Stability analysis of bank slope under conditions of reservoir impounding and rapid drawdown

Stability of an ancient landslide in a reservoir area is analyzed by using centrifugal model tests, soil laboratory tests and numerical analysis. Special attention is paid to variation in water level, simulation of large-scale heterogeneous prototype slope, and strength reduction of sliding zone soils after slope sliding. The results of centrifugal model test show that reservoir impounding can reduce sliding resistance at the slope toe, followed by toe collapsing and front cracking of slope. Rapid drawdown can produce hydrodynamic pressure towards reservoir at the front of slope. Deformation is observed in the middle and upper slope, which reduces the slope stability further and forms the pull-typed landslide trend. Reinforcement of slope toe is effective for preventing the progressive failure. The results of laboratory test show that slope toe sliding will lead to the redistribution of soil density and moisture content, which will reduce the shear strength of soil in sliding zone, and the cohesion of immersed soil is reduced gradually and finally vanishes with time. The numerical results show that the strength reduction method used in finite element method (FEM) is very effective in capturing the progressive failure induced by reservoir water level fluctuations, and the evolution of failure surface derived from numerical simulation is very similar to that observed in centrifugal model test.

Large-scale toppling slope under water level fluctuation of reservoir:A case of Yunnan Province,China

Landslides induced by reservoir inundation are common in Southwest China,negatively influencing hydropower stations.TheWunonglong hydropower station dam was constructed in the upper reaches of the Lancang River,accordingly causing the water level at the Lajinshengu slope to increase by 30 m.A tension crack with a visible depth of 8 m was observed in the upper sector of the Lajinshengu slope after reservoir impoundment for 170 d.In the following days,numerous cracks appeared on the surface of the slope,and the maximum displacement of the slope reached 3.22 m.Then,a large-scale active deformation body within the Lajinshengu slope formed with an area of 2.62×10^(5)m^(2)and a volume of 1.65×10^(7)m^(3).Detailed field investigations,on-site monitoring,and centrifugal model tests were carried out to analyze the surface features,deformation characteristics,and failure mechanism of the Lajinshengu slope.The results show that the slope is an ancient landslide,divided into two parts(i.e.zone A and zone B)by the gully.Zone B is a traction landslide caused by the displacement of zone A.The longterm inundation weakens the soft rock at the slope foot,intensifying the toppling of bedrock and consequently triggering the sliding of the overburden in zone A.The failure mode of the Lajinshengu slope is a typical case of toppling-sliding failure,and the underlying rock toppling drives the overlying sliding.In addition,early identification methods for toppling deformation covered by overburdened soil were proposed based on monitoring data and deformation signs.

The effect of large reservoirs impoundment to the spatial and temporal variations of regional crustal deformation in Hubei Province, China

The total capacity of Three Gorges Reservoir（TGR） and Danjiangkou Reservoir（DJR） is large and has significant seasonal fluctuations, which give rise to crustal instability. In this research, we focus on studying the temporal and spatial variation of crustal deformation in Hubei Province caused by reservoir impoundment of TGR and DJR.The Digital Elevation Model, historical hydrological information, GPS monitoring data and load-induced deformation model are combined to monitor the crustal deformation. The modeled results indicate that in the trapezoidal area between the TGR and DJR, the average vertical deformations at different latitudes have different variation tendencies. The vertical deformation modulus and fluctuation amplitude are larger at the latitude of 33 N/32.5 N from 2003 to 2006 and at the latitude of 31 N/32.5 N from 2008 to 2014, while the latter are much larger than the former. Moreover, from2008 to 2014, the frequency and the intensity of seismic activities are all enhanced significantly in this region. The modeled results at the GPS sites are consistent with the vertical displacement of GPS monitoring results in trends and the waveform. It can be inferred that the seasonal deformation is elastic. The horizontal deformation components have the same variation trends with that at each GPS monitoring station,which demonstrates that the whole region is moving toward the southeast. The spatial variation of crustal deformation demonstrates that the impoundment of TGR in2003 causes significant vertical displacements, with the maximum modulus of 32 mm downward located in Xiangjiang River＇s estuary. When the water storage increases, the maximum value will become larger, and the location will move toward the upstream.Besides, the earthquakes occurred more frequently in the region with maximum deformation modulus.

ANALYSIS AND CALCULATION OF REGULATED WATER RESOURCES OF GROUNDWATER RESERVOIR

Groundwater reservoir is a kind of important engineering, which can optimize water resources arran- gement by means of artificial regulation. Regulated water is the blood and value performance of groundwater reservoir. To resolve the problem of real-time quantification of regulated water, the paper analyzed sources and compositions of regulated water in detail. Then, under the conditions of satisfying water demand inside research area, the paper analyzed quantity available and regulation coefficient of different regulated water and established a formula to calculate regulated water. At last, based on a pore groundwater reservoir in the middle reaches of the Yinma River, Jilin Province, the paper calculated regulated water with the formula and the result shows that the method is feasible. With some constraint conditions, the formula can be adopted in other similar areas.

The analysis on reservoir sediment deposition and downstream river channel scouring after impoundment and operation of TGP

According to the measured data after impoundment and operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir,the reservoir sediment deposition and downstream river channel scouring are described briefly and compared with the research results achieved in the demonstration stage.It is indicated through analysis that the reservoir sediment deposition and downstream river channel scouring during 8-year impoundment and operation are still within the original forecast,so the original forecasting results are feasible.The further observation and comparison should be conducted because the comparison between the observed data and the original forecast is not so sufficient in time and the prototype observation and related research work should be strengthened in the future.

Study on Production Regulation of Reservoir under Different Demand

Natural gas production is related to the demand for gas, which is low in summer and high in winter. While the gas storage is still being demonstrated and constructed, oil and gas fields should formulate and implement production control schemes suitable for gas reservoirs. The realization of natural gas production can not only meet the demand of gas consumption, but also ensure the scientific and efficient development of gas reservoirs, and meet the needs of dynamic analysis of gas reservoirs at different development stages and scientific research of gas reservoirs. In this paper, KAPPA Workstation 5.20 software is used to determine the inflow dynamic model of a single well. The nodal method is used to determine the reasonable production and peak shaving capacity in combination with the critical fluid carrying capacity of gas wells and the erosion rate of gas wells. The reasonable production allocation in each period, i.e. the production control scheme, is obtained. It solves the scientific and efficient development of natural gas in X gas field, which is still under the construction of gas storage, and provides guidance for gas reservoir development management and regulation.

Exploration on ecological regulation of the reservoirs

Reservoir regulation process in the Yangtze River basin is mainly divided into two types of flood regulation and initiating benefit regulation. The present reservoir management system and operation mode are mainly for dealing with or coordinating of flood control and benefit initiation as well as benefit distribution among various beneficial functions. From the view point of river ecosystem protection, the current regulation mode has two kinds of problems: firstly, most of the reservoir regulation plans do not consider ecosystem protection at downstream of dams and needs of environment protection in reservoir areas; secondly, integrated regulation or management of water resources is ignored. It is very necessary to improve reservoir regulation mode, bearing problems faced by regulation of the Three Gorges reservoir and issues related to cascade development and regulation in Tuojiang and Minjiang River basins in mind. In accordance with the concept of scientific development, and the philosophy of "ensuring a healthy Yangtze River and promoting the harmony between human and water", taking flood control, benefit initiation and eco-system as a whole, this paper put forward the basic consideration to improve reservoir regulation as follows: on the basis of requirements of ecosystem protection at downstream of dams and needs of environment protection in reservoir areas, we should bring the functions of reservoir such as flood control and benefit initiation into full play, control the negative influence to the ecosystem at downstream of dams and the environment in reservoir areas in an endurable scope, and restore the ecosystem and the environment step by step. This paper put forward the relevant regulation process aiming at the idiographic problems such as protection of ecosystem at downstream of dams and environment in reservoir areas, protection of aquatic wildlife species and fish species, regulation of sediment and protection of wetland.

Numerical Simulation of Oil and Gas Two-Phase Flow in Deep Condensate Gas Reservoirs in Bohai Buried Hills

The BZ19-6 gas field is characterized by high temperature and high pressure (HTHP), high condensate content, little difference between the formation pressure and dew point pressure, and large amount of reverse condensate liquid. During the early stage of depletion development, the production gas-oil ratio (GOR) and production capacity remain relatively stable, which is inconsistent with the conventional reverse condensate seepage law. In view of the static and dynamic conflict in development and production, indoor high-temperature and high-pressure PVT experiment was carried out to reveal the mist-like condensation phenomenon of fluids in the BZ19-6 formation. And the seepage characteristics of condensate gas reservoirs with various degrees of depletion under the condition of HTHP were analyzed based on production performance. The change rule of fluid phase state was analyzed in response to the characterization difficulties of the seepage mechanism. The fluid state was described using the miscible mechanism. And the interphase permeability interpolation coefficient was introduced based on interfacial tension. By doing so, the accurate characterization of the “single-phase flow of condensate gas-near-miscible mist-like quasi single-phase flow-oil-gas two-phase flow” during the development process was achieved. Then the accurate fitting of key indicators for oilfield development was completed, and the distribution law of formation pressure and the law of condensate oil precipitation under different reservoir conditions are obtained. Based on research results, the regulation strategy of variable flow rate production was developed. Currently, the work system has been optimized for 11 wells, achieving a “zero increase” in the GOS of the gas field and an annual oil increase of 22,000 cubic meters.

水库拦沙对黄河下游河床演变的影响

为充分认识水库拦沙对其下游河道河床演变及防洪的影响,基于三门峡水库和小浪底水库拦沙期水沙及断面观测资料,研究了黄河下游河槽冲淤、洪水冲刷效率、河槽几何特征、排洪能力等规律。结果表明:水库拦沙期,黄河下游沿程河槽均发生了不均衡冲刷;河床粗化明显,粗化后床沙中值粒径最大值为冲刷前的2.1~2.5倍;高村以上河段同水位过洪能力增加明显,冲刷后较大的河槽容积可为小浪底水库排沙提供暂时的滞沙;河床粗化后细泥沙和中泥沙补给能力不足,河槽冲刷效率随冲刷历时的增加衰减明显。由于水库多年调节水沙过程及下游相对完善的河道整治工程约束,小浪底水库拦沙期黄河下游河槽冲刷重心下移,河床粗化程度增加,冲刷效率明显降低。研究成果可为水库水沙调控技术指标的选取提供科学依据。

黄河下游花园口以上河段滞沙能力分析

黄河下游河床调整主要取决于来水来沙和河床边界条件,河床调整沿程不均衡特征明显,花园口以上河段床演变对水沙条件的变化响应尤为突出,泥沙冲淤调整幅度最大。基于河道冲淤及水沙演进特性、滞沙可行性、河槽几何特性等分析,提出了花园口以上河段可作为泥沙天然反调节“库”概念,结合黄河下游实测洪水资料,采用水力计算方法,计算了花园口以上河段的河槽排洪能力及不同河槽规模条件下河槽允许滞沙量,提出了反调“库”滞沙能力,可为小浪底水库排沙指标的确定提供依据,对维持小浪底水库有效库容、弥补后续清水河床沙源不足、改善黄河下游河槽冲淤不均衡现象具有重要意义。

三峡库区蓄水前后夏季小时降水变化特征

利用国家气象信息中心小时降水资料,结合三峡库区地形的多样性,分析了库区蓄水前(1992—2002年)和蓄水后(2003—2021年)夏季(6—8月)小时降水时空变化以及不同类型强降水事件(HRE)变化特征。结果表明:蓄水后小时降水的降水量和频次减少,而强度增加;降水变化存在明显的地理分布规律,降水量、频次、强度在库区中北部增加,且多位于长江以北地区;降水量、频次在库区西南部减少,强度在库区中南部和西北部减弱,且多位于31°N以南。蓄水前后小时降水的日变化峰值时间位相的空间差异程度表现为降水强度>降水量>降水频次;蓄水后降水量、频次、强度呈增加趋势的站点增多,且降水量和强度的日变化峰值时间位相在高海拔山区具有位相前移特征。蓄水前后各等级小时降水的降水概率和降水占比变化不明显,其中降水概率在(0.1,0.5)mm等级最大,≥20 mm等级最小;降水占比在(1,5)mm等级最大,(0.1,0.5)mm等级最小,≥20 mm等级约为15%。蓄水后小时降水的日变化特征更加明显,其中≥20 mm等级的小时降水量和频次的双峰结构更为突出,其他等级的小时降水量和频次的峰值时间范围有扩大趋势,而各等级小时降水强度的次日尺度波动更频繁。蓄水前后HRE均是短历时型最多,长历时型最少,且短历时型HRE多开始于下午,中历时型和长历时型HRE多开始于夜间;蓄水后有利于HRE维持,短历时型HRE在中午和下午开始的概率增加,中历时型和长历时型HRE在清晨开始的概率增加。

基于谈判博弈的三峡梯级蓄水期多目标调度

汛后蓄水期是三峡梯级防洪向兴利调度转换的重要时间窗口,不合理的蓄水调度将对梯级防洪、发电兴利、生态效益造成不利影响。本文以发电量最大、防洪库容占用比最小以及修正流量偏差最小作为三峡梯级蓄水期调度目标构建优化调度模型,进而引入谈判博弈模型将各个调度目标作为不同谈判主体,通过逐步缩减各调度目标期望效益值进行多轮谈判,最终得到纳什均衡调度方案。实例计算表明,应用谈判博弈模型能够求解得出三峡梯级蓄水期不同调度主体的最优蓄水调度方案,同时该蓄水调度方案也能够达到其他调度主体期望效益值,被其他目标主体所接受。研究成果可为三峡梯级多目标调度决策提供新的思路。

小浪底水库汛前调水调沙模拟与综合效益评估

为提高汛前调水调沙期多目标博弈过程中小浪底水库的综合效益,本文构建了调水调沙模拟与综合效益定量评估数学模型。该模型由3个模块构成,其中:水沙计算模块考虑库区明流与异重流输移及干支流倒回灌过程,水库调度模块衔接库区水沙计算和坝下泥沙冲淤计算,效益评价模块采用经济效益指标衡量水库的综合效益。采用2013年和2014年汛前调水调沙过程对该模型开展了参数率定和验证工作,计算结果可模拟异重流潜入、演进、出库的全过程以及水库调度和发电过程。根据历年调水调沙实践经验选取关键调度参数,最终拟定降低对接水位或减小壅水程度的5种方案,采用模型对各方案展开调水调沙过程计算和综合效益评价。结果表明,调度过程中改变对接水位和壅水程度在减淤效益和兴利效益间存在冲突。通过比较综合经济效益指标,最终推荐对接水位为222.57 m并减小库区壅水的方案作为优选方案,可获得最大的综合效益。

基于黄河流域系统治理的水库多目标调度约束阈值研究

水库是流域水沙调控以及水资源优化配置的重要抓手,黄河流域的水库调度最初以防洪减淤为目标。新形势下,黄河流域面临不断变化的来水来沙条件、库区-河道边界约束、区域社会经济发展和生态环境需求等,黄河流域亟需基于系统治理理念,突出流域系统可持续运行的水库多目标协同调度。本文依据流域系统科学理论和方法,通过资料分析、数据挖掘、关联度识别、回归分析等方法,筛选了黄河流域系统中行洪输沙、社会经济、生态环境各子系统表征指标,阐明了黄河上、中、下游不同河段多维约束因子的演变过程,揭示了黄河干流调控体系主要约束因子的相互作用关系,提出了基于多目标协同的黄河干流水库调度约束因子阈值,为黄河流域水库多目标协同调度提供科技支撑。

控制汉江丹江口至王甫洲区间伊乐藻的生态调度及其效果评估

为科学有效控制汉江丹江口至王甫洲区间伊乐藻(Elodea nuttallii)过度生长繁殖,研究生态调度的实施效果,采用生物量调查法、分布面积统计法、数学模型模拟法等方法分析生态调度实施前后伊乐藻总生物量和分布面积的变化情况,并探讨对丹江口水库下泄流量的需求。结果表明,连续3年实施生态调度,伊乐藻总生物量由2019年的4.8万t减少至2022年的40.11 t,分布面积由11.60 km^(2)减少至0.23 km^(2),减幅均达到了95%以上;伊乐藻生物量占沉水植物总生物的比重从99.99%减少至17%,生态调度效果较好;春季生态调度应重点从增加流量极值比出发进行中度干扰,夏秋季生态调度重点从满足0.14 m/s临界流速出发进行大流速冲刷。研究结果明确了王甫洲水库伊乐藻的生态调度需求,为持续开展伊乐藻“灾害”防控提供了参考基础。

万家寨水库运行以来调洪库容变化规律及恢复措施研究

为了给万家寨水库调洪库容有效恢复提供科技支撑,系统梳理了万家寨水库入出库水沙变化情况、库区泥沙冲淤演变规律、调洪库容变化规律以及淤损库容恢复措施,结果表明:1)万家寨水库1999—2023年非汛期运行水位为952~980 m,1999—2010年汛期运行水位为950.9~967.2 m、2011—2023年(除2016年外)汛期降低水位运用后最低水位为921.6 m;2)万家寨水库1999—2023年多年平均入库水量约为185.19亿m^(3)、沙量约为0.501亿t,出库水量约为180.70亿m^(3)、沙量约为0.363亿t;3)万家寨水库2010年汛后淤积纵剖面基本达到设计淤积平衡状态;2011年以来水库排沙运用,截至2023年10月总库容淤损2.859亿m^(3)、调洪库容淤损0.191亿m^(3);4)万家寨水库入库长历时大流量过程有利于降低水位敞泄运用排沙,坝前水位低于952.00 m时出库含沙量迅速增加,降至淤积面以下或泄空敞泄时,产生的溯源冲刷有利于提高输沙效率;5)单纯依靠水力减淤已无法有效恢复万家寨水库调洪库容,可采用水力减淤与机械清淤相结合的方式减淤,清淤泥沙输送至主河槽随水流动力排出库区或输送至岸上进行泥沙综合利用。

洪水期小浪底水库排沙影响因素及规律研究

小浪底水库排沙主要集中在汛前调水调沙期和汛期洪水期。2000—2022年汛前调水调沙期和汛期洪水期小浪底水库累计排沙分别为4.840亿t和21.546亿t,分别占水库运用以来排沙总量的18.3%、81.5%。研究表明,入库水量与回水长度是影响汛前调水调沙期小浪底水库排沙效果的主要因素;入库水量越大,回水长度越短,排沙效果越好。通过多元回归得到了汛前调水调沙期小浪底水库排沙量与影响因素的关系。汛期洪水期小浪底水库排沙主要影响因素为壅水指标和进出库流量比,通过研究量化了汛期洪水期排沙比与影响因素的关系。

微生物提高油藏原油采收率进展

文章从油藏中普遍存在的采油微生物类群及其驱油机制、微生物采油技术的矿场应用、采油微生物的响应等方面对油藏微生物及其提高原油采收率进展进行综述.同时从营养剂在油藏储层中的分布、油藏环境下微生物生长代谢活性、油藏微生物定向调控等方面阐述了微生物采油技术发展的基础问题.

多年调节综合利用水库多级调度图编制研究

承担多项兴利任务的多年调节水库,需综合考虑入库径流和不同任务要求编制多级调度图。提出了改进典型年法编制多年调节综合利用水库的多级调度图,即对不同来水水平年,根据水库各项兴利任务的设计保证率和年保证供水过程,将综合供水进行对应分级,拟定各级供水过程的供水系数,计算得到多级综合供水过程和年需供水量;利用长系列入库径流资料,根据各级供水任务年需供水量选取典型年,按相应需供水过程进行供水;考虑多年调节水库蓄供水特性,采用不同起调水位编制各调度线,上调度线典型年从蓄水期末水库位于正常蓄水位起调,下调度线和连枯年份调度线典型年从供水期末水库位于死水位起调,逆时序绘制各典型年水库蓄水指示线,分别取上、下包线,得到上、下调度线和连枯年份调度线;通过计算分界库容,拟定不同兴利任务的分界调度线,协调不同兴利任务。综合四条调度线,编制得到多年调节综合利用水库的多级调度图。选取某多年调节综合利用水库,按照流程编制其水库多级调度图,利用调度图进行长系列径流调度,经统计,所编制调度图满足各兴利部门设计保证率要求,多级调度图可有效指导水库运行,提高综合利用水库效益。