励相容和监督巡视。把社会效益放在首位、实现社会效益和经济效益相统一的体制机制、考核评价标准的建立和健全,把国有文化企业的社会责任与绩效考核挂钩,使社会效益“软指标”有可能真正成为“硬指标”。这有利于通过发挥“指挥棒”的引导作用把两个效益相统一原则真正落到实处。

1978年以来国有企业改革史述论

国有企业是中国特色社会主义的重要物质基础和政治基础,在中国的经济体制改革中始终具有突出的政治经济地位。从1978年中共十一届三中全会国有企业放权让利改革开始,国有企业改革的步伐从未停止,循序渐进、不断深化。每个时期的国有企业改革都受这个时期的发展要求和改革条件制约,都需要智慧和勇气。作为经济体制改革的主要内容,国有企业改革难度最大,首当其冲,而且决定了中国发展的方向,直接关系到改革、发展、稳定三者的平衡。中共十八大以来,面对社会主义矛盾变化和经济发展由高速度转向高质量的新形势新任务,国有企业通过全面深化改革,在党建引领、战略安全、监督考核和积极灵活、主动创新、科技领跑等方面发生了根本性变化,不断做强做优做大,增强了核心功能,提升了核心竞争力,彰显出国有企业在中国式现代化建设中的主导地位,体现出社会主义体制的优越性。46年的国有企业改革,其历程虽然艰难,但取得了显著成功,其从理论和实践上都证明了公有制是可以与市场经济有机结合的,也极大丰富和发展了马克思主义政治经济学和社会主义理论。

Some thoughts on deepening the reform of ownership structure

The fundamental criterion of the ＂three favorables＂ put forward by Deng Xiaoping is the basic theoretical foundation on which China＇s current ownership structure is established and improved, one where public ownership is dominant and diverse forms of ownership coexist. What is critical for properly handling the relationship between the public and non-public economies and coordinating them within the great practice of constructing socialism with Chinese characteristics is adherence to the dominance of public ownership together with ceaseless exploration and active adoption of effective forms to realize public ownership. ＂Public assets dominate the total assets in society.＂ Their dominance in terms of quantity should mean mainly that net public operating assets account for a dominant proportion of society＇s overall net operating assets, while their dominance in terms of quality should be seen in the ability of the socialist economy linked with net public operating assets to yield much higher labor productivity than the capitalist economy. In order to consolidate and develop the public economy in China, and further bring into play the dominant role of the state-owned economy, it is imperative for us to correctly understand and grasp the unique features of China in the distribution of the state sector of the economy in the conditions of the socialist market economy, rationally map out and continuously optimize its distribution and structure, and endeavor to nurture a group of intemationally competitive large-scale state-owned or state-controlled enterprises or enterprise groups.

治理创新与提质增效——国有企业改革历程回顾与全面深化的思考

构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制对国有企业提出了新的更高要求。回顾改革史发现,1978—1997年的国有企业改革虽不断深化,但仍未从根本上摆脱困境。1997年后的“三年脱困”实质上是一场“出清”,使大多数国有大中型企业摆脱了困境,扭转了全行业亏损的状况,开启了盈利能力提升、亏损率下降的时期。2008年全球金融危机以来,国有工业企业的绩效表现出了新的隐忧。其中虽有全球经济增长放缓的背景和产业转型升级的成本,但国有企业本身在发展中由行业聚集转向分散扩张的趋势不容忽视。进一步全面深化国企改革应当围绕增强核心功能和提升核心竞争力,以深化功能分类改革为统揽,以持续优化调整国有经济布局结构和进一步完善现代企业制度为主要手段,将国有企业的战略使命落实到微观主体的功能定位中,推动国有资产围绕主业定位集中布局,对不同功能类型国有企业的治理机制分别做出制度安排,实现国有企业经营目标与使命目标相统一。

高水平社会主义市场经济体制与新时代国有企业改革

经济体制改革是全面深化改革的重要内容。党的二十大对构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制作出战略部署,党的二十届三中全会进一步明确了改革的方向和重点。立足中国正处于“以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族伟业复兴的关键时期”这一历史方位,分析了高水平社会主义市场经济体制的鲜明时代特征及丰富理论内涵。在此基础上,结合国有企业的本质属性和构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制的时代要求,探讨国有企业在新发展阶段的定位及功能,据此提出要从四个方面进一步全面深化国有企业改革:一是优化国有经济布局,做强做优做大国有企业;二是完善中国特色现代企业制度,深化国有企业管理制度改革;三是深化分类改革,推动国有企业产权创新;四是对接高标准国际经贸规则,推动高水平开放。

国有企业发展的理论脉络、价值旨归与当代启示

国有企业是我国国民经济的重要支柱。作为我国社会主义市场经济的核心组成部分,国有企业始终致力于推动社会的进步与发展,在巩固公有制经济的基础上,也处理着发展与共享的平衡统一问题。社会主义公有制是人类社会的必然选择,公有制思想为我国国有企业发展提供了重要的理论支持和经验指导。国有企业在我国经历了初步探索、深入发展和全面深化三个发展时期。坚持公有制发展道路,保护好国有企业的根本利益是维护社会主义的重要体现,也是促进社会公平的重要载体。在我国向着第二个百年奋斗目标前进的背景下,重新审视国有企业的理论脉络与价值旨归,对于我国进行社会主义现代化建设具有非常重要的启示作用。

金正恩执政后朝鲜经济政策调整及前景

金正恩执政后,朝鲜的市场化改革旨在扩大经济产出,在宏观、微观经济及金融领域均进行了一系列调整。经济权力下放和企业管理制度重组,使经济实体能够更好地获取资源、扩大生产,形成增量循环。朝鲜审慎的货币政策等因素,对稳定物价和汇率起到了积极作用,使经济运行保持在合理区间。即便历经制裁和疫情冲击,朝鲜国民经济各领域依旧展现出一定生机。随着对外贸易增长,2023年朝鲜物价和汇率已经接近疫情前的水平,并超额完成国民经济各领域生产目标。但由于企业自主权、产能、商业银行金融中介功能以及国际制裁等的一定限制,影响到朝鲜市场化的经济绩效。未来朝鲜经济可能取决于解决国际制裁问题的进展,以及促进经济转型与对华经济合作的良性互动。

国有企业深化改革与经济效益提升的路径探究

国有企业是我国经济发展的顶梁柱,对稳增长、促改革、调结构、惠民生、防风险具有重要作用。“十四五”期间,新一轮以提高国企核心竞争力和增强核心功能为重点的深化改革行动已正式起航,其主要的提升行动改革重点包括科技创新、产业布局和机制改革。国企深化改革是经济动力,承袭成功经验,遵循未来发展。要提高国企效益,需统一思想和行动于重大决策,把握改革方向,服务国家战略,打造现代化国有企业,坚定不移地扩大开放,提高国有企业的对外开放水平。

A New Approach to China's SOE Reform and Governance

Over the past three decades since 1978,reform of China's SOEs has scored remarkable achievements after the three stages of decentralization,institutional innovation and state capital development.However,the reform at the current stage is confronted with complex situations and problems.Internationally,China's state sector is confronted with pressures from elevated national mandates and a stern international environment.Domestically,China's economic development urgently awaits transformation and changes are taking place in a factor-driven development environment familiar to SOEs.In terms of market-based operations,a great gap exists between the current conditions of the SOEs and the requirements of a sophisticated socialist market economic system.Under such circumstances,the state sector is responsible not only for appreciating the value of state assets but also for assuming the new mission of expediting the transformation of China's economic growth pattern,internationalization and the establishment of a sophisticated market economic system.These requirements mark a new milestone for SOE reform and development.Addressing the conflict between the profitability mandate and the public interest mandate is a key priority of SOE reform in the new era.This paper has approached SOE reform by dividing the state sector into three categories:SOEs that serve public policy,SOEs that serve specific functions,and general commercial SOEs,and creating different governance mechanisms for each type of SOEs.

构建国有经济与民营经济协调发展的微观基础

构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制必须坚持两个“毫不动摇”。我国是在社会主义基本经济制度下发展市场经济,发展壮大国有经济有助于发挥社会主义制度的优越性,有助于更好地发挥政府作用。发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用,就必须大力发展民营经济。构建一个国有经济与民营经济协调发展的社会主义市场经济体制的微观基础,关键是实现国有经济的布局优化,让国有经济与民营经济在不同的领域发挥各自优势,相互促进,共同发展。如何实质性地推进国有经济布局优化,关键是要确立“优化”的标准,从而根据这一标准确立有进有退、有所为有所不为的实施方案。本文主张以分类改革为原则处理好国有经济与民营经济的关系,实现国有经济的布局优化。

中国式现代化背景下南京加快“制造强市”建设研究

以新发展理念为根本遵循,聚焦服务构建新发展格局,系统性梳理建设“制造强市”对推进中国式现代化南京新实践的重要意义,较为全面地回顾2016年以来南京“制造强市”建设的基本成效、主要问题,有针对性地总结重点城市“制造强市”建设的主要做法和典型经验。在此基础上,就南京加快推进“制造强市”建设,提出强化“制造强市”定位、激活股权投资运作平台、深化地方国资国企改革、推动数实深度融合发展、构建绿色低碳循环发展制造业体系、打造世界级制造业集群等对策建议。

关于进一步推进国有经济改革发展的一些意见

改革开放以来,在我国国有经济的改革与发展取得巨大成就的同时,社会上流行着的一些错误观点:如国有企业低效率论、国有企业垄断论、国进民退论、国有企业退出竞争性领域论等,对坚持国有企业改革和发展的正确方向起了极其不良的干扰作用。本文在澄清这些错误观点的基础上,提出了一些对国有企业进一步改革发展思路的看法。

供给侧改革下国企改革与创新效率的制度分析

在供给侧改革背景下,国企创新动力不足、创新效率低下是当前国企改革面临的主要问题,而国企的垄断程度普遍较高,因此,找到导致国企创新动力不足与创新效率低下问题的制度性根源自然成为破解国企改革路径僵化的破冰之举。本文利用2008~2016年国有上市公司数据,实证研究发现在全行业中,垄断程度越高,创新投入越少;竞争程度越高,创新投入越高。垄断性行业中,国企的垄断程度越高,创新积极性越弱,且经营效率低下;竞争性行业中,随着市场竞争程度的增加,国企的创新投入会增加,但垄断阻碍市场竞争,导致创新效率仍旧低下。

经济增长新常态与供给侧结构性改革

需求管理和供给管理都是宏观经济管理的重要手段,但在经济增长和经济发展的不同时期和阶段,宏观经济管理的侧重点也是不同的。改革开放以来,我国在市场化改革的进程中实现了持续的高速经济增长,在改革初期和中期,我们更多地是通过改革来提高生产领域的效率,由此促进经济增长,主要属于供给领域的改革与管理;而进入新世纪后,由于我国的社会主义市场经济已经基本建立,我们更多地是通过货币政策和财政政策调控需求,来实现平稳高速增长的目标,主要属于需求管理。在近些年的经济增长中,我国的总量失衡开始明显地反映出来,而在总量失衡的背后,则有深刻的结构性原因。因此,简单的需求管理已经不能满足宏观经济管理的需要,必须通过强化供给领域的结构性改革来解决发展中长期存在的深层次矛盾。

混合所有制经济的理论阐释与发展路径选择

本文对混合所有制经济的性质、发展混合所有制经济的目的进行了阐释,尝试澄清目前对混合所有制经济的模糊认识。笔者认为,混合所有制经济在微观上是一种资本组织形式,并不是一种所有制形式,发展混合所有制经济的目的是发展生产力,发展混合所有制经济的意义在于实现公有制经济和非公经济相互取长补短、相互促进、共同发展。发展混合所有制经济应实行"四线并进",重点是推进垄断行业改革。

混合所有制经济与国有企业改革

党的十八届三中全会提出要大力发展混合所有制经济。混合所有制改革将是下一步国有企业改革的重点。为此,应该正确认识混合所有制经济的科学内涵,正确把握其与基本经济制度和市场经济体制之间的关系,明确发展混合所有制经济对国有企业改革的重要作用。在此基础上,提出推动国有企业混合所有制改革的具体思路。