Development and Utilization of the World＇s and China＇s Bulk Mineral Resources and their Supply and Demand Situation in the Next Twenty Years

Bulk mineral resources of iron ores, copper ores, bauxite, lead ores, zinc ores and potassium salt play a pivotal role on the world＇s and China＇s economic development. This study analyzed and predicted their resources base and potential, development and utilization and their world＇s and China＇s supply and demand situation in the future 20 years. The supply and demand of these six bulk mineral products are generally balanced, with a slight surplus, which will guarantee the stability of the international mineral commodity market supply. The six mineral resources （especially iron ores and copper ores） are abundant and have a great potential, and their development and utilization scale will gradually increase. Till the end of 2014, the reserve- production ratio of iron, copper, bauxite, lead, zinc ores and potassium salt was 95 years, 42 years, 100 years, 17 years, 37 years and 170 years, respectively. Except lead ores, the other five types all have reserve-production ratio exceeding 20 years, indicative of a high resources guarantee degree. If the utilization of recycled metals is counted in, the supply of the world＇s six mineral products will exceed the demand in the future twenty years. In 2015-2035, the supply of iron ores, refined copper, primary aluminum, refined lead, zinc and potassium salt will exceed their demand by 0.4-0.7 billion tons （Gt）, 5.0-6.0 million tons （Mt）, 1.1-8.9 Mt, 1.0-2.0 Mt, 1.2-2.0 Mt and 4.8-5.6 Mt, respectively. It is predicted that there is no problem with the supply side of bulk mineral products such as iron ores, but local or structural shortage may occur because of geopolitics, monopoly control, resources nationalism and trade friction. Affected by China＇s compressed industrialized development model, the demand of iron ores （crude steel）, potassium salt, refined lead, refined copper, bauxite （primary aluminum） and zinc will gradually reach their peak in advance. The demand peak of iron ores （crude steel） will reach around 2015, 2016 for potassium salt, 2020 for refined lead, 2021 for bauxite （primary aluminum）, 2022 for refined copper and 2023 for zinc. China＇s demand for iron ores （crude steel）, bauxite （primary aluminum） and zinc in the future 20 years will decline among the world＇s demand, while that for refined copper, refined lead and potassium salt will slightly increase. The demand for bulk mineral products still remains high. In 2015-2035, China＇s accumulative demand for iron ores （crude steel） will be 20.313 Gt （13.429 Gt）, 0.304 Gt for refined copper, 2.466 Gt （0.616 Gt） of bauxite （primary aluminum）, 0.102 Gt of refined lead, 0.138 Gt of zinc and 0.157 Gt of potassium salt, and they account for the world＇s YOY （YOY） accumulative demand of 35.17%, 51.09%, 48.47%, 46.62%, 43.95% and 21.84%, respectively. This proportion is 49.40%, 102.52%, 87.44%, 105.65%, 93.62% and 106.49% of that in 2014, respectively. From the supply side of China＇s bulk mineral resources, it is forecasted that the accumulative supply of primary （mine） mineral products in 2015-2035 is 4.046 Gt of iron ores, 0.591 Gt of copper, 1.129 Gt of bauxite, 63.661 Mt of （mine） lead, 0.109 Gt of （mine） zinc and 0.128 Gt of potassium salt, which accounts for 8.82%, 13.92%, 26.67%, 47.09%, 33.04% and 15.56% of the world＇s predicted YOY production, respectively. With the rapid increase in the smelting capacity of iron and steel and alumina, the rate of capacity utilization for crude steel, refined copper, alumina, primary aluminum and refined lead in 2014 was 72.13%, 83.63%, 74.45%, 70.76% and 72.22%, respectively. During 2000-2014, the rate of capacity utilization for China＇s crude steel and refined copper showed a generally fluctuating decrease, which leads to an insufficient supply of primary mineral products. It is forecasted that the supply insufficiency of iron ores in 2015-2035 is 17.44 Gt, 0.245 Gt of copper in copper concentrates, 1.337 Gt of bauxite, 38.44 Mt of lead in lead concentrates and 29.19 Mt of zinc in zinc concentrates. China has gradually raised the utilization of recycled metals, which has mitigated the insufficient supply of primary metal products to some extent. It is forecasted that in 2015-2035 the accumulative utilization amount of steel scrap （iron ores） is 3.27 Gt （5.08 Gt）, 70.312 Mt of recycled copper, 0.2 Gt of recycled aluminum, 48 Mt of recycled lead and 7.7 Mt of recycled zinc. The analysis on the supply and demand situation of China＇s bulk mineral resources in 2015-2035 suggests that the supply-demand contradiction for these six types of mineral products will decrease, indicative of a generally declining external dependency. If the use of recycled metal amount is counted in, the external dependency of China＇s iron, copper, bauxite, lead, zinc and potassium salt will be 79%, 65%, 26%, 8%, 16% and 18% in 2014, respectively. It is predicted that this external dependency will decrease to 62%, 64%, 20%, -0.93%, 16% and 14% in 2020, respectively, showing an overall decreasing trend. We propose the following suggestions correspondingly. （1） The demand peak of China＇s crude steel and potassium salt will reach during 2015-2023 in succession. Mining transformation should be planned and deployed in advance to deal with the arrival of this demand peak. （2） The supply-demand contradiction of China＇s bulk mineral resources will mitigate in the future 20 years, and the external dependency will decrease accordingly. It is suggested to adjust the mineral resources management policies according to different minerals and regions, and regulate the exploration and development activities. （3） China should further establish and improve the forced mechanism of resolving the smelting overcapacity of steel, refined copper, primary aluminum, lead and zinc to really achieve the goal of ＂reducing excess production capacity＂. （4） In accordance with the national strategic deployment of ＂One Belt One Road＂, China should encourage the excess capacity of steel, copper, alumina and primary aluminum enterprises to transfer to those countries or areas with abundant resources, high energy matching degree and relatively excellent infrastructure. Based on the national conditions, mining condition and geopolitics of the resources countries, we will gradually build steel, copper, aluminum and lead-zinc smelting bases, and potash processing and production bases, which will promote the excess capacity to transfer to the overseas orderly. （5） It is proposed to strengthen the planning and management of renewable resources recycling and to construct industrial base of renewable metal recycling. （6） China should promote the comprehensive development and utilization of paragenetic and associated mineral species to further improve the comprehensive utilization of bulk mineral resources.

Priority-sequence of mineral resources' development and utilization based on grey relational analysis method

Generally, the sequence decision of the development and utilization of Chinese mineral resources is based on national and provincial overall plan of the mineral resources. Such plan usually cannot reflect the relative size of the suitability of the development and utilization of mineral resources. To solve the problem, the paper has selected the gift condition, the market condition, the technological condition,socio-economic condition and environmental condition as the starting-points to analyze the influential factors of the priority-sequence of mineral resources' development and utilization. The above 5 conditions are further specified into 9 evaluative indicators to establish an evaluation indicator system. At last,we propose a decision model of the priority sequence based on grey relational analysis method, and figure out the observation objects by the suitability index of development. Finally, the mineral resources of a certain province in China were analyzed as an example. The calculation results indicate that silver(2.0057), coal(1.9955), zinc(1.9442), cement limestone(1.9077), solvent limestone(1.5624) and other minerals in the province are suitable for development and utilization.

Further development and sustainable utilization mode of grassland tourism resources: a case study of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China

Tourism resources are important foundation for the development of tourism industry.Grassland is not only a kind of important resource but also a great attraction to visitors.Therefore,the integrated development and sustainable utilization of grassland tourism resources are of great significance.This paper,based on the analysis of literatures and the current problems existing in grassland tourism,summarizes the speciality of grassland tourism development,deals nation as example and carries out empirical research.Based on the status quo of grassland tourism resources in Inner Mongolia,this study analyzes the characteristics of grassland tourism resources,the necessity and feasibility of integrated development,then proposes the following suggestions： idea for development,mode of development,regional cooperation,tourism products development,especially the three modes of development based on the resources conditions - the mode of relying on market,the mode of combination aggregation and the mode of relying on quality.

On the role of tourism resources planning and management personnel training for the economic development of the region

The essence of tourism resources planning is both rational thinking and the creation of artistic inspiration, and it is the outline of the future development blueprint that the science, forward-looking, operability, innovation are combined with together; Because tourism is complex system involving the social, economic, cultural, environment and other various aspects, and the training of tourism resources planning and management professionals has be of great importance of promoting tourism and sustainable tourism development. This article makes tourism resource planning and management personnel training pointedly and analyzes the role of tourism resources planning and management personnel training for the economic development of the region.

Land development suitability analysis for transport planning evaluation and optimization in mountainous ecological region

Transportation planning is a critical component for creating an orderly,intensive,and sustainable pattern of land development.By comprehensively considering the potential and suitability of transport construction,a comprehensive method combining resources and environmental carrying capacity(RECC)and land development suitability(LDS)was developed by using techniques of GIS,analytic hierarchy process(AHP)and threedimensional magic cube.Taking Aba prefecture in Sichuan Province of Southwest China as a case study,LDS for transportation was analyzed from three aspects,including overall planning layout,different transport modes,and transportation projects.The results showed that the transport planning scales of most counties in Aba were suitable,and the order of LDS of different transport modes was railway>highway=superhighway>tourism track,which already included 42 new transportation projects.We found that two counties(Maoxian County and Jiuzhaigou County)should improve the ecological protection level of transportation,in which the railway network construction should be encouraged,and some transportation projects with low LDS should be postponed or constructed harmlessly.We suggest the combination of RECC and LDS for transportation could enhance the territorial space optimization and sustainable transport construction.

镍资源找矿突破与综合开发利用

镍资源是国民经济发展的重要战略资源,也是重要的关键矿产;我国是全球最大的镍金属消费国,也是镍金属原料稀缺国,镍矿产原料对外依存度居高不下,亟需实现镍资源找矿突破、推动镍资源综合开发利用、拓宽镍资源进口渠道,保障镍资源安全稳定供给。本文在综合分析镍产业最新数据的基础上,梳理了全球和我国镍资源禀赋、供需现状,总结了国内外镍矿床成因类型、时空分布规律和找矿前景,分析了我国镍资源产业发展和供应保障面临的问题,提出了镍矿勘查开发的关键技术及综合利用途径。为保障稳定供应和安全发展,从国际和国内两方面提出了我国镍资源保障路径及对策。在国际方面,稳定以印度尼西亚、菲律宾为代表的重要镍资源进口市场,加大投资镍资源海外矿业项目,增强中资企业的国际竞争能力;加强国际合作,实现镍资源进口渠道的多元化。在国内方面,加大镍资源勘查力度;加强镍资源综合利用,提高再生镍资源利用率;优化传统技术工艺,调整产业结构;强化镍资源储备基地建设,保障有效增储;重视海底铁锰结核等潜在镍矿资源的开采技术研究。

中国铼资源特征及其勘查开发利用现状

铼(Re)是重要的战略性新兴产业矿产,在现代国防和工业及新兴领域具有广泛的用途。本文在《中国矿产地质志·稀散金属矿卷》研编的基础上,对中国铼矿资源特征和勘查开发利用情况进行进一步总结,认为我国铼矿资源分布比较集中,具有较大的成矿潜力和找矿空间。近年来,铼的矿产勘查取得了重要成果,据不完全统计,截至2021年底,共获得铼查明资源储量787.41 t。从世界上看,铼的规模生产开始于1930年。与世界相比,中国铼工业发展并未形成规模,仍处于初级阶段,且其开发利用严重依赖寄主矿床的开发利用。借鉴国外铼资源的开发利用史,铼的应用从添加剂到催化剂到航空发动机再到量子计算,每一次技术革新都带来对铼资源需求的增长。预测未来10~20 a国内铼的应用将更加多元化,需求也将达到高峰期,铼资源保障程度有待于进一步提高。建议开展全国铼矿资源潜力评价,查明铼的可用资源量和潜力,加强铼资源综合利用和回收产业化,建立铼的战略储备机制。

蒙古国矿业开发现状研究

蒙古国位于“中蒙俄经济走廊”的中间地带,大地构造位置处于中亚造山带的中心部位,成矿条件好,铜、煤、金、铀、萤石等矿产资源丰富。截至2016年,蒙古国1∶5万地质填图仅覆盖全境33.7%,地质工作进展缓慢,矿产开发程度较低。中蒙关系稳定,经贸合作基础扎实,开展矿业开发合作潜力巨大。受资源储量及开发技术条件限制,蒙古国矿业开发主要集中于煤、铜、金、铁、石油、铅锌、萤石等矿种,且矿业开发中受到基础设施薄弱、生产技术条件落后、政策法规缺乏稳定性等制约。建议中资企业应认真研究该国政策法律法规,发挥资金、技术等优势参与开发和利用矿产资源,并关注矿产品深加工领域和锂矿资源开发领域的合作等。

城市更新下工业遗产保护和活化利用路径研究

工业遗产作为城市空间资源,是城市更新过程中不可缺少的有机组成部分。通过文献研究、实地调研现有工业遗产名单中部分案例,提出分类分级、以用促保、整体性保护的工业遗产保护和活化利用的思路,构建业态选择、空间再造、社区重构的工业遗产保护和活化利用的路径,希望为城市更新背景下工业遗产的保护和活化利用提供参考。

自然资源监管视域下的国土空间规划管理探析:基于空间开发权配置的探讨

基于两级空间开发权理论,分析面向统一国土空间用途管制的自然资源监管流程,探讨国土空间规划管理在自然资源监管中发挥的具体作用,并从空间开发权视角出发,辨析国土空间规划管理背后隐含的两级空间开发权“批发—零售”基本逻辑。在此基础上,提出完善自然资源监管视域下国土空间规划管理的建议,即强化“区域—要素”统筹,发挥主体功能区战略和制度作用,在规划实施中完善各级“区域”的一级空间开发权 “批发”配置机制;进一步探索完善分级分类的空间开发权交易制度,促进规划安排的自然资源开发保护责任落实和国土空间格局优化。

极地微生物资源研发现状及需求分析

极地因其极端的自然环境与相对的地理隔离,进化出了独特而多样的微生物资源。极地微生物蕴藏了生命耐受极端环境的奥秘、承载了生物地球化学循环的重要使命,其研究可为生命科学、地学、天体生物学等研究提供有价值的启示,具有独特的科学研究意义。同时,极地微生物所蕴含的新颖物种、基因与产物是极地自然资源的重要组成,是可持续利用的重要战略资源,对其开发利用具有现实的经济价值和社会效益。本研究基于详实的科学数据、文献报道、专利与案例分析等情况,深入阐明了极地微生物研究的重要性,总结了极地微生物研发趋势与需求,并提出了相应的研发建议。本研究结果可为极地微生物资源相关研究、政策、项目等布局提供参考。

地质矿产资源勘查及合理开发利用的探讨

本文探讨了地质矿产资源的重要性和价值,以及地质矿产资源勘查和合理开发利用的相关问题。在地质矿产资源勘查方面,包括勘查方法和技术、数据分析和评估,以及环境保护和可持续性考虑。在合理开发利用地质矿产资源方面,主要涉及资源规划和管理、技术创新和高效开采、社会责任和社区参与,以及绿色矿业和环境保护。同时,还讨论了面临的挑战以及应对策略,通过研究这些问题,可以促进地质矿产资源的可持续发展和有效利用。

“Health Report” On The Development and Utilization of China's Important Mineral Resources Came Out

'Report on the development and utilization of important mineral resources'('Report'for short)was officially brought to the public.This Report was prepared,based on specific investigation,by Zhengzhou Research Institute of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources of Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences that was assigned by Department

关于云南省矿产资源规划实施的思考

矿产资源规划对实现矿产资源科学勘查、有序开发、合理保护至关重要,是实现矿产资源管理“一盘棋”的关键。云南是矿产资源大省,正处于矿业加速转型关键期。本文总结分析了《云南省矿产资源总体规划(2021—2025年)》的主要内容、实施进展情况、取得成效,识别该规划实施存在的主要问题及面临的风险挑战,结合云南省情和矿情,从加强政策协同、推动勘查增储、开展技术攻关、开展绿色矿山建设、扩大开放合作等方面提出进一步推进规划实施的优化调整对策建议,同时对下一轮矿产资源规划予以展望,为保障能源资源安全、建设美丽云南提供参考。

智能喷灌系统在干旱地区农业生产中的应用

智能喷灌系统在干旱地区的农业生产中显著提升了水资源利用效率和作物产量。通过集成传感器技术、数据采集与处理及自动化控制技术,系统能精准调节灌溉量,满足作物需水需求,减少水资源浪费。同时,智能喷灌系统提高了作物产量,降低了人工成本,促进了农业生产的可持续发展。在阐述智能喷灌系统在干旱地区农业生产中应用的基础上,分析其在提升水资源利用效率、增加作物产量和质量方面的效果,为现代农业发展提供参考。

宁夏矿产资源开发利用状况及方向

这是一篇矿业工程领域的论文。矿产资源是经济社会发展的重要物质基础,摸清矿产资源家底,掌握矿产资源开发利用状况,对科学制定资源战略规划和政策,守住矿产资源安全底线具有重大意义。宁夏煤炭及非金属建材矿产资源遍布全区,具有量大质优的特点;金属矿产资源主要分布在卫宁北山及香山地区,呈规模小品质差的特点;煤、石膏、石灰岩、硅石、镁矿、盐矿及砂石土矿是宁夏的优势矿产资源。近年来,宁夏矿产资源开发利用从多样化向单一化、从粗放式不断向集约化、从规模化向高质量发展。宁夏矿产资源开发利用将从统筹矿产资源开发利用,发挥矿产资源区位优势;构建优势矿产资源开发利用产业链,促进矿产资源开发过程中各类产品全过程利用;促进矿产资源精准定位、优质优用,体系构建、多级利用,储采兼顾、长远利用的战略目标等多个方面着手,最大程度将矿产资源储量转变为经济社会发展动量。

常德市矿产资源开发利用现状分析

常德市矿产资源丰富,以非金属矿为主,主要特色及优势矿种有石灰岩矿、玻璃用砂岩矿、石膏矿、岩盐矿、滑石矿及矿泉水。上述矿种具有良好的开发利用价值和前景。结合区域地质背景,分析常德市主要优势矿产资源的分布特征、开发现状及可利用性评价,并提出开发利用合理化布局建议,这对今后的合理开发利用具有重要指导意义。

青岛市地下空间开发建设:进展与展望

城市地下空间开发是解决“城市病”的重要途径,且开发不可逆转,需要总结经验,综合统筹开发。青岛市地下空间开发趋向成熟,但缺乏对开发现状的梳理、总结及研究,影响了地下空间的高效开发进程。文章厘清了青岛市地下空间发展历程,全面总结了地下空间各功能开发建设现状和研究进展,分析了青岛市地下空间开发的特点和存在的问题,提出青岛市地下空间开发一体化规划、建设和管理的重点,明确了城市高质量发展、资源与环境对地下空间开发的需求和支撑,指出了“透明青岛”的建设趋势。该研究对科学合理利用地下空间、推进青岛市地下城市建设具有重要意义。

德州市地热资源开发利用与管理探讨

地热能作为一种清洁低碳、安全稳定、开发技术先进、运行管理科学的非碳基能源,是实现碳达峰、碳中和目标不可或缺的能源。德州市是山东省地热资源富集区之一,目前已查明全市地热资源量约500亿m^(3),地热资源总储量3.80×10^(20) J,占全省的21.35%。而地热资源具有水资源和矿产资源的双重属性,是一种特殊的地下水。德州市聚焦矿产资源管理改革,推动矿产资源开发利用高质量发展。依托地热资源优势,秉持“在保护中开发、在开发中保护”发展理念,先行先试、因地制宜开展地热资源保护与开发利用监督管理工作,探索地热资源开发利用新模式、新路径,取得显著成效。

高矿化度矿井水资源化“零排放”技术的应用

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