The impact of the Quaternary glaciation on eastern China’s local fauna and flora is a topic of considerable interest. We use mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) sequences and coalescent simulations to test two general biogeogra...The impact of the Quaternary glaciation on eastern China’s local fauna and flora is a topic of considerable interest. We use mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) sequences and coalescent simulations to test two general biogeographic hypotheses related to the effect of the Pleistocene climatic fluctuations on a widespread, eastern Chinese amphibian, Pseudepidalea raddei. Genealogical reconstructions are made and they detect major western and eastern lineages, which overlap in northwestern China, and possibly indicate the secondary contact of the populations that had entered the region from separate glacial refugia. Coalescent tests rejected alternative hypotheses of fragmentation of either a widespread ancestor or panmixia. The tests instead supported the hypothesis of geographic isolation and a remarkable dispersal pattern in one of the lineages. Though the Pleistocene climatic events are known to have affected the historical distributions and intra-specific divergence of Chinese squamates, coalescent and non-coalescent demographic analyses indicated that the toad P. raddei was not adversely affected by glacial cycling. Presumably, an increase in the amount of climatically mild habitats in East Asia is due to the development of monsoons since the Mid-late Pleistocene is responsible for the relatively mild effects.展开更多
Variations in the trnK region of chloroplast DNA were investigated in the present study using polymerase chain reactionrestriction fragment length polymorphism to detect the genetic structure and to infer the possible...Variations in the trnK region of chloroplast DNA were investigated in the present study using polymerase chain reactionrestriction fragment length polymorphism to detect the genetic structure and to infer the possible glacial refugia of Ginkgo biloba L. in China. In total, 220 individuals from 12 populations in China and three populations outside China were analyzed, representing the largest number of populations studied by molecular markers to date. Nineteen haplotypes were produced and haplotype A was found in all populations. Populations in south-western China, including WC, JF, PX, and SP, contained 14 of the 19 haplotypes and their genetic diversity ranged from 0.771 4 to 0.867 6. The TM population from China also showed a high genetic diversity （H = 0.848 5）. Most of the genetic variation existed within populations and the differentiation among populations was low （GsT = 0.2）. According to haplotype distribution and the historical record, we suggest that populations of G. biloba have been subjected to extensive human impact, which has compounded our attempt to infer glacial refugia for Ginkgo. Nevertheless, the present results suggest that the center of genetic diversity of Ginkgo is mainly in south-western China and in situ conservation is needed to protect and preserve the genetic resources.展开更多
第四纪气候波动以及地理和环境隔离深刻地影响了现代植物的遗传多样性、遗传结构和地理分布格局。该研究采用分子谱系地理学的研究方法对药用植物半夏19个居群共212个个体的3个叶绿体片段psb K-psb I、atp F-atp H和trn L-F进行分析,探...第四纪气候波动以及地理和环境隔离深刻地影响了现代植物的遗传多样性、遗传结构和地理分布格局。该研究采用分子谱系地理学的研究方法对药用植物半夏19个居群共212个个体的3个叶绿体片段psb K-psb I、atp F-atp H和trn L-F进行分析,探究半夏的遗传多样性、遗传结构、地理分布格局模式及成因,并探讨其居群历史动态。结果表明:(1)半夏总单倍型多样性H d为0.882,总核苷酸多样性π为1.23×10-3,在物种水平上表现出较高的遗传多样性。(2)分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果显示,半夏遗传变异主要发生在居群间,显著的遗传分化(F ST=0.909,P<0.001)和较低的种群内遗传多样性(H S=0.134);种群间遗传分化系数N ST=0.913>G ST=0.855(0.01<P<0.05),表明叶绿体单倍型具有明显的谱系地理结构。(3)中性检验结果显示,Tajima s D值、Fu and Li s D值以及Fu and Li s F值均为不显著正值,Fu s Fs值为不显著负值且失配分析曲线呈双峰,表明半夏居群整体没有经历过扩张事件。(4)单倍型地理分布显示,西南地区和中-东部地区具有单倍型多样性较高,并存在特有单倍型,故推测第四纪冰期时在这两个区域存在冰期避难所。总之,通过3个叶绿体基因对不同区域半夏的分析,阐明了其遗传多样性、遗传结构和地理分布格局,为半夏优良种源的分子筛选和保护提出了科学的建议和保护策略。展开更多
While the need for understanding the effects of topographical factors on forest structure and function is well recognized,comprehensive studies are scarce.This study evaluates the effect of slope aspect and slope posi...While the need for understanding the effects of topographical factors on forest structure and function is well recognized,comprehensive studies are scarce.This study evaluates the effect of slope aspect and slope position on water relations and forest attributes across six forest types occurring between 400 m and 2600 m altitude in the Central Himalaya(27°-38°N).We found that predawn tree water potential and soil water potential were generally higher on moist north slope aspect(-0.78±0.05 MPa and-3.34±0.18 MPa,respectively)than dry south slope aspect(-0.82±0.18 MPa and-3.77±0.18 MPa,respectively).Across six different forests,these values were higher at hill base(-0.71±0.06 MPa and-2.77±0.19 MPa,tree predawn water potential and soil water potential,respectively)than other topographical positions.The favorable effect of north aspect and hill base was also observed in maintaining soil water and tree water potential during the dry season.Vegetation attributes,such as species richness,unique species and plant density were also generally higher on north slope and hill base than southern aspect and lowest at hill top.Across forest types,the hill base provided shelter to 46 unique species,compared to 16-18 at the other positions,thus emphasizing its importance as refugia for species to survive climate change induced perturbations.The favorable conditions of hill base position not only contribute to increase in alpha diversity,but also to extended species distributional range.展开更多
In this review we summarized recent historical records and molecular studies on evolutionary history and phylogeography of Scots pine with focus on the European highly fragmented distribution area of the species. Foss...In this review we summarized recent historical records and molecular studies on evolutionary history and phylogeography of Scots pine with focus on the European highly fragmented distribution area of the species. Fossilized pollen, plant micro- and macrofossil records provided evidences on the large-scale species’ range shifts and demographic changes during the Quaternary. Populations of Scots pine were documented both in the glacial (incl. full glaciation) and interglacial periods. Recolonization of Europe after the glaciation originated from the (Sub) Mediterranean areas like the Balkan Peninsula but also from around the Eastern Alps and the surroundings of the Danube plain. Fennoscandia and northern European Baltic regions were most probably colonized from two main directions, from Western Europe and from the Russian Plain. Modern history of Scots pine was hardly affected by anthropogenic activities that started to strengthen in the Bronze and Iron Age. Along with the fossil records, molecular genetic tools were used to infer the origin and putative history including migration, differentiation and demography of the species. In this paper we compiled the major publications (30) of molecular genetic studies of the past 20?years derived from distinctly inherited organelle genomes (mitochondrial, chloroplast, nuclear) revealed by different marker systems (mtDNA-cox1, -nad1, -nad3, -nad7, ISSR, cpSSR, nSSR, B-SAP, SNP). It is important to consider that different phylogeographic patterns can be drawn by the analysis of different DNA marker types. Accordingly the use of more than one marker simultaneously outlines the most sophisticated phylogeographical pattern on the genetic lineages and can reveal high differentiation of the European distribution. Combined marker systems and markers derived from coding sequences have also been used to detect species’ phylogeographic patterns, but these were rarely applied to Scots pine. Although new molecular techniques can provide higher resolution data for populations, the reviewed results can shape the direction of further studies.展开更多
Phylogeographic studies of Eremias lizards （Lacertidae） in East Asia have been limited, and the impact of major climatic events on their population dynamics remains poorly known. This study aimed to investigate popu...Phylogeographic studies of Eremias lizards （Lacertidae） in East Asia have been limited, and the impact of major climatic events on their population dynamics remains poorly known. This study aimed to investigate population histories and refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum of two sympatric Eremias lizards （E. argus and E. brenchleyi） inhabiting northern China. We sequenced partial mitochondrial DNA from the ND4 gene for 128 individuals of E. argus from nine localities, and 46 individuals of E. brenchleyi from five localities. Forty-four ND4 haplotypes were determined from E. argus samples, and 33 from E. brenchleyi samples. Population expansion events began about 0.0044 Ma in E. argus, and 0.031 Ma in E. brenchleyi. The demographic history of E. brenchleyi indicates a long-lasting population decline since the most recent common ancestor, while that of E. argus indicates a continuous population growth. Among-population structure was significant in both species, and there were multiple refugia across their range. Intermittent gene flow occurred among expanded populations across multiple refugia during warmer phases of the glacial period, and this may explain why the effective population size has remained relatively stable in E. brenchleyi and grown in E. argus.展开更多
海洋植物谱系地理学虽然在国内受到的关注比较有限,但近年来的研究进展对了解环境变动如何影响物种的多样性结构、生态适应和进化潜力等亦提供了重要信息。本文首先对刊发海洋植物谱系地理研究最具代表性的两本国际期刊《Molecular Ecol...海洋植物谱系地理学虽然在国内受到的关注比较有限,但近年来的研究进展对了解环境变动如何影响物种的多样性结构、生态适应和进化潜力等亦提供了重要信息。本文首先对刊发海洋植物谱系地理研究最具代表性的两本国际期刊《Molecular Ecology》和《Journal of Biogeography》进行搜索和筛选,从研究团队的地域分布和研究对象的阶元等角度纵览全球范围内近20年间海洋植物谱系地理学研究的现状和特征。其后,本文从洋流如何驱动海洋植物谱系地理结构和多样性、入侵物种的种群遗传变异特征和路径重建、冰期避难所如何影响现今海洋植物遗传结构和地理变动、克隆繁殖和谱系多样化等四个方面概述了这一领域的主要成果进展。最后,本文还从岛屿地理模型、共生物种的谱系协同进化和高通量数据应用等三个方面对海洋植物谱系地理学的发展趋势进行了展望。展开更多
We conducted molecular phylogenetic analyses of Japanese Rhacophorus species, especially of R. schlegelii and R. arboreus from the mainland, based on samples encompassing their known distribution ranges, and discussed...We conducted molecular phylogenetic analyses of Japanese Rhacophorus species, especially of R. schlegelii and R. arboreus from the mainland, based on samples encompassing their known distribution ranges, and discussed about evolutionary history of Rhacophorus species within Japan. The common ancestor of Japanese Rhacophorus, except for R. owstoni from southern Ryukyus, was estimated to have diverged from a lineage occurring mainly in China about 7 MYBP. Both R. schlegelii and R. arboreus are genetically largely divergent between regions of eastern and western Japan, and this seems to have been promoted mainly by retreat to refugia. Retreats of the two species to different refugia sometimes in the past seem to have led restricted distribution of R. schlegelii in eastern and R. arboreus in western Japan, and brought their intraspecific variation patterns in morphology and breeding habit.展开更多
Global climate change has a significant effect on species,as environment conditions change,causing many species'distributions to shift.During the last three million years,the earth has experienced glacial oscillat...Global climate change has a significant effect on species,as environment conditions change,causing many species'distributions to shift.During the last three million years,the earth has experienced glacial oscillations,forcing some species to survive in ice-free refugia during glacial periods and then disperse postglacially.In this study,by assessing the potential distribution of Siberian Grouse(Falcipennis falcipennis),we used Global Circular Models and Representative Concentration Pathways to model their pattern of range changes during glacial oscillations and the potential impact of present global warming.We used 158 location records of Siberian Grouse to generate a full climate model using 19 bioclimate variables in MaxEnt.We discarded variables with a correlation coefficient larger than 0.8 and relatively lower modeling contributions between each pair of correlated variables.Using the remaining variables,we created a normally uncorrelated simple climate model to predict the possible distribution of Siberian Grouse from the most recent Ice Age to present and to 2070.Then we added geographical data and the human interference index to construct a multiple factor full model to evaluate which were important in explaining the distribution of Siberian Grouse.The Total Suitability Zone(P≥0.33)of Siberian Grouse is about 243,000km^(2) and the Maximum Suitability Zone(P≥0.66)is 36,000km^(2) and is confined to the Russian Far East.Potential habitat modeling suggested that annual precipitation,annual mean temperature,and the distance from lakes are the most explanatory variables for the current distribution of Siberian Grouse.The distribution center moved to the southeast during the Last Glacial Maximum and spread back to the northwest after the ice melted and temperatures rose.The total area range of Siberian Grouse experienced a dramatic loss during the Last Glacial Maximum.Global warming is presently forcing the Siberian Grouse to migrate northward with a contraction of its range.There is an urgent need to protect its habitat,because little of its Maximum Sustainable Zone is protected,although there are some large reserves in that area.展开更多
基金supported by the Director Foundation of Experimental Centre, Shenyang Normal University (Syzx1104)a Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences to Robert W. MURPHYsupported by a Discovery Grant of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (A3148)
文摘The impact of the Quaternary glaciation on eastern China’s local fauna and flora is a topic of considerable interest. We use mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) sequences and coalescent simulations to test two general biogeographic hypotheses related to the effect of the Pleistocene climatic fluctuations on a widespread, eastern Chinese amphibian, Pseudepidalea raddei. Genealogical reconstructions are made and they detect major western and eastern lineages, which overlap in northwestern China, and possibly indicate the secondary contact of the populations that had entered the region from separate glacial refugia. Coalescent tests rejected alternative hypotheses of fragmentation of either a widespread ancestor or panmixia. The tests instead supported the hypothesis of geographic isolation and a remarkable dispersal pattern in one of the lineages. Though the Pleistocene climatic events are known to have affected the historical distributions and intra-specific divergence of Chinese squamates, coalescent and non-coalescent demographic analyses indicated that the toad P. raddei was not adversely affected by glacial cycling. Presumably, an increase in the amount of climatically mild habitats in East Asia is due to the development of monsoons since the Mid-late Pleistocene is responsible for the relatively mild effects.
基金the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program2007CB411605)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30670139, 30300020).
文摘Variations in the trnK region of chloroplast DNA were investigated in the present study using polymerase chain reactionrestriction fragment length polymorphism to detect the genetic structure and to infer the possible glacial refugia of Ginkgo biloba L. in China. In total, 220 individuals from 12 populations in China and three populations outside China were analyzed, representing the largest number of populations studied by molecular markers to date. Nineteen haplotypes were produced and haplotype A was found in all populations. Populations in south-western China, including WC, JF, PX, and SP, contained 14 of the 19 haplotypes and their genetic diversity ranged from 0.771 4 to 0.867 6. The TM population from China also showed a high genetic diversity （H = 0.848 5）. Most of the genetic variation existed within populations and the differentiation among populations was low （GsT = 0.2）. According to haplotype distribution and the historical record, we suggest that populations of G. biloba have been subjected to extensive human impact, which has compounded our attempt to infer glacial refugia for Ginkgo. Nevertheless, the present results suggest that the center of genetic diversity of Ginkgo is mainly in south-western China and in situ conservation is needed to protect and preserve the genetic resources.
文摘第四纪气候波动以及地理和环境隔离深刻地影响了现代植物的遗传多样性、遗传结构和地理分布格局。该研究采用分子谱系地理学的研究方法对药用植物半夏19个居群共212个个体的3个叶绿体片段psb K-psb I、atp F-atp H和trn L-F进行分析,探究半夏的遗传多样性、遗传结构、地理分布格局模式及成因,并探讨其居群历史动态。结果表明:(1)半夏总单倍型多样性H d为0.882,总核苷酸多样性π为1.23×10-3,在物种水平上表现出较高的遗传多样性。(2)分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果显示,半夏遗传变异主要发生在居群间,显著的遗传分化(F ST=0.909,P<0.001)和较低的种群内遗传多样性(H S=0.134);种群间遗传分化系数N ST=0.913>G ST=0.855(0.01<P<0.05),表明叶绿体单倍型具有明显的谱系地理结构。(3)中性检验结果显示,Tajima s D值、Fu and Li s D值以及Fu and Li s F值均为不显著正值,Fu s Fs值为不显著负值且失配分析曲线呈双峰,表明半夏居群整体没有经历过扩张事件。(4)单倍型地理分布显示,西南地区和中-东部地区具有单倍型多样性较高,并存在特有单倍型,故推测第四纪冰期时在这两个区域存在冰期避难所。总之,通过3个叶绿体基因对不同区域半夏的分析,阐明了其遗传多样性、遗传结构和地理分布格局,为半夏优良种源的分子筛选和保护提出了科学的建议和保护策略。
基金We thank Nikki Boggess, who assisted in labwork. Fieldwork in Vietnam was facilitated by Dr. Le Mahn Hung, and supported by the National Geographic Committee for Research and Exploration. Fieldwork in China was supported by the National Science Foundation （DEB-0344430 to ATP）. The laboratory portions of this work were supported by the National Science Foundation （DEB-0743576 to RGM）. We thank recordists who shared their Stachyris/Cyanoderma recordings on Xeno-canto.
基金Department of Botany,Dolphin(PG)Institute of Bio-medical and Natural SciencesDepartment of Botany,DSB Campus,Kumaun University for liberal supportDepartment of Forestry and Environmental Science,DSB Campus,Kumaun University for the liberal support。
文摘While the need for understanding the effects of topographical factors on forest structure and function is well recognized,comprehensive studies are scarce.This study evaluates the effect of slope aspect and slope position on water relations and forest attributes across six forest types occurring between 400 m and 2600 m altitude in the Central Himalaya(27°-38°N).We found that predawn tree water potential and soil water potential were generally higher on moist north slope aspect(-0.78±0.05 MPa and-3.34±0.18 MPa,respectively)than dry south slope aspect(-0.82±0.18 MPa and-3.77±0.18 MPa,respectively).Across six different forests,these values were higher at hill base(-0.71±0.06 MPa and-2.77±0.19 MPa,tree predawn water potential and soil water potential,respectively)than other topographical positions.The favorable effect of north aspect and hill base was also observed in maintaining soil water and tree water potential during the dry season.Vegetation attributes,such as species richness,unique species and plant density were also generally higher on north slope and hill base than southern aspect and lowest at hill top.Across forest types,the hill base provided shelter to 46 unique species,compared to 16-18 at the other positions,thus emphasizing its importance as refugia for species to survive climate change induced perturbations.The favorable conditions of hill base position not only contribute to increase in alpha diversity,but also to extended species distributional range.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant Nos. 30470125, 40671066the Knowledge Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Grant No. KSCX2-SW-132.
基金supported by National Research,Development and Innovation Office,Hungary by a Grant of Hungarian Scientific Research Fund(OTKA K101600)
文摘In this review we summarized recent historical records and molecular studies on evolutionary history and phylogeography of Scots pine with focus on the European highly fragmented distribution area of the species. Fossilized pollen, plant micro- and macrofossil records provided evidences on the large-scale species’ range shifts and demographic changes during the Quaternary. Populations of Scots pine were documented both in the glacial (incl. full glaciation) and interglacial periods. Recolonization of Europe after the glaciation originated from the (Sub) Mediterranean areas like the Balkan Peninsula but also from around the Eastern Alps and the surroundings of the Danube plain. Fennoscandia and northern European Baltic regions were most probably colonized from two main directions, from Western Europe and from the Russian Plain. Modern history of Scots pine was hardly affected by anthropogenic activities that started to strengthen in the Bronze and Iron Age. Along with the fossil records, molecular genetic tools were used to infer the origin and putative history including migration, differentiation and demography of the species. In this paper we compiled the major publications (30) of molecular genetic studies of the past 20?years derived from distinctly inherited organelle genomes (mitochondrial, chloroplast, nuclear) revealed by different marker systems (mtDNA-cox1, -nad1, -nad3, -nad7, ISSR, cpSSR, nSSR, B-SAP, SNP). It is important to consider that different phylogeographic patterns can be drawn by the analysis of different DNA marker types. Accordingly the use of more than one marker simultaneously outlines the most sophisticated phylogeographical pattern on the genetic lineages and can reveal high differentiation of the European distribution. Combined marker systems and markers derived from coding sequences have also been used to detect species’ phylogeographic patterns, but these were rarely applied to Scots pine. Although new molecular techniques can provide higher resolution data for populations, the reviewed results can shape the direction of further studies.
基金supported by grants from Chinese Ministry of Education (20070319006)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
文摘Phylogeographic studies of Eremias lizards （Lacertidae） in East Asia have been limited, and the impact of major climatic events on their population dynamics remains poorly known. This study aimed to investigate population histories and refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum of two sympatric Eremias lizards （E. argus and E. brenchleyi） inhabiting northern China. We sequenced partial mitochondrial DNA from the ND4 gene for 128 individuals of E. argus from nine localities, and 46 individuals of E. brenchleyi from five localities. Forty-four ND4 haplotypes were determined from E. argus samples, and 33 from E. brenchleyi samples. Population expansion events began about 0.0044 Ma in E. argus, and 0.031 Ma in E. brenchleyi. The demographic history of E. brenchleyi indicates a long-lasting population decline since the most recent common ancestor, while that of E. argus indicates a continuous population growth. Among-population structure was significant in both species, and there were multiple refugia across their range. Intermittent gene flow occurred among expanded populations across multiple refugia during warmer phases of the glacial period, and this may explain why the effective population size has remained relatively stable in E. brenchleyi and grown in E. argus.
文摘海洋植物谱系地理学虽然在国内受到的关注比较有限,但近年来的研究进展对了解环境变动如何影响物种的多样性结构、生态适应和进化潜力等亦提供了重要信息。本文首先对刊发海洋植物谱系地理研究最具代表性的两本国际期刊《Molecular Ecology》和《Journal of Biogeography》进行搜索和筛选,从研究团队的地域分布和研究对象的阶元等角度纵览全球范围内近20年间海洋植物谱系地理学研究的现状和特征。其后,本文从洋流如何驱动海洋植物谱系地理结构和多样性、入侵物种的种群遗传变异特征和路径重建、冰期避难所如何影响现今海洋植物遗传结构和地理变动、克隆繁殖和谱系多样化等四个方面概述了这一领域的主要成果进展。最后,本文还从岛屿地理模型、共生物种的谱系协同进化和高通量数据应用等三个方面对海洋植物谱系地理学的发展趋势进行了展望。
基金partly supported by Grants-in-Aid from the Monbukagakusho through the JSPS (Nos. 10041166, 20405013, and 23405014)a grant from The U. S. National Geographic Society (No. 4505-91) to MM
文摘We conducted molecular phylogenetic analyses of Japanese Rhacophorus species, especially of R. schlegelii and R. arboreus from the mainland, based on samples encompassing their known distribution ranges, and discussed about evolutionary history of Rhacophorus species within Japan. The common ancestor of Japanese Rhacophorus, except for R. owstoni from southern Ryukyus, was estimated to have diverged from a lineage occurring mainly in China about 7 MYBP. Both R. schlegelii and R. arboreus are genetically largely divergent between regions of eastern and western Japan, and this seems to have been promoted mainly by retreat to refugia. Retreats of the two species to different refugia sometimes in the past seem to have led restricted distribution of R. schlegelii in eastern and R. arboreus in western Japan, and brought their intraspecific variation patterns in morphology and breeding habit.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China and Russian Foundation for Basic Research (NSFC-RFBR:32011530077 to YHS)
文摘Global climate change has a significant effect on species,as environment conditions change,causing many species'distributions to shift.During the last three million years,the earth has experienced glacial oscillations,forcing some species to survive in ice-free refugia during glacial periods and then disperse postglacially.In this study,by assessing the potential distribution of Siberian Grouse(Falcipennis falcipennis),we used Global Circular Models and Representative Concentration Pathways to model their pattern of range changes during glacial oscillations and the potential impact of present global warming.We used 158 location records of Siberian Grouse to generate a full climate model using 19 bioclimate variables in MaxEnt.We discarded variables with a correlation coefficient larger than 0.8 and relatively lower modeling contributions between each pair of correlated variables.Using the remaining variables,we created a normally uncorrelated simple climate model to predict the possible distribution of Siberian Grouse from the most recent Ice Age to present and to 2070.Then we added geographical data and the human interference index to construct a multiple factor full model to evaluate which were important in explaining the distribution of Siberian Grouse.The Total Suitability Zone(P≥0.33)of Siberian Grouse is about 243,000km^(2) and the Maximum Suitability Zone(P≥0.66)is 36,000km^(2) and is confined to the Russian Far East.Potential habitat modeling suggested that annual precipitation,annual mean temperature,and the distance from lakes are the most explanatory variables for the current distribution of Siberian Grouse.The distribution center moved to the southeast during the Last Glacial Maximum and spread back to the northwest after the ice melted and temperatures rose.The total area range of Siberian Grouse experienced a dramatic loss during the Last Glacial Maximum.Global warming is presently forcing the Siberian Grouse to migrate northward with a contraction of its range.There is an urgent need to protect its habitat,because little of its Maximum Sustainable Zone is protected,although there are some large reserves in that area.
