Evaluating Ignition and Combustion Performance with Al-Metal- Organic Frameworks and Nano-Aluminum in HTPB Fuel

Incorporating aluminum metal-organic frameworks(Al-MOFs)as energetic additives for solid fuels presents a promising avenue for enhancing combustion performance.This study explores the potential benefits of Al-MOF(MIL-53(Al))energetic additive on the combustion performance of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene(HTPB)fuel.The HTPB-MOF fuel samples were manufactured using the vacuum-casting technique,followed by a comprehensive evaluation of their ignition and combustion properties using an opposed flow burner(OFB)setup utilizing gaseous oxygen as an oxidizer.To gauge the effectiveness of Al-MOFs as fuel additives,their impact is compared with that of nano-aluminum(nAl),another traditional additive in HTPB fuel.The results indicate that the addition of 15%(mass fraction)nAl into HTPB resulted in the shortest ignition delay time(136 ms),demonstrating improved ignition performance compared to pure HTPB(273 ms).The incorporation of Al-MOF in HTPB also reduced ignition delay times to 227 ms and 189 ms,respectively.Moreover,under high oxidizer mass flux conditions(79—81 kg/(m^(2)s)),HTPB fuel with 15%nAl exhibited a substantial 83.2%increase in regression rate compared to the baseline HTPB fuel,highlighting the positive influence of nAl on combustion behavior.In contrast,HTPB-MOF with a 15%Al-MOF additive showed a 32.7%increase in regression rate compared to pure HTPB.These results suggest that HTPB-nAl outperforms HTPB-MOF in terms of regression rates,indicating a more vigorous and rapid burning behavior.

Transient simulation of regression rate on thrust regulation process in hybrid rocket motor

The main goal of this paper is to study the characteristics of regression rate of solid grain during thrust regulation process. For this purpose, an unsteady numerical model of regression rate is established. Gas–solid coupling is considered between the solid grain surface and combustion gas.Dynamic mesh is used to simulate the regression process of the solid fuel surface. Based on this model, numerical simulations on a H2O2/HTPB（hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene） hybrid motor have been performed in the flow control process. The simulation results show that under the step change of the oxidizer mass flow rate condition, the regression rate cannot reach a stable value instantly because the flow field requires a short time period to adjust. The regression rate increases with the linear gain of oxidizer mass flow rate, and has a higher slope than the relative inlet function of oxidizer flow rate. A shorter regulation time can cause a higher regression rate during regulation process. The results also show that transient calculation can better simulate the instantaneous regression rate in the operation process.

Delineation of sensitive coastal zone of northern Ramanathapuram coast,Tamilnadu,India,using a GIS approach

This research aims to assess the sensitive coastal zones by analyzing the shoreline changes such as accretion and erosion in the eastern coastal part of Ramanathapuram District,Tamil Nadu,India.The study focused on Mandapam,Pirappanvalsai,Enmanamcondam,Nagachi,Terbogi,Athyuthu,Chitrakkottai,Pathengal,Attangarai,Alagankulam,and Devipattinam villages.Some of these areas are distinguished as highly sensitive ecological zone.The erosion of an area leads to irreplaceable disturbances to nature.Hence,erosion and accretion studies are top priorities when studying the coastal area.In addition to GIS technology,which has been widely used in the past 20 years,the End Point Rate(EPR)and Linear Regression Rate(LRR)analyses were conducted to better understand the shoreline changes.The stability of the coastal region was analyzed by observing the slope variations of the beach during the profile survey.In the study,we analyzed that the Quaternary deposits of sand are the dominant geological feature of the study area.Coral reefs and salt pans are highly distributed along the coastal stretch.The coast of Mandapam village has been detected as a highly sensitive region,with an average erosion rate of-3.1 m/yr and an average accretion rate of 1.22 m/yr,resulting in high erosion and low accretion.The coast is a steep coast with an average slope angle of 0.24°.This study provides insight into sustainable coastal zone management.

用回归分析方法探讨氧气转炉炼钢终点命中率

本文对某钢厂氧气转炉炼钢的日常生产原始数据进行了回归分析,分别得出了反映终点钢水碳含量与终点钢水温度控制状况的氧耗增量与铁矿石增量的多元回归与逐步回归方程。并根据实际计算结果,提出了提高终点命中率的途径。

Analysis of Shoreline Changes in Ikoli River in Niger Delta Region Yenagoa,Bayelsa State Using Digital Shoreline Analysis System(DSAS)

The use of Digital Shoreline Analysis System was used to determine shoreline changes in Ikoli River,Yenagoa,Bayelsa State.Shoreline data were extracted from satellite imagery over thirty years(1991-2021).The basis of this study is to use Digital Shoreline Analysis System to determine erosion and accretion areas.The result reveals that the average erosion rate in the study area is 1.16 m/year and the accretion rate is 1.62 m/year along the Ikoli River in Ogbogoro Community in Yenagoa,Bayelsa State.The mean shoreline length is 5.24 km with a baseline length of 5.2 km and the area is classified into four zones to delineate properly area of erosion and accretion based on the five class of Linear regression rate,endpoint rate and weighted linear rate of which zone Ⅰ contain very high erosion and high erosion with an area of landmass 255449.93 m^(2) of 38%,zone Ⅱ contain moderate accretion,very high accretion and high accretion with a land area of 1666816.46 m^(2) with 24%,zone Ⅲ has very high erosion and high erosion with an area of landmass 241610.85 m^(2) of 34% and zone Ⅳ contain moderate accretion and high accretion with land area 30888.08 m^(2) with 4%.Out of the four zones,zone Ⅰ and Ⅱ were found to be eroding with 72% and zone Ⅱ and Ⅳ contain accretion with 28%.The result shows that 44% of the area have been eroded.Therefore,coastal engineers,planners,and shoreline zone management authorities can use DSAS to create more appropriate management plans and regulations for coastal zones and other coastal parts of the state with similar geographic features.

Experimental and Theoretical Research Review of Hybrid Rocket Motor Techniques and Applications

A hybrid rocket motor combines components from both solid fuel and liquid fuel rocket motors. The fuel itself is a solid grain, (often paraffin or hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene, known as HTPB) while the oxidizing agent is liquid (often hydrogen peroxide or liquid oxygen). These components are combined in the fuel chamber which doubles as the combustion chamber for the hybrid motor. This review looks at the advances in techniques that have taken place in the development of these motors since 1995. Methods of testing the thrust from rocket motors and of measuring the rocket plume spectroscopically for combustion reaction products have been developed. These assessments allow researchers to more completely understand the effects of additives and physical changes in design, in terms of regression rates and thrust developed. Hybrid rocket motors have been used or tested in many areas of rocketry, including tactical rockets and large launch vehicles. Several additives have shown significant improvements in regression rates and thrust, including Guanidinium azotetrazolate (GAT), and various Aluminum alloys. The most recent discoveries have come from research into nano-particle additives. The nano-particles have been shown to provide enhancements to many parameters of hybrid rocket function, and research into specific areas continues in the sub-field of nano-additives for fuel grains.

Combustion performance of hybrid rocket fuels loaded with MgB_(2)and carbon black additives

Paraffin-based fuel has a great potential for several innovative missions,including space tourism,due to its safety,low environmental impact,high performance and low cost.Despite the fact that liquefying solid fuels increases the regression rate of hybrid rocket motors,incorporating energetic materials into solid fuel can still improve the performance.The objective and scope of this study is to increase the performance characteristics of the paraffin-based fuel by using magnesium diboride(MgB_(2))and carbon black(CB)additives.The cylindricalport fuel grains were manufactured with various additives percentages in mass(wt%:CB-2%and MgB_(2)-10%)and tested using a laboratory-scale ballistic hybrid motor under gaseous oxygen.The mechanical performance results revealed that adding CB and MgB_(2) improved the ultimate strength and elastic modulus of paraffin-based fuels.The addition of these fillers increased the hardness of fuel by developing a strong interaction in the paraffin matrix.Thermogravimetry(TG)results showed that CB inclusion improved the thermal stability of the paraffin matrix.The average regression rates of fuels loaded with CB and MgB_(2) were 32%and 52%higher than those of unmodified paraffin wax,respectively.The characteristic velocity efficiency was found in the range of 68%e79%at an O/F ratio of 1.5e2.6.The MgB_(2) oxidation/combustion in the paraffin matrix was described by a four-step oxidation process ranging from 473 K to 1723 K.Finally,a combustion model of MgB_(2) in the paraffin matrix was proposed,and four-step oxidation processes were discussed in detail.

Three-dimensional numerical analysis on combustion performance and flow of hybrid rocket motor with multi-segmented grain

This paper presents the combustion characteristics in hybrid rocket motors with multisegmented grain through three-dimensional numerical simulations.Multi-segmented grain is composed of several thin grains with two or more ports.The numerical model consists of Navier-Stokes equations with turbulence,solid fuel pyrolysis,chemical reactions,a fluid–solid coupling model and a regression rate model.The simulations adopt 90%Hydrogen Peroxide(HP)and PolyEthylene(PE)as the propellant combination.The effects of the rotation,port number,fuel grain segment number and mid-chamber length on the flow field and combustion performances are analyzed.The results indicate that the multi-segmented grain configuration can strengthen the flow field,and the regression rate and combustion efficiency are enhanced.Take the cases with two grain segments and three ports for example,the regression rate is increased by 32.4%-45.1%and the combustion efficiency increases by 6%-8.6%in different rotation angles.

Characterization and manufacturing of a paraffin wax as fuel for hybrid rockets

The hybrid propulsion performed with paraffin waxes exhibits most attractive capabilities compared to solid or liquid engines,e.g.,throttleability and re-ignition,alongside higher regression rates compared to the conventional hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene(HTPB)hybrid fuel.This is because the paraffin wax forms a thin and hydro-dynamically unstable liquid layer,and then enhances the regression rate with the entrainment of droplets from the liquid-gas interface.Nevertheless,some critical open points on the manufacturing of the paraffin fuel grains still persist,because the paraffin wax exhibits high shrinkage during the solidification phase,leading to the formation of cavities,cracks and internal rips,which may be detrimental to the mechanical properties and the structural integrity of the fuel grain.In this context,this paper deals with a wide calorimetric,thermo-mechanical and physical characterization of the paraffin wax selected to manufacture the hybrid rocket engines(HRE)fuel grain,in order to gain a thorough knowledge of the material necessary to avoid the formation of critical defects.Several manufacturing methods were investigated,and it was found that only laboratory scale processes,based on the use of a heated circular mould-piston apparatus,are able to avoid the formation of critical defects,with the application of both high temperature and pressure.