Study on the Soil Moisture Stress Level in Regulated Deficit Irrigation Experiment

On the basis of discussing the influencing mode of plant moisture stress on plant physiological process and the division of soil moisture availability range, the water suction values partitioning soil moisture were put forward, and then the corresponding water moistures under water stress were obtained by conversing together with characteristic curve of water moisture.

Effects of Regulated Deficit Irrigation on Twig Water Potential of Korla Fragrant Pear

With 7-year-old Korla fragrant pear trees as the experimental material, different root-zone irrigation patterns were arranged to study the effects of soil moisture on twig water potential of Korla fragrant pear trees at different growth stages. The results showed that under the condition of regulated deficit irrigation, the diurnal dynamics of twig water potential of Korla fragrant pear trees was V shaped at different growth stages, and the twig water potential of Korla fragrant pear trees reached the minimum during 14：00-16：00. At different growth stages, the twig water potential of Korla fragrant pear trees under drought stress was significantly lower than that of pear trees irrigated normally. Under both drought stress and normal irrigation, the diurnal variation of twig water potential of Korla fragrant pear trees during the flowering period was most gentle, that during the fruit-setting and mature periods showed some ups and downs, and that during the fruit enlargement period was greater. Under the experimental conditions, the twig water potential of Korla fragrant pear trees was positively correlated with soil moisture content, and the functional relationships between them at different growth stages were studied by regression analysis. In addition, the limits of twig water potential and soil moisture content for normal growth of Korla fragrant pear trees at different growth stages were determined.

Yield, Water Use Efficiency and Physiological Characteristic of “Tommy Atkins” Mango under Partial Rootzone Drying Irrigation System

This study was conducted to evaluate the yield, water use efficiency and physiologic characteristics of “Tommy Atkins” mango under partial rootzone drying. The experiment was carried out in an orchard of mango in the irrigated perimeter of Ceraíma, BA. Five treatments and six repetitions were used with one tree per experimental plot: 01—Full Irrigation, 100% of ETc, 02—100% of ETc with frequency of alternance (FA) of 15 days, 03—80% ETc with FA of 15 days, 04—60% of ETc with FA of 15 days, 05—40% ETc with FA of 15 days. The treatments were conductedfrom the beginning of flowering to the harvest of mango in an orchard irrigated by drip. There was no significant reduction in productivity of “Tommy Atkins” mango under PRD up to 40% of ETc and PRD with 40% ETc resulted in greater water use efficiency. There was no significant difference among the averages of photosynthetically active radiation, Qleaf;leaf temperature, Tl;internal CO2 concentration, Ci;transpiration, E;stomatal conductance, gs;photosynthesis, A;carboxylation efficiency, A/Ci;quantum efficiency of photosynthesis, A/Qleaf and instantaneous water use efficiency, A/E between full irrigation and PRD with different water depth. The increase in leaf temperature causes reduction in A/Qleaf and A/E, however, it increases the transpiration. Increased gs results in higher rates of E, A and A/Ci. The use of the PRD with 40% of ETc causes no interference in gas exchange, maintains the yield and increases water use efficiency in “Tommy Atkins” mango tree.

Promotion of structural plasticity in area V2 of visual cortex prevents against object recognition memory deficits in aging and Alzheimer's disease rodents

Memory deficit,which is often associated with aging and many psychiatric,neurological,and neurodegenerative diseases,has been a challenging issue for treatment.Up till now,all potential drug candidates have failed to produce satisfa ctory effects.Therefore,in the search for a solution,we found that a treatment with the gene corresponding to the RGS14414protein in visual area V2,a brain area connected with brain circuits of the ventral stream and the medial temporal lobe,which is crucial for object recognition memory(ORM),can induce enhancement of ORM.In this study,we demonstrated that the same treatment with RGS14414in visual area V2,which is relatively unaffected in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer s disease,produced longlasting enhancement of ORM in young animals and prevent ORM deficits in rodent models of aging and Alzheimer’s disease.Furthermore,we found that the prevention of memory deficits was mediated through the upregulation of neuronal arbo rization and spine density,as well as an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF).A knockdown of BDNF gene in RGS14414-treated aging rats and Alzheimer s disease model mice caused complete loss in the upregulation of neuronal structural plasticity and in the prevention of ORM deficits.These findings suggest that BDNF-mediated neuronal structural plasticity in area V2 is crucial in the prevention of memory deficits in RGS14414-treated rodent models of aging and Alzheimer’s disease.Therefore,our findings of RGS14414gene-mediated activation of neuronal circuits in visual area V2 have therapeutic relevance in the treatment of memory deficits.

Effects of regulated deficit irrigation on the growth and berry composition of Cabernet Sauvignon in Ningxia

The adoption of water-saving irrigation strategies is required particularly for wine grape variety,which has been widely cultivated in arid and semiarid areas.To assess vine response to regulated deficit irrigation(RDI),the grape growth and berry composition under five treatments that irrigated at a certain percentage of the crop evapotranspiration(ET c)were evaluated over a 3-year period in a vineyard with the grape variety of Cabernet Sauvignon.The results indicated that RDI had a significant effect on the grape berry size and yield.The largest berry size(12.20 mm)was obtained under the T50 in 2014,while the smallest berry size(9.83 mm)one was obtained under the CK treatments in the same season.The highest individual yield occurred in the T50 treatment,with an average of 1.99 kg,followed by the T25-50 treatment.However,both weights were significantly larger than that of the CK treatment.Compared with the T50 treatments,the individual grape vine yield in the T50-25 treatments were slightly less by 16.9%for 2013,15.3%for 2014 and 18.1%for 2015.Compared to control(CK)treatment,the soluble solid and reducing sugar contents decreased,the total acid content increased,and the sugar/acid ratio basically showed a downward trend.The treatment irrigated at 50%ET c until veraison and 25%thereafter(T50-25)increased the phenolic compound content in grape skins.The treatment received only rain water during the grape growing season(CK)and the one irrigated at 25%of the ET_(c) crop evapotranspiration(T25)caused defoliation and negatively affected the yields and grape composition during all 3 years.Therefore,the RDI not only inhibited the vine vegetative growth but also improved the fruit quality.In terms of productivity and grape composition,the Cabernet Sauvignon grape variety was most sensitive to water stress post-veraison.Over the comprehensive consideration of yield,water-use efficiency and berry composition,the T50-25 treatment was the most efficient irrigation strategy in this area.

Effects of regulated deficit irrigation on soil salinity,physiological processes and fruit quality of gray jujube under desert conditions

Regulated deficit irrigation(RDI)was applied to gray jujube trees in an oasis region,to determine the effects of this irrigation system on soil salinity,gray jujube physiological processes,fruit yield,and fruit quality.Treatments consisted of severe,moderate and low deficit irrigation(irrigated with 85%,70%and 55%of CK,respectively)at the flowering stage to fruit set stage.During the other growth stages,all treatments were irrigated with 80%of pan evaporation,which was the same as that in control.The results indicated that soil salinity was enhanced during the periods of water stress,but the high value of soil salinity declined by 3.48%-37.27%,at each depth,after irrigation was resumed.RDI caused a decline in the photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate,and stomatal conductance,but enhanced the water use efficiency of the leaves.However,the leaf photosynthetic rate was effectively enhanced after the recovery of irrigation,especially in the moderate deficit irrigation treatment,which exceeded the control.This led to an improved fruit yield,which was 9.57%higher than that of the control.The deficit treatments caused a significant increase in the soluble solid content,soluble sugar content,single fruit weight and sugar/acid ratio.Enhanced vitamin C content,resulting from deficit treatments,has also been observed in the gray jujube.Therefore,this research shows that RDI provides some benefits in the production of gray jujube trees in desert conditions.

YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY OF ALMOND,PEACH AND PLUM UNDER REGULATED DEFICIT IRRIGATION

The effects of regulated deficit irrigation(RDI)on the performance of almond cv.Tuono,peach cv.JH-Hall and plum cv.Stanley were assessed on the Saiss Plain(NW,Morocco)over three consecutive growing seasons(2011–2013).Irrigation treatments consisted of a control,irrigation applied to fully satisfy crop water requirements(100%ETC),and two RDI treatments,irrigation applied to 75%ETC(RDI-75)and 50%ETC(RDI-50).These three treatments were applied during fruitgrowth slowdown periods corresponding to Stages II and III in almond and Stage II in peach and plum.Yield and fruit quality traits were determined.The effect of RDI differed between species.Yield and fruit size were reduced significantly only in peach under RDI-50.Fruit quality improved in this species in the first year of the experiment,with an increase of sugar/acid ratio and polyphenol content.Plum quality also improved but the effects were significant only in the second and third years.Similar results were recorded in almond kernel,but their epidermal grooves were deeper under RDI-50,and this may have affected their commercial value.It is concluded that water can be saved during the fruitgrowth slowdown period by up to 25%in peach and 50%in almond and plum with improvements in fruit quality without affecting total yield.

Regulated deficit irrigation:an effective way to solve the shortage of agricultural water for horticulture

The deficient agricultural water caused by water shortage is a crucial limiting factor of horticultural production.Among many agricultural water-saving technologies,regulated deficit irrigation(RDI)has been proven to be one of the effective technologies to improve water use efficiency and reduce water waste on the premise of maintaining the quality of agricultural products.RDI was first reported more than 40years ago,although it has been applied in some areas,little is known about understanding of the implementation method,scope of application and detailed mechanism of RDI,resulting in the failure to achieve the effect that RDI should have.This review refers to the research on RDI in different crops published in recent years,summarizes the definition,equipment condition,function,theory illumination,plant response and application in different crops of RDI,and looks forward to its prospect.We expect that this review will provide valuable guidance for researchers and producers concerned,and support the promotion of RDI in more horticultural crops.

调亏灌溉技术对葡萄果实品质的影响

由于全球变暖,水资源短缺的风险越来越大,优化传统栽培模式,实行节水灌溉势在必行。调亏灌溉是提高水分利用效率的关键技术。阐述了调亏灌溉机理,从葡萄树体生长状况、根系发育情况及相关蛋白表达调控等多个角度进行了综合分析;概述了分期调亏灌溉、根系分区灌溉和隔行交替灌溉3种调亏灌溉模式,探讨了不同灌溉时期对葡萄生长发育的影响,以及不同物候期对水分的需求及如何根据葡萄的生长周期合理安排灌溉时间;总结了调亏灌溉对葡萄果实中糖分、酸度、酚类化合物及香气物质等关键品质因素的影响。通过对调亏灌溉机理的深入研究,以及对不同灌溉模式和时期影响的探讨,为科学管理葡萄园,实现节水增效,促进农业可持续发展奠定理论基础。

调亏灌溉和秸秆覆盖对苦荞生物学特性和水分利用效率的影响

为探讨调亏灌溉和秸秆覆盖对苦荞生物学特性和水分调亏利用效率的影响,设置秸秆覆盖(裸地S_(1)、秸秆覆盖S_(2))和灌溉方式(常规灌溉M_(1)、轻度调亏灌溉M_(2)、重度调亏灌溉M3)组合共6个处理,比较各处理的土壤含水量、农艺性状、产量和水分调亏利用效率等差异。结果表明:与裸地处理相比,秸秆覆盖处理的产量和水分调亏利用效率分别提高了13.5%和32.9%。与全灌处理相比,轻度调亏灌溉处理的产量、水分调亏利用效率分别提高了5.3%和52.8%。调亏灌溉和秸秆覆盖互作后,M_(2)S_(2)处理下产量和水分调亏利用效率最高。M_(2)S_(2)的产量、水分调亏利用效率较M_(1)S_(1)分别增加16.1%,95.7%,主要是因为M_(2)S_(2)处理的净光合速率、单株分枝数、生物量及结实率较M_(1)S_(1)分别显著增加13.0%,12.1%,12.5%和8.3%。综上所述,轻度调亏灌溉和秸秆覆盖能显著提高苦荞产量和水分调亏利用效率,可为苦荞的节水高效栽培提供理论依据和技术支撑。

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童父母情绪调节困难和儿童情绪调节的关系

目的:探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童父母的情绪调节特点及其对ADHD儿童情绪调节的影响。方法:纳入140例符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第四版(DSM-IV)ADHD诊断标准的儿童及其父母之一,68例正常儿童及其父母之一。采用情绪调节困难量表(DERS)、情绪调节问卷(ERQ)和儿童情绪调节量表(ERC)对父母和儿童情绪调节分别进行评估。结果:ADHD儿童父母DERS的策略使用、冲动控制和目标行为得分较正常对照组高(均P<0.05)。ADHD儿童ERC情绪不稳得分与父母的策略使用和冲动控制得分正相关,ERC儿童情绪调节得分与父母的策略使用、冲动控制和目标行为得分负相关(均P<0.01)。ERC儿童情绪调节得分在父母策略使用、冲动控制得分与儿童情绪不稳得分之间存在部分中介效应。结论:ADHD儿童父母存在多个维度的情绪调节缺陷,可对ADHD儿童情绪调节产生影响而加重情绪不稳表现。

基于Lora的葡萄灌溉系统设计与应用

当前我国的葡萄灌溉系统使用传统的漫灌和喷灌方式,造成了淡水资源的巨大浪费,为此本研究设计了一种葡萄灌溉决策系统,通过Lora将单片机组网,分成多个节点,建立灌溉系统,每个节点在调亏理论基础上对不同生长期的葡萄使用单片机控制灌溉,根据实时检测到的土壤湿度,自动调节实现智能灌溉。该灌溉系统可以为葡萄的高品质产出提供保障,而且节省人力物资,具有重大的实用价值。

农业灌溉水资源优化配置研究进展

水资源短缺是制约农业可持续发展的关键因素,因此农业灌溉水资源的优化配置对于保障粮食安全和水安全具有重要意义。该研究基于农业灌溉水资源优化配置的主要类型,对单一作物灌溉优化决策、多作物水土资源优化配置和灌溉渠系水资源优化调度3个方面的研究进展进行了系统综述。同时指出了当前农业灌溉水资源优化配置中存在的主要问题和未来研究方向,研究认为当前的农业灌溉水资源优化配置应在如下4个方面进行完善:1)建立更具生理意义的作物水分-产量-品质模型;2)在气候变化和人类活动的情景下实现农业灌溉水资源的优化配置;3)构建全面考虑水源、渠系、灌区面积、作物配置以及生育阶段的系统性农业灌溉水资源优化配置模型;4)建立以棵间蒸发最小为目标的动态灌溉优化决策模型。研究可为中国的粮食安全和水安全提供理论指导。

Deficit Irrigation as a Strategy to Save Water:Physiology and Potential Application to Horticulture

Water is an increasingly scarce resource worldwide and irrigated agriculture remains one of the largest and most inefficient users of this resource. Low water use efficiency （WUE） together with an increased competition for water resources with other sectors （e.g. tourism or industry） are forcing growers to adopt new irrigation and cultivation practices that use water more judiciously. In areas with dry and hot climates, drip irrigation and protected cultivation have improved WUE mainly by reducing runoff and evapotranspiration losses. However, complementary approaches are still needed to increase WUE in irrigated agriculture. Deficit irrigation strategies like regulated deficit irrigation or partial root drying have emerged as potential ways to increase water savings in agriculture by allowing crops to withstand mild water stress with no or only marginal decreases of yield and quality. Grapevine and several fruit tree crops seem to be well adapted to deficit irrigation, but other crops like vegetables tend not to cope so well due to losses in yield and quality. This paper aims at providing an overview of the physiological basis of deficit irrigation strategies and their potential for horticulture by describing the major consequences of their use to vegetative growth, yield and quality of different crops （fruits, vegetables and ornamentals）.

从督论治儿童注意缺陷多动障碍思路探析

基于上海市名中医秦亮甫教授“病变在脑,首取督脉”理论,分析儿童注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的病因病机。笔者认为,儿童ADHD的病机关键为动静失制、阴阳失调,而肾精不足、髓海空虚导致神机失用是该病的发病基础,治疗上应疏通督脉以调神机。通督调神法从督论治儿童ADHD疗效显著,为中医临床诊治本病拓宽了思路。

张伟教授基于“肝脾一体”理论治疗儿童多动症的经验

儿童多动症是儿童时期常见的神经发育心理障碍性疾病,其病因病机复杂,临床表现参差互见,病程长,进展慢,严重妨碍儿童的健康成长。“肝脾一体”理论源于《黄帝内经》,张伟教授认为肝失疏泄、脾失健运、阴阳失衡是儿童多动症发生的重要病机,治疗上注重调整脏腑功能阴阳为根本。基于“肝脾一体”理论以调肝与治脾为基本原则,针对不同病因病机、病理产物、证候特点合理运用恰当的治则治法、组方用药,旨在恢复肝、脾之生理机能、生理特性,维持机体气机平衡协调,以使五脏安定,血脉和利。

Water use efficiency and yield responses of cotton to field capacity-based deficit irrigation in an extremely arid area of China

The objectives of present investigation were to test the effects on water use efficiency(WUE)and cotton yield of implementing a range of deficit irrigation regimes triggered at specific fractions of root zone soil moisture,field capacity(θfc)and different crop phenological stages.The study was conducted on southern oasis of the Taklamakan desert,China.The cotton crop’s WUE was quantified,as were leaf photosynthesis and yield.From a photosynthetic perspective,deficit irrigation resulted in 16.8%,10.3%and 2.2%increases in leaf WUE underθfc-based regulated deficit irrigation(T1,T2,and T3),compared to the control,respectively.Cotton yield and its components were significantly affected by irrigation depths(p≤0.05).A relatively high seed yield(0.65 kg/m3)and the highest WUE were achieved,under T3(70%θfc at seedling stage,60%θfc at squaring,50%θfc at full-bloom,70%θfc at boll,70%θfc at boll cracking stage),showing it to be the most effective and productive irrigation schedule tested.As the application ofθfc-based deficit irrigation in surface-irrigated cotton fields showed great potential in saving water,maintaining a high WUE,and improving cotton seed yield,a management strategy consisting or irrigation thresholds of 70%θfc in the root zone at the seedling,boll and boll cracking stages,and of 60%θfc at the squaring stage,and 50%θfc at the full-bloom stage,would be recommended for this extremely arid region.

调亏灌溉对‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄产量品质和水分利用率的影响

为了探索杨凌地区最佳的‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄果实生长及品质的水分调控阈值。在‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄的花期、果实膨大期和着色成熟期分别设置轻(田间持水量65%的土壤含水量)、中(田间持水量55%的土壤含水量)两种干旱胁迫,以全生育期充分供水为对照,研究不同生育期调亏灌溉对‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄生理生长状态、果实产量、品质指标及水分利用率的影响。结果表明,与充分供水相比,花期中度干旱胁迫提高果实品质和产量,每667 m^(2)产量增加5.52%,水分利用率提高8.58%;果实膨大期轻度干旱胁迫每667 m^(2)产量减少4.42%;着色成熟期中度干旱胁迫显著提高果实品质,但每667 m^(2)产量减少0.39%,水分利用率提高2.49%。综合生长指标、水分利用率、产量及品质指标四个方面得出花期中度水分胁迫最佳灌溉制度。

Assessing effects of deficit irrigation techniques on water productivity of tomato for subsurface drip irrigation system

Water resources are subjected to ever-increasing supply constraints due to extensive agricultural water demand for irrigated lands.Therefore,water-saving irrigation strategies need to be explored.The present study was conducted to explore the possibilities of using regulated deficit irrigation(RDI)and partial root zone drying irrigation(PRD)methods as water-saving irrigation techniques for subsurface irrigation.The objective of this study are to assess the effects of RDI and PRD irrigation on the water productivity of vegetable crops(tomato)under SSD systems in arid climatic conditions,and to compare the responses of tomato crops to PRD,RDI,and FI under an SSD system in terms of productivity,crop quality,and the amount of water saved.The field experiment was conducted during the fall 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 seasons in an experimental field located on an educational farm owned by the Faculty of Food and Agriculture Sciences Department,King Saud University,Riyadh,Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.An area of 102.7 m^(2)(13 m×7.9 m)was allocated for the experiment to manage three treatments:RDI,PRD,and full irrigation(FI).The RDI and PRD treatments received 70%of the irrigation water volume of FI.Each was replicated three times.The most important results indicated that the soil water content(SWC)for the RDI and PRD treatments was lower than that of the FI treatments.FI had the highest stomatal conductance values(gs),while PRD had the lowest stomatal conductance values.The photosynthetic rate(A_(n))was lower under RDI and PRD compared to FI.However,there was no significant change in A_(n) between treatments for most readings taken during both time periods,which means that the water saving treatments(PRD and RDI)did not affect the net photosynthesis rate,thereby enhancing irrigation water use efficiency(IWUE)under DI treatments.The water-saving irrigation techniques decreased transpiration rate(T)compared to the FI treatment.The values of the abscisic acid(ABA)contents were higher under PRD and RDI than FI.The marketable yield under the FI treatment yielded the highest values.The fruit quality parameter results showed that the RDI and PRD treatments increased the total soluble solids,vitamin C,and titratable acidity of tomato compared to the FI treatment.Most of the minimum IWUE values were associated with FI.These results indicate the effects of deficit levels on IWUE.

不同覆膜模式下调亏灌溉对土壤积温和玉米生长的影响

为了揭示不同覆膜模式下调亏灌溉对土壤温度、玉米生长和产量的影响效应,于2021年在兰州市永登县试验站基地开展玉米覆膜与调亏灌溉试验,设计覆盖普通白色地膜(M1)、黑色地布(M2)、生物降解膜(M3)、液态地膜(M4)4种覆膜模式,设置充分灌溉(D1)和轻度水分胁迫(D2)2种补充灌溉制度,共8个处理。以普通白色地膜覆盖结合充分灌溉(D1M1)为对照,分析各处理对土壤温度、玉米生长和产量的影响。结果表明:普通白色地膜(M1)增温效果最好,液态地膜(M4)增温效果最差;相同覆膜模式下,不同水分胁迫处理间土壤温度差异不显著。不同覆膜模式对玉米生长和产量等影响有所不同,轻度水分胁迫对玉米产量影响不显著,覆膜模式和水膜交互作用对玉米产量影响极显著(P<0.01),表现为覆膜模式的影响大于水膜交互作用的影响。D2M1(白色地膜覆盖结合轻度水分胁迫)处理产量最高,为19761.32 kg/hm^(2),显著高于其他处理。D1M3(生物降解膜覆盖结合充分供水)处理产量稍高于对照,考虑环境友好因素D1M3种植模式有利于灌区可持续发展。