Chinese Comprehensive Rural Reform: Institutional Vicissitude, Theoretic Framework and Content Structure

The social and economic development level of rural areas, the productivity of agriculture and the life quality of farmers were always the greatest concerns of Chinese Central Government. Therefore, the research related to rural areas, agriculture and farmers had remained as the prominent parts for a long period and would continue to be prominent in the future to build China into a moderately prosperous nation in an all-round way. Chinese rural area had constantly experienced three significant system reforms since 1978, namely the reform of rural management system, the rural tax and fee reform and the rural comprehensive reform. This paper attempted to analyze the theoretic framework and the content structure of the comprehensive rural reform since it was the higher stage of rural institutional vicissitude, which had changed the governance and operation system and thus promoted the great changes to fundamental social and economic system in rural areas. The theoretic framework of comprehensive rural reform covered three aspects in its content, namely the rural governance theory, the government function theory and the public finance theory. The comprehensive rural reform was a complicated system engineering with multiple dimensions and targets mainly including rural political restructuring, rural economic restructuring and rural public products allocation restructuring. The reform had focused on enhancing the vitality of agricultural and rural development, breaking through the urban and rural binary system, and further reducing the disparity between cities and countrysides, so as to realize the urban-rural integration. It was necessary to clarify and understand the key mechanism and intrinsic logic of the rural comprehensive reform, which was helpful to establish the foundation constituted by scientific methodology to implement the reform and evaluation criterion to judge the reform performance.

CAS Reforms its Institutional System

During the first phase of initiation of Knowl-edge Innovation Program (KIP), from 1998 to 2000,CAS has undergone a large-scale institutional con-solidation, involving 60 research institutions(in-cluding 33 institutes and the like. As a result, 40institutes won preferential support from the KIP.

INSTITUTION AND REFORM OF THE AWARDING SYSTEM IN CAS

Aoperational system of S&T awards can play a role of stimulation and promotion towards S&T workers. This article gives a brief review of the evolutionary process undergone by the CAS system of awards and an analytic exposition on the institution and operation of the current system. In addition, it evaluates the operation of the system and lists problems in this respect. At last, it puts forward proposals to restructure and perfect the system. Since its inauguration in 1949, the

From "Migrant Workers Boom" to "Migrant Workers Scarcity"——Analysis of Institutional Bottleneck of Rural Surplus Labors Transfer in China

Through description of three-steps characteristic of dual economic theory and its practical significance to the process of industrialization and urbanization in China,and making comparative analysis between important criterion of "Lewis turning point" and current situation of rural surplus labors market in China,we can find that there exists a great deal of surplus labors in rural areas in our country,improvement of peasant income is the result of external interference of government,and demographic dividend in our country hasn't finished.These phenomena go against the theory of "Lewis turning point".So it can prove that "Lewis turning point" in China hasn't come yet.The paper points out the major factors of coexistence of "migrant workers scarcity" and labors redundancy in our country.The first one is structure contradiction of labors market;the second one is law of supply-demand of labors market;the third one is institutional barrier which hinders labors in free flow of census register and social guarantee.Therefore,if we want to realize successful transfer of rural surplus labors and the goal of industrialization and urbanization,we must promote upgrading of industrial structure,change the style of economic growth and realize harmonious development of regional economy in macrocosmic level;And in microcosmic level,we should eliminate institutional barrier which hinders transfer of rural surplus labors.

Contributing More Chinese Wisdom to the Belt and Road Initiative:Exploration and Practice of the China Region Development & Reform Institute

As the"Belt and Road"is gaining ground with higher quality,China’s think tanks have played a unique role in facilitating policy communication,enhancing people-to-people connectivity and promoting practical cooperation,and have contributed a lot of"Chinese wisdom"to the development of BRI.

THE REFORM & DEVELOPMENT OF CAS INSTITUTES IN BORDER AREAS

This article offers an analytic explanation of the geographic, historical and environmental features as well as the strategic positions of CAS-affiliated border area institutes (BAIs). In addition, it puts forward several suggestions in a bid to advance their reform and development.

Rural institutional transformation since the foundation of PRC and its prospects

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China 60 years ago, the country has experienced profound institutional transformation, which includes various milestones such as "land to the tiller," the People's Commune, household contract responsibility system and a new approach to rural administration. Before reform and opening-up in 1978, China's rural reform was primarily a mandatory process, and after 1978, it became an induced process. In the future, rural institutional transformation still enjoys a broad prospect and must be deepened, and the focus is to advance the relocation of rural surplus labor, establish a land use system and improve rural public services. Institutional urbanrural divide must be eliminated to promote integrated socioeconomic development of urban and rural areas.

边界与弹性:新时代教育评价改革的制度逻辑

新时代教育评价改革需要强化制度层面的认知与执行的双向路径,这正好切合于新制度主义理论关于制度研究主要关注的两个维度,一是属认知的制度分析、二是属实践的制度变迁。故此,在新制度主义理论的基础上,新时代教育评价改革需要依循制度“认知-执行”双向路径对应的“边界-弹性”的双层逻辑框架。认知层上,通过制度分析的相关理论分析,发现新时代教育评价改革的制度认知要基于边界逻辑,即执行主体要理清制度价值层面的“多元”价值边界、主体层面的“规范”权责边界、技术层面的“有限”技术边界,以塑造对制度的理性认知;实践层上,通过制度变迁的相关理论分析,发现新时代教育评价改革的制度执行要基于弹性逻辑,即在制度执行前秉持弹性理念、执行中开展弹性实践以及执行后进行弹性评价,以促使新时代教育评价改革充分落地。

国家建构视角下基层负担过重的结构性困境:理论与个案分析

基层政府负担过重问题近年来引发了政策界和学界的高度关注,现有文献从科层体制、形式主义、基层治理能力等方面展开研究。我们需在此基础上进一步将基层政府负担问题置于历史变迁背景之下,从国家权力下沉及其背后的国家建构策略的变迁视角出发,重新反思这一问题。通过对L镇机构改革及其实际效果的深度个案分析,本文发现这一旨在强化乡镇政府能力、减轻其负担的改革却未能有效强化乡镇政府能力反而加重了其负担。究其原因,在于机构改革本身存在放责多于放权、乡镇无力承接放权以及运动式治理削弱专业化治理,以及村两委自治能力不足等。本文结合制度漂移理论进一步分析了其背后机理,并探讨了其对国家建构微观策略的理论意涵。

省级公益类科研院所创新绩效评估及实证研究

在深化完善科研院所分类改革背景下,构建以创新质量和贡献为导向的包括创新基础、创新产出、成果转化、履职定位、创新环境在内的公益类科研院所创新绩效评价指标体系,并基于山西省省属科研院所数据,对三类科研院所创新绩效进行测度。研究发现:(1)公益一类、公益二类、转制事业单位三类科研院所在职责任务、服务对象和资源配置上存在着较大不同,绩效评价重点也因之变化;(2)比较创新绩效差异性,三类院所在履职定位和创新环境方面得分较为均衡,而在成果转化、创新产出、创新基础3个指标呈现较大差异;(3)省级公益类科研院所在基础设施、创新平台、高层次人才、创新产出、科技成果转化方面有待改善。基于此,针对不同类型科研院所创新绩效水平提升提出策略,以期为地方科研事业单位创新绩效改革提供决策依据。

北京协和医学院护理学院中医针灸学教学改革

目的对护理学院本科生的中医学针灸教学内容进行改革,检验教学改革成效,为优化课程设置提供建设性资料。方法根据既往问卷调查结果修改“中医学(TCM)”针灸课程教学内容,包括减少枯燥理论知识,增加常用针灸技术及临床案例分析。组织2023年北京协和医学院护理学院所有参加中医学授课的本科生填写“针灸课程内容问卷调查表”,内容主要包括课程前学生对针灸的基本认知情况、课程中学生的学习反馈、课程后学生的学习成效及学生对进一步优化针灸课程的改进建议4个方面。结果149名学生参与问卷调查。73.15%的学生对针灸课程感兴趣。62.42%的学生认为最难理解的课程内容是“腧穴各论”部分,71.81%的同学认为最制约学习成效的因素是难以记住经络和穴位。学生最感兴趣的是“针灸治疗概述及常见病的针灸治疗”,占44.3%。通过学习,88.59%的学生愿意向具有适应症的患者推荐针灸治疗。在针灸课程的改进建议方面,学生希望增加课堂实践或操作视频。结论改革后的针灸教学课程内容,突出了课程内容的实用性,提高了学生的学习兴趣和主观能动性,但实践性仍需加强。

新一轮机构改革的研究进展与未来展望

2023年新一轮机构改革是一场锚定中国式现代化的重要改革。既有研究阐释了改革的新特征,揭示了历次改革的演进逻辑,并阐明了自主性机构改革的基本行动路径,即调整结构、转变职能、理顺关系。未来研究可以沿着自主知识体系和“两个结合”的思路进一步拓展,重点关注规范议事协调机构、加快数字政府建设、厘清纵向职责划分、推进事业单位改革并保障机构改革实效。

基于信息技术的物理化学实验教学研究与实践

物理化学实验是本科高校化工类专业普遍开设的一门基础必修课程,文章针对该课程传统的教学方法存在的问题,从可视化实验教学、专业计算机软件的应用、虚拟仿真教学、线上辅助教学四个方面进行了分析与探讨,提出了充分利用现代信息技术的优势,进一步优化教学方法等措施,提高了教师团队的专业教学水平,调动了学生的学习积极性,拓宽了学生的知识面,增强了分析和解决专业问题的能力。

新时代农业科研单位学科建设的探索与实践——以山东省农业科学院学科改革为例

高质量推进乡村振兴战略稳步实施,必须走创新引领、改革驱动的发展之路。文章在分析了学科建设对农业科研院所重要意义的基础上,以山东省农业科学院实施的学科改革为例,客观分析了其学科发展现状,阐述了学科改革的实践探索与主要创新,并提出了今后深化学科改革的建议,以期为农业科研单位学科改革提供借鉴。

水稻种植业财务管理效率提升的策略研究

水稻种植业的财务管理效率是提高农业生产力和经济效益的关键。在极端天气频发、地缘政治矛盾日趋尖锐的背景下,水稻种植业对全球粮食安全的重要性显著上升,尤其是对于以水稻为主要粮食的中国而言,水稻及其制成品的生产已经成为关乎国家经济命脉的重要一环。不同生产主体模式的财务管理需求、现状各不相同,其影响因素也有明显差异。针对主体差异提出财务管理改革策略,并构建财务管理工作的保障机制,能提高水稻种植业财务管理效率。该策略通过优化资源配置、增强市场适应性、提高水稻市场竞争力,为实现农业现代化和乡村振兴战略目标提供了有力支撑。

中国职业足球联赛制度变迁与优化:基于效率与公平的视角

采用文献资料法和数据分析法,借鉴新制度经济学和产业组织相关理论,基于效率与公平的视角,梳理中国职业足球联赛制度变迁历程。结合现行制度下足球联赛绩效现状,对联赛制度变迁的应然环境进行剖析,继而从青木昌彦提出的制度的三种历时联动机制出发探讨联赛制度的优化路径。发现:库兹涅茨曲线可用以解释我国职业体育领域收入分配与绩效之间的关系,为未来职业足球联赛制度改革指明了可能的方向;职业足球俱乐部竞技实力有限,职业足球联赛可竞争性不足,而制度失衡是联赛绩效低下的根本原因。未来应从完善市场体系和促进联赛参与主体协同方面培育中国职业足球联赛良好的制度环境。具体优化路径包括:继续深化体制改革,利用制度联动效应引导联赛市场竞争机制不断完善;创新制度互动模式,以制度联动机制再造和制度派生效应弥补非正式制度自发运行中的缺陷;形成更高层次制度互鉴,借助技术溢出效应孵化出我国特色职业联赛制度。