Response of Ecosystem Service Value Based on Land Use Changes and Analysis of its Driving Factors in Typical Hilly Region with Red Soil

The contribution rate of ecosystem service value variation was used to analyze the effects of land use changes on the changes of ecosystem service value in Xingguo County during 1996-2005.Grey integrated correlation was employed to explore the contribution level of the indicators such as total population,urbanization level,proportion of primary industry and investment of social fixed assets on ecosystem service value,and the correlation analysis was also carried out.The results showed that the ecosystem service value in Xingguo County during 1996-2005 mainly was woodland,and the decrease of woodland area was the major reason for the sustained reduction of ecosystem service value.With the further increase of market demand and the incentives of local government,the garden area rapidly increased during 2001-2005,and the influence degree of garden towards the changes of ecosystem service value was only second to woodland,ranking No.2.Four socio-economic indicators had different correlation degree with ecosystem service value during the different research periods.Total population,urbanization level and proportion of primary industry had high correlation degree with ecosystem service value,whereas the influence degree of various socio-economic indicators on ecosystem service value was equal with each other day by day.Urbanization level,investment of social fixed assets and total population had significant negative correlation with ecosystem service value,while the proportion of primary industry had positive correlation with ecosystem service value.

Factors Influencing the Acidification Trends in Agriculture Soils: A Case Study of Slovakia

This study aims to evaluate the development of soil reaction values in 15 key localities of soil Partial Monitoring System from 1994 to 2023, and to identify the most important regional drivers of pH value development. Soil samples were collected from the depth 0 - 0.10 m yearly in the spring (5 samples from each locality). In the dry soil, samples were determined actively and exchanged soil reaction. The most significant negative changes (decreases of soil reaction) were determined in Haplic Stagnosols group and Cambisols group. The pH value in topsoil is primarily controlled by soil type and soil substrate, soil management and land use, and to a lesser extent by climatic region.

BACKGROUND VALUES AND TREND DISTRIBUTION OF Cu, Zn AND Ni IN SOILS IN CHINA

The background values of Cu, Zn and Ni are discussed based on the analytical data of 21 main soil types collected from various regions in China. According to statistics of many samples, the background value of Cu is 23.4±10.2 mg/ kg (482 samples), Zn 77.9±2.39 mg/ kg (474 samples), Ni 30.0±12.8 mg/kg (482 samples).

Soil Geochemical Background Value and Environmental Quality Assessment in Jinan City

[Objectives]This study was conducted to accurately assess soil and environmental quality in Jinan City. [Methods] Based on the multipurpose regional geochemical survey data of 1∶250 000 in Shandong Province, the differences between the soil geochemical background values of 54 indexes in Jinan City and the soil in the whole province and the comprehensive geochemical class of soil quality were studied. [Results] The contents of C and Cao in Jinan soil was significantly higher than the background values of Shandong Province. The Cd, Cr, Cu, F, Ni, Sn, MgO, Cao and Na_(2)O contents and pH value were higher than the abundance of the A soil layer in China, but the nutrient index contents of Se, I and OrgC were lower than the national background values. The surface soil quality in the study area was generally good, with the sum of superior, good and medium accounting for 99.76% of the total area of the study area. The distribution area of poor soil was the least, accounting for only 0.24%, and it was scattered near industrial and mining enterprises in the urban area of Jinan City, Laiwu District, Gangcheng District and Zhangqiu District, which was closely related to human activities. [Conclusions] This study has practical guiding significance for improving land use efficiency.

RESEARCHES ON SOIL ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND VALUES IN TIBET

The environmental background values of 13 elements of Hg, As, Se, Cr,Mn, V, Ph, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, F and Co in xizang soils are obtained through analyzing and determining 205 samples of surface soils in Tibet and the final data processing. The background val

Effects of Straw and Biochar Returned to the Soil on Soil Physical Properties and pH Value in Cold Rice Region

[Objectives]In order to explore the feasibility of using straw and biochar returned to the soil to improve soil physical properties and pH value in cold rice regions of China.[Methods]the effects of straw directly returned to the soil and charred straw(biochar)returned to the soil on soil bulk density,porosity,temperature and pH value of cold paddy soil were studied in this paper.[Results]The results showed that compared with conventional production,straw(6 t/ha),a small amount of biochar(2 t/ha)and a large amount of biochar(40 t/ha)returned to the soil reduced paddy soil bulk density at different growth stages by 6.02%-11.86%,2.69%-6.67%and 8.58%-11.32%,respectively,increased total porosity by 7.41%-14.93%,3.19%-8.38%and 9.81%-14.27%,respectively,and increased aeration porosity by 22.28%-192.11%,17.80%-92.11%and 52.44%-157.11%,respectively.Straw and a small amount of biochar returned to the soil had no significant effect on soil temperature and pH value of paddy field,but a large amount of biochar returned to the soil could significantly increase soil temperature by 5.13%-8.79%and pH value by 3.15%-5.96%in the later stage of rice growth.[Conclusions]The straw and biochar returned to the soil could reduce soil bulk density,increase total porosity and aeration porosity,and only a large amount of biochar returned to the soil could significantly increase soil temperature and pH value.

Factor value determination and applicability evaluation of universal soil loss equation in granite gneiss region

Six types of runoff plots were set up and an experimental study was carried out to examine natural rate of soil and water loss in the granite gneiss region of northern Jiangsu Province in China. Through correlation analysis of runoff and soil loss during 364 rainfall events, a simplified and convenient mathematical formula suitable for calculating the rainfall erosivity factor （R） for the local region was established. Other factors of the universal soil loss equation （USLE model） were also determined. Relative error analysis of the soil loss of various plots calculated by the USLE model on the basis of the observed values showed that the relative error ranged from -3.5% to 9.9% and the confidence level was more than 90%. In addition, the relative error was 5.64% for the terraced field and 12.36% for the sloping field in the practical application. Thus, the confidence level was above 87.64%. These results provide a scientific basis for forecasting and monitoring soil and water loss, for comprehensive management of small watersheds, and for soil and water conservation planning in the region.

Chrono-Sequences of Elemental Contents in Tree Ringsand Soils

There exists a logarithmic linear correlation, i. e., In C'(Z, t) = a(Z) + b(Z) ln(Z, t) where Z is the atomicnumber of element and t the year when tree ring grows between the chemical element contents in tree ringsC(Z, t) and those in the soils near the tree roots C'(Z, t).By determining the elemental contents of the annual growth rings of trees, we could establish the chrono-sequences of elemental contents in the tree rings, thus calculating that of the soil, that is, reproducing thedynamic changes of contents of elements in the soil C'(Z, t). The background values of elements in the soilunder site conditions of the tree could be estimated from the minimum C(Z, t_0) in the chrono-sequences ofelemental contents in the tree rings.

A study on the environmental background values in the Mt. Namjagbarwa region, Tibet

A study on the elemental composition of aerosol, water and soil in the Mt. Namjagbarwa region, Tibet, was carried out in the period of 1982 to 1984. Samples of aerosol particles were collected by cascade impactor and analyzed for 10 elements by PIXE. Samples of ice, snow and water were collected and analyzed for trace metals, major cations and anions. The pH values of water were at quasi-neutrality or neutrality, and the hardness of water was low. Contents and physico-chemical composition of 20 elements in the major types of soil were determined by physico-chemical methods. Levels of elements in soil varied with soil type and their parent materials. Contents of some elements were higher in the substratum soil derived from in situ than in the surface soil. The region was in a remote area with negligible pollution and could be considered as a good location for measuring the baskground value of environmental sample.

Radiobiogeochemical Assessment of the Soil Near the Issyk-kul Region

The results of researches are presented the concentration of humus, macro and trace elements and radionuclide in the soil of the Issyk-Kul region. It has given radio biogeochemical assessment of the current status of soils investigated region.

STUDIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND VALUES IN CHINA

An investigation on environmental background values was made in an area of about 1,140,000 km2, which included temperate and subtropical zones of China. The environmental background values of 142 soil environment units, 18 main soil types, 87 surface water environment units, 8 aquatic organism environment units and 20 underground water environment units were obtained. The rules, causes and effecting factors of regional differentiation of the environmental background values were deduced from over 200,000 various data.

上海土壤的Cu Zn Mn Co As Fe Mo和总稀土元素背景值及影响因素

在上海市布点214个,按自然发生层采集1.0m深土壤剖面样品,调查了全市土壤Cu、Zn、Mn、Co、As、Fe、Mo和总稀土元素。提出了全市的背景值(Zn 83.81、Cu 27.79、Mn 555.48、Co12.66、As8.71、Mo 0.58、总稀土228.6 mg/kg、Fe3.02％),四种母质发育的土壤。Cu、Mn含量以湖积类型最低。Mn与pH值、有机质含量中度相关;Zn随土壤中含Ca量增加而明显减少;Zn、Co、As含量随土壤粒径变细而增加。潮坪的Cu、Mn、Co、As含量最高;Mn自内陆向沿海增加;含Zn量,湖沼平原>滨海平原>潮坪>三角洲平原。

山西土壤Hg，Cd，As，Pb最高允许浓度研究

根据国内外制订土壤污染物质最高允许浓度的原则，利用山西土壤元素地球化学背景值及土壤生态效应的研究资料，初步确定了山西省土壤中Ｈｇ，Ｃｄ，Ａｓ，Ｐｂ等污染物的最高允许浓度：Ｈｇ０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，Ｃｄ０．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ，Ａｓ２２ｍｇ／ｋｇ，Ｐｂ５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ。与国外土壤最高允许浓度及我国惯用的土壤污染起始浓度（平均值加２倍标准差）相比，本研究结果更加切合山西实际，并具良好的实用性。

贵州省土壤重金属背景值再研究

为探究贵州省背景土重金属含量的基本状况,进行了系统的场调工作,共采集自然土样468件.通过统计学和对比研究的方法,在“省域尺度”、“市域尺度”和“主要土类”的3个视角下重新提出贵州省土壤重金属的背景值.结果表明,省域推荐值分别为ω(Cd)0.220 mg·kg^(−1)、ω(Co)12.35 mg·kg^(−1)、ω(Cr)87.68 mg·kg^(−1)、ω(Cu)33.70 mg·kg^(−1)、ω(Mn)668.7 mg·kg^(−1)、ω(Ni)33.99 mg·kg^(−1)、ω(Pb)19.91 mg·kg^(−1)、ω(Zn)88.88 mg·kg^(−1)、ω(As)21.29 mg·kg^(−1)和ω(Hg)0.151 mg·kg^(−1).与《中国土壤元素背景值》相比,Hg含量提高77.41%;Cu和As含量分别提高25.28%和33.06%;而Co和Pb含量低于省域推荐值,分别降低29.83%和36.39%.市域尺度下,贵州省背景土的重金属含量在地理空间上呈西北高、东南低的分布特点,其中,安顺市所有元素的均值水平均超过省域推荐值,超出5%—60%;而黔东南全部未超.主要土类下,黄棕壤土和石灰土表现出对重金属较强的富集特点,其中黄棕壤土在全省的分布与市域推荐值的高值区域基本吻合,毕节的中西部、六盘水和黔西南的北部都以黄棕壤为主要土类,研究涉及的重金属含量普遍偏高.水稻土的重金属含量受成土母质和人为因素的叠加影响,对于地质高背景区和工矿区附近,其含量水平较土类推荐值存在偏低的估计,需要开展针对性的研究工作.省域推荐值对于了解各重金属的实际分布存在局限性,因此,市域推荐值和土类推荐值有助于识别重金属含量的区域性分布特征.

砒砂岩覆土区典型小流域土壤可蚀性K值空间变异特征

[目的]研究砒砂岩覆土区典型小流域土壤可蚀性的空间变异特征,为砒砂岩覆土区土壤侵蚀机理深入探究和土壤侵蚀有效防治提供科学依据。[方法]以内蒙古准格尔旗砒砂岩覆土区二老虎沟小流域为研究对象,采集0—10 cm和10—20 cm土层共144份土壤样品,基于EPIC模型估算土壤可蚀性K值,并利用GIS和地统计学方法分析土壤可蚀性K值空间变异特征。[结果](1)二老虎沟小流域土壤砂粒、粉粒、黏粒和有机碳均呈中等变异程度,除黏粒和有机碳为中等空间自相关性外,其他土壤属性均呈弱空间自相关性。(2)小流域土壤可蚀性K值介于0.018 7~0.047 6 t·hm^(2)·h/(hm^(2)·MJ·mm),0—10 cm和10—20 cm土层K值变异系数分别为15.5%和20.3%,属中等变异强度;0—10 cm土层K值主要受随机性因素影响,呈弱空间自相关性,而10—20 cm土层受随机性因素和结构性因素共同影响,为中等空间自相关性。(3) 3种克里格插值方法结果表明:小流域土壤可蚀性K值空间变异受海拔和坡度影响明显,其总体分布趋势为西部和东南部较高、中部及偏东部较低;普通克里格插值方法较适宜应用于砒砂岩覆土区小流域,其估算结果可较好地显示土壤可蚀性的整体和局部两方面的空间变异特征。(4)在垂直空间变异上,0—10 cm和10—20 cm土层土壤可蚀性K值总体分布规律相似,但10—20 cm土层土壤可蚀性K值较0—10 cm土层空间变异更为明显。[结论]海拔和坡度对砒砂岩覆土区典型小流域土壤可蚀性K值空间变异影响明显,未来应优先对坡面和坡顶区域进行土壤侵蚀防治。

背景异常区土壤重金属修复目标值合理确定的方法研究:以浙江省某化工厂退役地块为例

浙江某化工厂退役地块土壤砷检出明显异常(较多数据超GB 36600—2018《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》第一类用地土壤砷评价筛选值20 mg·kg^(-1)),但其与该地块历史上生产过程中可能存在的人为砷污染的相关性较低,与自然地质高背景导致的局部土壤砷异常的相关性更高,需要系统开展地质地球化学背景调查后合理确定修复目标值。本文基于区域地质背景特征,系统开展背景调查与采样监测,识别出区域地层形成后的热液活动为土壤砷异常主导因素。运用数据统计方法,在剔除异常值后,选取95%置信区间〔即几何平均值(X g)乘除几何标准差(S),X_(g)/S_(2)~X_(g)S^(2)〕上限值(83.63 mg·kg^(-1))代表背景值。经分析验证,用该统计背景值作为修复目标值合理可行,且较常规方法可较大程度地减少需修复土壤方量(本地块达6.5万m^(3))。本文形成的背景调查和背景值确定方法适用于高背景异常区土壤调查和治理工作,可有效避免过度调查和过度修复。

郓城县北部地区土壤元素地球化学背景值特征

以郓城县北部地区表层土壤为研究对象,通过系统的地球化学调查,获取了土壤26项指标含量数据,计算了研究区土壤中元素背景值等地球化学参数。在此基础上与2003年山东省1∶25万多目标区域地球化学调查数据进行了对比,对区内重金属元素累积趋势进行了研究,并通过单时段增量模型对2035年土壤重金属元素含量做了预测。结果表明,与山东省土壤背景值平均值相比,研究区土壤中明显偏高的元素有:B、I、有机质、N、As、S、MgO、Cd、P、CaO;2003—2019年间,区内重金属元素Hg、Cr、Pb、Cd以增加为主,As元素有轻微减少的趋势,预测到2035年,研究区内Cd元素环境质量下降较明显,应引起足够的重视。

黄河流域(济南段)土壤元素分布特征及作物营养元素分析

【目的】探究黄河流域(济南段)的土壤元素含量及分布特征,了解人类活动对土壤元素含量的影响,为土地利用和土壤改良提供基础数据。【方法】采集调查区土壤样品,分析29种土壤元素指标,用统计学、空间分析和变异系数等方法分析元素在不同土壤类型、不同土地利用类型及不同行政区的分布特征,农作物营养元素区域差异化及影响因素。【结果】黄河流域(济南段)内元素背景值明显偏高的有Hg、As、Cd、S、Corg、Co、N、B、CaO、Se、F,大多数元素变异系数在0.25以下,部分有害元素变异系数大于0.4。不同行政区表层土壤中大多数元素的变异系数较小,即元素分布均匀,MgO变异系数达0.7以上,说明人为因素对此类元素的影响较大。不同土壤类型中的S、Corg和N等元素有明显差异,其中农村宅基地中的CaO、Zn、MgO和Na_(2)O偏高。调查区表层土壤全氮含量以中等丰度为主,占调查区面积的62.60%;全磷含量丰富,中等以上等级区面积占调查区总面积的80.69%;全钾以二级较丰富为主,面积占调查区76.87%。黄河流域(济南段)广泛分布的土壤类型为普通潮土,成土母质含丰富CaCO_(3),使pH高于7.5。【结论】黄河流域(济南段)内大多数元素区域分布均匀,土壤污染压力较小,与直管区工业发展程度整体不高的背景相吻合。Hg元素变异系数较高(>0.4),说明人类活动对土壤质量产生了影响。大部分地区N、P、K等较富集,适合发展种植业。

河南省表层土壤全碳与有机碳地球化学背景值研究

基于2003—2020年河南省陆续完成的1∶25万多目标区域地球化学调查项目的成果数据,系统研究了河南省表层土壤全碳与有机碳地球化学背景值特征。结果表明,河南省表层土壤全碳和有机碳地球化学背景值在不同行政区、不同流域、不同成土母质发育的土壤中差异明显。表层土壤全碳背景值行政区空间分布总体表现为西部山前高、东部平原低,北部碱性土壤区高、南部酸性土壤区低;流域分布以海河流域—黄河流域—淮河流域—长江流域依次降低;成土母质按残积与残坡积物—河流冲积物—洪积物—风积物—黄土与红土—河湖相沉积物发育的土壤全碳背景值逐渐降低。表层土壤有机碳背景值行政区总体表现为山前偏高、平原偏低,不同流域的表层土壤有机碳背景值差异大;成土母质以残积与残坡积物—洪积物—河湖相沉积物—黄土与红土—河流冲积物—风积物发育的土壤有机碳背景值逐渐降低。

贵州福泉耕地土壤硒锗地球化学特征及其影响因素分析

通过采集福泉市4085件耕地土壤样品和15条土壤剖面样品,测定土壤中硒锗和其他指标含量,对硒锗含量特征以及影响因素进行分析研究。结果表明:福泉市耕地土壤中硒背景值高于贵州省耕地土壤背景值和全国土壤背景值,锗背景值低于贵州省耕地土壤背景值但略高于全国土壤背景值;硒锗高异常呈条带状,整体走向近似南北向展布;垂向上硒锗含量总体上是随土壤深度增加而减少的趋势;土壤中硒锗主要受成土母岩影响,同时还受土壤理化指标pH值、有机质、铁、铝氧化物等因素的影响。研究成果可为福泉市富硒和富锗农业发展提供参考依据。