Yin Yang 1(YY1) is a multi-functional transcription factor that regulates gene expression in a range of cell types,including neurons.It controls neuronal differentiation,as well as neuronal specification and migration...Yin Yang 1(YY1) is a multi-functional transcription factor that regulates gene expression in a range of cell types,including neurons.It controls neuronal differentiation,as well as neuronal specification and migration during the development of the mammalian nervous system.Besides,YY1 also mediates the transcription of genes that are required for neuronal survival.An impairment of the transcriptional function of YY1 causes neuronal death.This review summarizes recent research findings that unveil the dysfunction of YY1 in multiple neurodegenerative disorders.The expression of disease proteins perturbs the function of YY1 via distinct molecular mechanisms,including recruitment to protein aggregates,protein degradation and aberrant nuclear/cytoplasmic shuttling.Understanding the pathogenic roles of YY1 will further broaden our knowledge of the disease mechanisms in distinct neurodegenerative disorders.展开更多
Gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)and glutamate are two important amino acid neurotransmitters widely present in the nervous systems of mammals,insects,round worm,and platyhelminths,while their receptors are quite diversif...Gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)and glutamate are two important amino acid neurotransmitters widely present in the nervous systems of mammals,insects,round worm,and platyhelminths,while their receptors are quite diversified across different animal phyla.However,the evolutionary mechanisms between the two conserved neurotransmitters and their diversified receptors remain elusive,and antagonistic interactions between GABA and glutamate signal transduction systems,in particular,have begun to attract significant attention.In this review,we summarize the extant results on the origin and evolution of GABA and glutamate,as well as their receptors,and analyze possible evolutionary processes and phylogenetic relationships of various GABAs and glutamate receptors.We further discuss the evolutionary history of Excitatory/Neutral Amino Acid Transporter(EAAT),a transport protein,which plays an important role in the GABA-glutamate“yin and yang”balanced regulation.Finally,based on current advances,we propose several potential directions of future research.展开更多
Gamma-aminobutyric acid （GABA） and glutamate are two important amino acid neurotransmitters widely present in the nervous systems of mammals, insects, round worm, and platyhelminths, while their receptors are quite ...Gamma-aminobutyric acid （GABA） and glutamate are two important amino acid neurotransmitters widely present in the nervous systems of mammals, insects, round worm, and platyhelminths, while their receptors are quite diversified across different animal phyla. However, the evolutionary mechanisms between the two conserved neurotransmitters and their diversified receptors remain elusive, and antagonistic interactions between GABA and glutamate signal transduction systems, in particular, have began to attract significant attention. In this review, we summarize the extant results on the origin and evolution of GABA and glutamate, as well as their receptors, and analyze possible evolutionary processes and phylogenetic relationships of various GABAs and glutamate receptors. We further discuss the evolutionary history of Excitatory/Neutral Amino Acid Transporter （EAAT）, a transport protein, which plays an important role in the GABA-glutamate ＂yin and yang＂ balanced regulation. Finally, based on current advances, we propose several potential directions of future research.展开更多
The paper systematically summarizes the experience of Director Song Fuyin in treating Hashimoto's thyroiditis which is a typical emotional disease that causes obvious changes in organ morphology and endocrine and ...The paper systematically summarizes the experience of Director Song Fuyin in treating Hashimoto's thyroiditis which is a typical emotional disease that causes obvious changes in organ morphology and endocrine and body fluid metabolism.It belongs to the category of psychosomatic diseases,and is the embodiment of a series of pathogenesis processes of qi disease,blood disease,essence disease and deformation in TCM theory.The whole course of the disease is dominated by the dialectical relationship of mutual influence,mutual control,mutual root and mutual use among the deity disease,qi disease,blood disease,essence and spiritual disease.Therefore,the treatment emphasizes the dialectical relationship based on qi,blood,essence and spirit.At the beginning,the treatment focuses on regulating qi and clearing heat and eliminating phlegm;at the middle stage,the treatment focuses on replenishing essence and promoting yang and eliminating wind and calming the deity;at the late stage,the treatment focuses on replenishing qi and eliminating phlegm and promoting collages.Flexible use of calming the spirits,regulating qi,dispersing essence,eliminating phlegm,promoting blood and other methods of stage classification treatment,can be targeted,improve the cure rate of the disease.This article aims to clarify the experience of Director Song Fuyin in treating Hashimoto's thyroiditis based on syndrome differentiation of qi,blood essence and spirit.展开更多
Bipolar disorder(BD) is a chronic and recurrent disorder characterized by biphasic mood episodes of mania or hypomania and depression.It affects more than 1% of the global population and is a leading cause of disabili...Bipolar disorder(BD) is a chronic and recurrent disorder characterized by biphasic mood episodes of mania or hypomania and depression.It affects more than 1% of the global population and is a leading cause of disability in young people.Currently available treatments for BD are still fairly limited in terms of efficacy,with high rates of non-adherence,non-response,and undesirable side effects.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) has a long history and rich experience in stabilizing mania and improving quality of life.Aiming at rebalancing Yin and Yang in BD,therapy of replenishing Yin and regulating Yang(RYRY therapy) has been in clinical use for years in China.The present prospective,double-blind,randomized controlled trial is designed to investigate the efficacy and safety of RYRY therapy for bipolar mania and its possible mechanism from the point of regulating gut microbiota and anti-inflammation.A total of 60 eligible participants will be recruited from Beijing Anding Hospital.They will be randomized to either the study group or the control group in a ratio of 1∶1.Participants allocated to the study group will receive RYRY granule,while placebo granule will be applied in the control group.Participants in both groups will be prescribed conventional therapy for manic episode in BD.Four scheduled visits will be conducted over 4 weeks.Outcome measurements include Young Mania Rating Scale,TCM Symptom Pattern Rating Scale,Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale,levels of C-reactive protein,interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α and the gut microbial community profile of stool samples.Safety outcomes and adverse events will also be recorded.In this study,we set a number of scientific and objective assessments to evaluate the efficacy of RYRY therapy and study into its possible mechanism,hopefully offering clinicians an alternative approach to BD.展开更多
基金supported by the General Research Fund(14100714)of the Hong Kong Research Grants Council(to HYEC)The Chinese University of Hong Kong Vice-Chancellor’s One-Off Discretionary Fund(VCF2014011)(to HYEC)+5 种基金The Chinese University of Hong Kong One-of Funding for Joint Lab/Research Collaboration(3132980)(to HYEC)The Chinese University of Hong Kong Faculty of Science Strategic Development Fund(FACULTY-P17173)(to HYEC)The Chinese University of Hong Kong Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre(7105306)(to HYEC)donations from Chow Tai Fook Charity Foundation(6903898)(to HYEC)Hong Kong Spinocerebellar Ataxia Association(6903291)(to HYEC)supported by the Postdoctoral Fellowship in Clinical Neurosciences of The Chinese University of Hong Kong,China
文摘Yin Yang 1(YY1) is a multi-functional transcription factor that regulates gene expression in a range of cell types,including neurons.It controls neuronal differentiation,as well as neuronal specification and migration during the development of the mammalian nervous system.Besides,YY1 also mediates the transcription of genes that are required for neuronal survival.An impairment of the transcriptional function of YY1 causes neuronal death.This review summarizes recent research findings that unveil the dysfunction of YY1 in multiple neurodegenerative disorders.The expression of disease proteins perturbs the function of YY1 via distinct molecular mechanisms,including recruitment to protein aggregates,protein degradation and aberrant nuclear/cytoplasmic shuttling.Understanding the pathogenic roles of YY1 will further broaden our knowledge of the disease mechanisms in distinct neurodegenerative disorders.
文摘Gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)and glutamate are two important amino acid neurotransmitters widely present in the nervous systems of mammals,insects,round worm,and platyhelminths,while their receptors are quite diversified across different animal phyla.However,the evolutionary mechanisms between the two conserved neurotransmitters and their diversified receptors remain elusive,and antagonistic interactions between GABA and glutamate signal transduction systems,in particular,have begun to attract significant attention.In this review,we summarize the extant results on the origin and evolution of GABA and glutamate,as well as their receptors,and analyze possible evolutionary processes and phylogenetic relationships of various GABAs and glutamate receptors.We further discuss the evolutionary history of Excitatory/Neutral Amino Acid Transporter(EAAT),a transport protein,which plays an important role in the GABA-glutamate“yin and yang”balanced regulation.Finally,based on current advances,we propose several potential directions of future research.
文摘Gamma-aminobutyric acid （GABA） and glutamate are two important amino acid neurotransmitters widely present in the nervous systems of mammals, insects, round worm, and platyhelminths, while their receptors are quite diversified across different animal phyla. However, the evolutionary mechanisms between the two conserved neurotransmitters and their diversified receptors remain elusive, and antagonistic interactions between GABA and glutamate signal transduction systems, in particular, have began to attract significant attention. In this review, we summarize the extant results on the origin and evolution of GABA and glutamate, as well as their receptors, and analyze possible evolutionary processes and phylogenetic relationships of various GABAs and glutamate receptors. We further discuss the evolutionary history of Excitatory/Neutral Amino Acid Transporter （EAAT）, a transport protein, which plays an important role in the GABA-glutamate ＂yin and yang＂ balanced regulation. Finally, based on current advances, we propose several potential directions of future research.
文摘The paper systematically summarizes the experience of Director Song Fuyin in treating Hashimoto's thyroiditis which is a typical emotional disease that causes obvious changes in organ morphology and endocrine and body fluid metabolism.It belongs to the category of psychosomatic diseases,and is the embodiment of a series of pathogenesis processes of qi disease,blood disease,essence disease and deformation in TCM theory.The whole course of the disease is dominated by the dialectical relationship of mutual influence,mutual control,mutual root and mutual use among the deity disease,qi disease,blood disease,essence and spiritual disease.Therefore,the treatment emphasizes the dialectical relationship based on qi,blood,essence and spirit.At the beginning,the treatment focuses on regulating qi and clearing heat and eliminating phlegm;at the middle stage,the treatment focuses on replenishing essence and promoting yang and eliminating wind and calming the deity;at the late stage,the treatment focuses on replenishing qi and eliminating phlegm and promoting collages.Flexible use of calming the spirits,regulating qi,dispersing essence,eliminating phlegm,promoting blood and other methods of stage classification treatment,can be targeted,improve the cure rate of the disease.This article aims to clarify the experience of Director Song Fuyin in treating Hashimoto's thyroiditis based on syndrome differentiation of qi,blood essence and spirit.
基金Supported by Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Incubating Program(No.PZ2021031),which plays no role in the design of the studycollection,analysis,and interpretation of data,and in writing the manuscript。
文摘Bipolar disorder(BD) is a chronic and recurrent disorder characterized by biphasic mood episodes of mania or hypomania and depression.It affects more than 1% of the global population and is a leading cause of disability in young people.Currently available treatments for BD are still fairly limited in terms of efficacy,with high rates of non-adherence,non-response,and undesirable side effects.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) has a long history and rich experience in stabilizing mania and improving quality of life.Aiming at rebalancing Yin and Yang in BD,therapy of replenishing Yin and regulating Yang(RYRY therapy) has been in clinical use for years in China.The present prospective,double-blind,randomized controlled trial is designed to investigate the efficacy and safety of RYRY therapy for bipolar mania and its possible mechanism from the point of regulating gut microbiota and anti-inflammation.A total of 60 eligible participants will be recruited from Beijing Anding Hospital.They will be randomized to either the study group or the control group in a ratio of 1∶1.Participants allocated to the study group will receive RYRY granule,while placebo granule will be applied in the control group.Participants in both groups will be prescribed conventional therapy for manic episode in BD.Four scheduled visits will be conducted over 4 weeks.Outcome measurements include Young Mania Rating Scale,TCM Symptom Pattern Rating Scale,Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale,levels of C-reactive protein,interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α and the gut microbial community profile of stool samples.Safety outcomes and adverse events will also be recorded.In this study,we set a number of scientific and objective assessments to evaluate the efficacy of RYRY therapy and study into its possible mechanism,hopefully offering clinicians an alternative approach to BD.
