Spatial Pattern and Regional Types of Rural Settlements in Xuzhou City,Jiangsu Province,China

This paper principally focuses on the morphological differences,spatial pattern and regional types of rural settlements in Xuzhou City of Jiangsu Province in China.Using satellite images of Xuzhou City taken in 2007 and 2008 and models of exploratory spatial data analysis(ESDA) and spatial metrics,the paper conducts a quantitative analysis of the morphological pattern of rural settlements,and finds significant characteristics.First,rural settlements in Xuzhou City are significantly agglomerated in terms of their spatial distribution;meanwhile,there is significant variation in the geographical density distribution.Second,the scale of rural settlements in Xuzhou City is larger than the average in Jiangsu Province,and the histogram of the scale data is more even and more like a gamma distribution.There are a significant high-value cluster in the scale distribution,and local negative correlation between the scale and density distribution of rural settlements in Xuzhou City.Third,the morphology of rural settlements in Xuzhou City shows relative regularity with good connection and integrity,but the spatial variation of the morphology is anisotropic.Finally,according to the characteristics of density,scale,and form of rural settlements,the rural settlements of Xuzhou City are divided into three types:A high-density and point-scattered type,a low-density and cluster-like type and a mass-like and sparse type.The research findings could be used as the scientific foundation for rural planning and community rebuilding,particularly in less-developed areas.

Spatial differentiation pattern of interregional migration in ethnic minority areas of Yunnan Province, China

Interregional migration has broad and far-reaching impacts on regional urbanization process in ethnic minority areas of Southwest China.The previous literature of interregional migration paid less attention on the ethnic minority areas with fragile geographical feature and marginal socio-economic context in the developing world due to the dearth of reliable data.Based on the 2015 national 1%population sampling survey at the village/community scale,taking Yulong Naxi Autonomous County,Yunnan Province,China as the case study,this paper analyzed the spatial differentiation pattern.The results showed that:(1)migration in Yulong Naxi Autonomous County exhibited obvious spatial differentiation characteristics in terms of population aggregation,population loss,migration direction,and migration activity;(2)the overall spatial differentiation of migration exhibited a"layer+sector"pattern in Yulong Naxi Autonomous County:the first layer was active areas with net inflows(<20 km from the seat of the county government),the second layer was inactive areas(within 20–60 km of the seat of the county government),and the third layer was a mixed"layer+sector"zone(>60 km to the seat of the county government),comprised of inactive areas and active areas with net outflows;(3)the spatial differentiation pattern of migration was highly correlated with the regional contexts including the regional economic development,regional transportation accessibility and regional social development,while regional physical geographical factors had insignificant relationships with the migration pattern.

Spatial patterns of ecosystem vulnerability changes during 2001–2011 in the three-river source region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China

The three-river source region (TRSR, including Yangtze, Yellow and Lancang rivers), located in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China, is a typical alpine zone with apparent ecosystem vulnerability and sensitivity. In this paper, we introduced many interdisciplinary factors, such as landscape pattern indices (Shannon diversity index and Shannon evenness index) and extreme climate factors (number of extreme high temperature days, number of extreme low temperature days, and number of extreme precipitation days), to establish a new model for evaluating the spatial patterns of ecosystem vulnerability changes in the TRSR. The change intensity (CI) of ecosystem vulnerability was also analyzed. The results showed that the established evaluation model was effective and the ecosystem vulnerability in the whole study area was intensive. During the study period of 2001–2011, there was a slight degradation in the eco-environmental quality. The Yellow River source region had the best eco-environmental quality, while the Yangtze River source region had the worst one. In addition, the zones dominated by deserts were the most severely deteriorated areas and the eco-environmental quality of the zones occupied by evergreen coniferous forests showed a better change. Furthermore, the larger the change rates of the climate factors (accumulative temperature of ≥10°C and annual average precipitation) are, the more intensive the CI of ecosystem vulnerability is. This study would provide a scientific basis for the eco-environmental protection and restoration in the TRSR.

Changes and spatial patterns of eco-environment in the farming-pastoral region of northern China

This paper firstly selects 10 kinds of indexes to reflect eco-environment background condition and builds the multi-subject spatial database by using ground meteorological data, remote sensing data and DEM. It then discusses in detail the methods about evaluating eco-environment background condition and analyzing eco-environment change. The eco-environment background conditions of 1989 and 1999 are synthetically appraised. Finally, the paper analyzes the spatial distribution, quantitative change, the trend of change, the areas of change and the dynamic spatial pattern of eco-environment. The results are as follows： （1） The eco-environment background condition becomes worse from southeast to northwest in the fanning-pastoral region of northern China. （2） The eco-environment background condition deteriorates from 1989 to 1999. （3） In the adjacent areas of Shanxi-Shaanxi-Inner Mongolia-Gansu-Ningxia, Horqin Sandy Land and its peripheries, and eastern Qinghai orovince, eco-environmental deterioration is very serious.

Factors affecting land dissection density in geomorphological regions of China

Land dissection density(LDD)provides morphological evidence regarding prior intense soil erosion and quantifies the distribution of land dissections.A comprehensive understanding of the potential factors influencing the spatial pattern and value of the LDD is vital in geological disasters,soil erosion,and other related domains.Land dissection phenomena in China affects large areas with different morphological,pedological,and climatic characteristics.Prior studies have focused on the potential factors influencing the LDD at a watershed scale.However,these results are insufficient to reflect the status quo of dissection development and its primary influencing factors on a national scale.LDD’s spatial patterns and the dominant factors at a regional scale in millions of square kilometers remain to be ascertained.This study used the geomorphon-based method and the geographical detector model to quantify the spatial pattern of LDD over China and identify the dominant factors affecting this pattern in China’s six first-order geomorphological regions(GR1~GR6).The results yield the following findings:(1)LDD in China ranges from 0~4.55 km/km^(2),which is larger in central and eastern regions than in other regions of China;(2)dominant factors and their dominant risk subcategories vary with each geomorphological region’s primary internal and external forces;(3)the influence of natural factors is more significant on the large regional scale in millions of square kilometers compared to anthropogenic factors;relief degree of land surface(RDLS)is dominant in GR1,GR2,and GR5;the slope is dominant in GR6,soil type is dominant in GR3 and GR4,and lithology plays a critical role in the dominant interactions of GR3,GR4,and GR6;(4)the interactions between factors on LDD’s spatial pattern have a more significant effect than individual factors.

Research on Application of Landscape Pattern in Regional Planning

Landscape ecology is a new science and there are few cases about applying landscape pattern analysis in optimizing regional planning.By taking the planning of the special planning area for Boao Forum for Asia as the study object,several important landscape indexes have been selected for static analysis of landscape structural feature and landscape structural stability.By using ArcGIS,landscape structural stability map has been overlaid with land use planning map,and then optimization suggestions have been proposed for unreasonable plots.Landscape type and landscape pattern diversity have been selected for dynamic analysis and then suggestions for landscape security pattern been put forward.Through case studies,it has provided a reference for landscape pattern analysis as a means to optimize regional planning.

Regional Differences of China′s Urban Expansion from Late 20th to Early 21st Century Based on Remote Sensing Information

This study investigated the regional differences of China′s urban land expansion from the late 1980s to the year of 2008, based on the spatio-temporal analysis of CLCD (China′s land cover/land use database) datasets which were mainly produced from remote sensing imagery data. A newly defined urbanization level index (UI), based on urban land area, is proposed to describe Chinese urban expansion process at 1 kilometer, provincial, regional, and na-tional scales, together with the absolute urban expansion index (UEa) and the relative urbanization expansion index (UEr). The results indicate that the percentages of total land area occupied by urban in the late 1980s, 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2008 were approximately 0.25%, 0.32%, 0.33%, 0.43% and 0.52% of China′s total land area, respectively. Between the late 1980s and 2008, the total urban expansion in the mainland of China was 2.645 × 104 km2, resulting in an annual urban expansion area of about 1322.7 km2/yr, with the UEr of 111.9%. This study also finds that there has been an obvious spatial gradient of urbanization ratio running from the east coast to the west inland, and the urbanization gaps among different regions have persisted over the past two decades. The study also reveals obvious temporal varia-tions of the urbanization rates. There was very little urban growth during the period of 1995-2000 due to the governmental policy factors.

Effect of competition on spatial patterns of oak forests on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Reforestation or natural forest regeneration is an alternative measure for controlling soil erosion in degraded land on the Chinese Loess Plateau（CLP）. However, our understanding of the temporal dynamics and the spatial patterns of forest regeneration remains inadequate. Two oak forests at different development stages were investigated to determine the spatial patterns of competitions（intraspecies and interspecies） during different successional stages. The intraspecies and interspecies spatial relationships among different tree diameters at breast height were analyzed at multiple scales by Kriging interpolation method and univariate and bivariate O-ring statistics. Our analytical results indicated that self-correlation and competition intensity were relatively high between oak and pine trees in the early development stage of oak forests due to their clumped distributions of heavy seeds. Birch trees had a lower competition in comparison to oak trees although birch was the dominant species. Therefore, asymmetric competition of oak trees was most likely to have led to their edge dispersal and their success in replacing the pioneer species. Asymmetric competition means that larger individuals obtained a disproportionately large share of the resources and suppressed the growth of smaller individuals. Kriging interpolation analysis showed a tendency towards homogenization caused by interspecies competition during the succession of oak forests. Our results demonstrated that the competition was the driving factor in the spatial distribution of oak forests on the CLP.

Regional-scale Surface Air Temperature and East Asian Summer Monsoon Changes during the Last Millennium Simulated by the FGOALS-gl Climate System Model

The spatial patterns and regional-scale surface air temperature （SAT） changes during the last millennium,as well as the variability of the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） were simulated with a low-resolution version of Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land-Sea-ice （FGOALS-gl） model.The model was driven by both natural and anthropogenic forcing agents.Major features of the simulated past millennial Northern Hemisphere （NH） mean SAT variations,including the Medieval Climate Anomaly （MCA）,the Little Ice Age （LIA） and the 20th Century Warming （20CW）,were generally consistent with the reconstructions.The simulated MCA showed a global cooling pattern with reference to the 1961-90 mean conditions,indicating the 20CW to be unprecedented over the last millennium in the simulation.The LIA was characterized by pronounced coldness over the continental extratropical NH in both the reconstruction and the simulation.The simulated global mean SAT difference between the MCA and LIA was 0.14°C,with enhanced warming over high-latitude NH continental regions.Consistencies between the simulation and the reconstruction on regional scales were lower than those on hemispheric scales.The major features agreed well between the simulated and reconstructed SAT variations over the Chinese domain,despite some inconsistency in details among different reconstructions.The EASM circulation during the MCA was stronger than that during the LIA The corresponding rainfall anomalies exhibited excessive rainfall in the north but deficient rainfall in the south.Both the zonal and meridional thermal contrast were enhanced during the MCA.This temperature anomaly pattern favored a stronger monsoon circulation.

Spatial Structure and Land Use Control in Extended Metropolitan Region of Zhujiang River Delta,China

The Zhujiang (Pearl) River Delta is one of the most developed Extended Metropolitan Regions (EMR) in China.With the rapid urbanization,the agglomeration of population and industries has emerged,which has led to dramatic changes of spatial structure and land use in this region.With data of high resolution TM remote sensing images and Google Earth maps,this paper identified and analyzed the spatial pattern of the Zhujiang River Delta EMR using Envy and ArcGIS tools.It was found that 1) the industrial land uses were expanding substantially,particularly on the bank sides of the Zhujiang River estuary;2) large-scale housing developments were concentrated in the fringe of metropolitan areas such as those of Guangzhou and Shenzhen;3) a regional transportation network with the spatial pattern of ″1 circle +2 pieces + 3 axes″ had significantly affected the location choice of manufacture enterprises.At the same time,both highly specialized land use and severely mixed land use patterns were identified.As a consequence of the latter,land use efficiency of the whole EMR areas was reduced.Moreover,ecologic and environmental problems were severe.Based on the above analysis,suggestions were given from the viewpoint of spatial safety,land use efficiency,and the reorganization of spatial structure in the Zhujiang River Delta EMR.

Characteristics of Regional Differentiation of Urbanization Development in Anhui Province

On the basis of connotation of urbanization,by using SPSS factor analysis and cluster analysis,we establish index system of urbanization development level and conduct quantitative analysis on development level of urbanization in 17 prefecture-level city of Anhui Province,in order to find out the differentiation pattern of regional space of urbanization development in Anhui Province based on these.The results show that Anhui's difference of urbanization gradient is prominent.Classification of three clusters shows that the pattern of status quo of urbanization development in Anhui Province is "dual-nucleus" and "two-stretches";classification of five clusters show that the pattern of status quo of urbanization development in Anhui Province is "one-core","one-strip" and "three-region".From five aspects,namely natural geography,transportation location,resources distribution,economic development and administrative system,we analyze the reason and influencing factors of differentiation of urbanization development in the region.The results of three clusters and five clusters show that there is great possibility that "dual-nucleus" changes into "individual-nucleus";"one-core" and "one-strip" may evolve into "one-group".We should foster the urban agglomeration in central Anhui;perfect structure system in the perspective of integration and fostering;strengthen infrastructure construction and regional coordination system;elevate comprehensive competitiveness and guide holistic development of regional economy;promote industrialization process and promote development level of urbanization.

Spatial Pattern and Evolution of Urbanization in Shandong Province

Based on Arc GIS and SPSS Statistics,authors of this paper used the principal component analysis(PCA) and the analytic hierarchy process(AHP),and selected 6 indicators concerning population,land,and economy to study the spatial pattern of urbanization and regional economic differences in Shandong Province,namely urban population,urban population density,construction land,area of urban districts,disposable income of residents,and added value of the tertiary industry.The development of urbanization in Shandong Province was measured by the proportion of urban population to the total population in 2000,2005,2010,and 2014 respectively.It is hoped that this paper will provide a theoretical basis for building an orderly regional spatial structure and coordinating regional urban decision-making.

Change of cultivated land area and effect on ecosystem service in black soil region in Northeast China: a case study of Lishu County, Jilin Province

It is of great significance to study the influence of spatial pattern change of cultivated land on eco-system service,including the sustainable utilization and ecological protection in black soil region in Northeast China.Taking Lishu County of Jilin Province as the study area,we quantitatively evaluated soil conservation,habitat quality,carbon storage and grain production service,and analyzed the change of cultivated land and ecosystem service pattern in Lishu County from 1990 to 2020 by using Pearson correlation analysis on the correlation between cultivated land change and ecosystem service.The results show that:(1)The cultivated land area of Lishu County was reduced by 19.67 km2,the characteristics of cultivated land change are signifi-cant;(2)the overall change rate of carbon storage,habitat quality,soil conservation and grain production ser-vice in the study area was 10.82%,-0.09%,4.07%and 1.80%,respectively.They all had significant spatial differentiation features;(3)the change of habitat quality,grain production service showed a significant pos-itive correlation with the change of cultivated land area.The change in soil conservation and carbon storage were negatively related to cultivated land area.In order to promote the rational development and utilization of cultivated land in the research area,it is suggested to scientifically carry out the comprehensive utilization of cultivated land reserve resources such as saline-alkali land,strengthen the management and protection of newly added cultivated land at the same time.The results can provide scientific reference for formulating comprehensive land use planning under ecological security conditions.

中国城市碳排放绩效:动态分解、空间差异与影响因素

以非径向方向距离函数为框架,构造全要素碳排放绩效指数对中国2006—2019年城市碳排放治理绩效进行测度。在此基础上从经济含义、跨期动态变化、区域均衡等层面对全要素碳排放绩效指数进行多维分解,检验中国城市碳排放绩效的影响因素。结果表明:第一,样本期内全国城市平均全要素碳排放绩效指数总体呈波动上升态势,动态分解结果显示,中国各地的平均碳排放绩效水平不断改进,创新效应对其贡献逐年增大但赶超效应贡献不足;第二,空间分异方面,珠三角、长三角、粤闽浙沿海、长江中游等东部地区城市群不仅平均碳排放绩效水平普遍较高,且碳排放绩效的增长速度较快,中西部地区仅成渝城市群碳排放绩效表现较好,中原、京津冀等城市群近年来碳排放绩效的改善速度较快;第三,基尼系数测度及其分解显示,近年中国城市碳排放绩效指数的分异程度逐步加深,分异成因主要为城市群组间差异,城市群内部差异贡献度较低;第四,Lasso分析及双固定面板模型分析结果显示,经济发展水平、清洁能源使用、金融发展、绿色环保和科技支持能够有效改善城市层面的碳排放绩效,能源消耗强度和第二产业就业人员比重对碳排放绩效具有负面影响;最后,城市群因子探测结果显示,各城市群间的驱动因子存在一定差异。

高质量区域空间格局构建下中国经济区划调整研究

经济区划调整对于塑造面向高质量发展的区域空间格局具有重要意义。本文梳理了1949年以来中国经济区域划分方案,分析了改革开放以来,东部、中部、西部和东北地区四大经济区的划分逻辑与影响。以规模经济、专业化分工以及知识要素为主导所形成的新空间集聚等第二性地理因素逐渐替代资源禀赋等第一性地理因素,成为区域经济增长的主要动力。当前,中国区域协调发展面临着“三北”经济增长乏力、区域差异扩大及区域经济增长差距由东西分化转变为南北分化等挑战。随着中心城市和城市群成为承载发展要素的主要空间形式,中国经济发展模式从外向型经济为主转变为内向型经济与外向型经济协调发展,经济空间格局也需进行相应调整。本文提出划分五大经济区域的新方案,将原来的四大经济区调整为东南、西南、东北、华北、西北五大经济区,从而强化经济区内部联系,更好地发挥区域中心城市的辐射带动作用,顺应构建高质量区域空间格局的需求。

长白山地区乡村聚落空间格局及影响因素

[目的]探究长白山地区乡村聚落空间分布特征和影响因素,理解近代大量移民背景下中高纬度山区乡村居民点空间格局的形成过程和机制。[方法]综合运用核密度分析、空间自相关分析、空间回归分析和地理探测器等方法,解析长白山地区乡村聚落的空间格局并揭示其影响因素。[结果]长白山地区的乡村聚落呈现出明显的集聚分布特征,存在东北和西南两个聚集区域;各类空间回归方法中,空间杜宾误差模型的拟合效果最佳,结果表明耕地资源和高程是影响长白山地区乡村聚落格局最重要的因素,且对于邻域居民点的布局存在“推拉”效应,潜在未知变量(如土壤质量、文化因素等)也是导致乡村聚落表现出空间自相关的因素;地理探测器分析的结果进一步证实了耕地资源和高程的重要性,同时也表明与县级以上城市、建制镇、主要交通线、主要河流的距离等区位因素以及地形坡度同样对乡村聚落分布有显著影响,且彼此间均呈现出交互增强的特点。[结论]主要由移民形成的中高纬度山区乡村聚落的空间格局是多因素综合作用的结果,其中耕地资源和高程的影响更为显著;空间回归杜宾(误差)模型能够同时探测自变量和因变量的空间自相关问题,在乡村聚落空间格局的研究中具有一定的适用性。

黄河流域制造业高质量发展的空间格局演化、地区差异及收敛性分析

基于2010-2020年黄河流域73个地市面板数据,通过AHP-熵值法测算各地市制造业高质量发展水平,综合运用标准差椭圆、Dagum基尼系数及β收敛模型考察流域内制造业高质量发展的空间格局演化、地区差异及其空间收敛特征.研究结果表明:1)黄河流域制造业高质量发展水平呈波动上升趋势,但存在显著的空间非均衡性,始终保持“下强上弱”的空间分布格局.2)制造业高质量发展的重心向西南方向偏移,并表现为东西向集聚、南北向扩散趋势.3)制造业高质量发展的总体差异略有增加,组间差异是总体差异的主要来源.4)流域整体及上、下游地区支持条件β收敛和绝对β收敛机制,但不同地区的收敛速度和影响因素存在差异.基于实证结果,从提升黄河流域制造业高质量发展水平、缩小地区差距、促进区域差异化发展等方面提出建议.

基于灰色关联模型的沿黄区域山东段生态安全综合评价及时空演化

以沿黄区域山东段为例,建立PSR模型构建生态安全评价指标体系,借助熵权法和灰色关联度模型对其2000—2018年展开生态安全综合评价,并进行时空演变分析。结果显示,整体上沿黄区域山东段生态安全水平呈现出波动中上升的趋势,由“不安全”向“比较安全”转变,子系统中生态响应和生态状态增加的幅度高于生态环境压力增大的幅度,生态环境有所好转;市级尺度下,山东段17地市生态安全水平有所提高,呈现出“下降-上升-下降”的倒“N”字形演变,生态安全类型以“一般安全”为主,高等级类型较少,城市生态安全问题比较严峻;城市生态安全内部空间差异明显,生态安全空间格局向东、向北转移,呈现出“东高西低”“北高南低”的高低错落分布,高等级生态安全区域从东部沿海向鲁北扩散,“临界安全”区域缩小至鲁中南和鲁西北。最后从生态环境治理与保护、优化调控三大空间、经济结构转型升级等方面提出优化路径,改善生态环境质量。

我国省级地区数字经济核心产业规模及其差异演变

为了科学准确衡量我国省级地区数字经济规模和空间差异演变趋势,本文提出一种兼顾核算科学性和统计兼容性的方法,测算了2007—2020年我国30个省(区、市)的数字经济核心产业及其四类细分产业的增加值规模,进而分析了数字经济核心产业的空间发展格局和不平衡性的演变趋势,并通过SAR模型实证检验了我国数字经济核心产业发展的影响因素和空间溢出效应。研究显示:(1)30个省(区、市)的数字经济核心产业的总体规模差异显著。(2)四大类核心产业的空间发展格局呈现由东到西递减趋势;数字要素驱动业进一步向东部优势地区集聚,其他产业呈现从东部地区和东北地区向中西部地区转移的趋势。(3)各地区间的差异是造成我国数字经济差异的主要原因。(4)经济增长水平、政府科技支持力度、对外开放水平和技术创新水平与数字经济核心产业发展高度相关,这些因素的影响都存在空间溢出效应。