Metal nanozymes with multiple catalytic activities: regulating strategies and biological applications

Nanozymes with high enzyme-like catalytic activity have been recognized as promising alternatives for nature enzymes and exhibit great potentials in biodetection,disease diagnosis and treatment. Metal nanozyme is an important member of the nanozyme family. When metal nanozymes are controllably regulated by compositions,sizes, morphologies, crystal defects, surface states or stimulated by diversified external fields, they will acquire unique geometric and electronic structures and exhibit various physical/chemical properties in catalytic behaviors.Although significant progress has been made in metal nanozymes, there is still large space for further improving the catalytic efficiency, developing the synthetic process for large-scale production, facilitating the clinical transformation and exploring the untapped applications.Directing at these issues, rational design of novel nanozymes for better applications and deeper understanding of catalytic mechanisms are urgently required. Accordingly,this review focuses on the recent advances on regulating strategies, catalytic mechanisms and relevant biological applications of metal nanozymes with multiple enzymelike performance. Furthermore, future perspectives are outlooked to inspire more attention and efforts on this interesting multi-disciplinary field.

Dynamic plugging regulating strategy of pipeline robot based on reinforcement learning

Pipeline isolation plugging robot (PIPR) is an important tool in pipeline maintenance operation. During the plugging process, the violent vibration will occur by the flow field, which can cause serious damage to the pipeline and PIPR. In this paper, we propose a dynamic regulating strategy to reduce the plugging-induced vibration by regulating the spoiler angle and plugging velocity. Firstly, the dynamic plugging simulation and experiment are performed to study the flow field changes during dynamic plugging. And the pressure difference is proposed to evaluate the degree of flow field vibration. Secondly, the mathematical models of pressure difference with plugging states and spoiler angles are established based on the extreme learning machine (ELM) optimized by improved sparrow search algorithm (ISSA). Finally, a modified Q-learning algorithm based on simulated annealing is applied to determine the optimal strategy for the spoiler angle and plugging velocity in real time. The results show that the proposed method can reduce the plugging-induced vibration by 19.9% and 32.7% on average, compared with single-regulating methods. This study can effectively ensure the stability of the plugging process.

Cu-based materials for electrocatalytic CO_(2) to alcohols:Reaction mechanism,catalyst categories,and regulation strategies

Electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)technology,which enables carbon capture storage and resource utilization by reducing CO_(2) to valuable chemicals or fuels,has become a global research hotspot in recent decades.Among the many products of CO_(2)RR(carbon monoxide,acids,aldehydes and alcohols,olefins,etc.),alcohols(methanol,ethanol,propanol,etc.)have a higher market value and energy density,but it is also more difficult to produce.Copper is known to be effective in catalyzing CO_(2) to high valueadded alcohols,but with poor selectivity.The progress of Cu-based catalysts for the selective generation of alcohols,including copper oxides,bimetals,single atoms and composites is reviewed.Meanwhile,to improve Cu-based catalyst activity and modulate product selectivity,the modulation strategies are straighten out,including morphological regulation,crystalline surface,oxidation state,as well as elemental doping and defect engineering.Based on the research progress of electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction for alcohol production on Cu-based materials,the reaction pathways and the key intermediates of the electrocatalytic CO_(2)RR to methanol,ethanol and propanol are summarized.Finally,the problems of traditional electrocatalytic CO_(2)RR are introduced,and the future applications of machine learning and theoretical calculations are prospected.An in-depth discussion and a comprehensive review of the reaction mechanism,catalyst types and regulation strategies were carried out with a view to promoting the development of electrocatalytic CO_(2)RR to alcohols.

Study on the Influencing Factors of L2 Reading Ability and Its Regulation Strategies

This paper takes college students as research subjects to investigate the factors affecting L2 Reading ability and their regulation strategies through scale surveys.The findings are as follows:(1)Linguistic factors have significant impacts on L2 Reading ability,and the influence of non-linguistic factors,such as non-intellectual factors and cultural background knowledge,is also important;and(2)flexible use of reading regulation strategies according to the learning conditions(such as the information extraction strategy,the metacognitive reading regulation strategy,and the interactive reading strategy)can effectively improve learners’L2 Reading ability.The findings of this study have important theoretical and practical value for improving L2 learners’Reading ability.

Design strategy and comprehensive performance assessment towards Zn anode for alkaline rechargeable batteries

Alkaline Zn-based primary batteries have been commercialized in the past decades.However,their success has not been extended to secondary batteries due to the poor cycle reversibility of Zn anodes.Although some research has been conducted on alkaline Zn anodes,their performance is still far from commercial requirements.A variety of degradation mechanisms,including passivation,dendrites,morphological changes,and hydrogen precipitation,are claimed responsible for the failure of alkaline Zn metal anodes.What’s worse,these constraints always interact with each other,which leads to a single strategy being unable to suppress all the issues.Therefore,a comprehensive evaluation of the positive and negative effects of various strategies on performance is important to promote the commercialization of alkaline Zn batteries.Herein,the recent progress and performance of improvement strategies for Zn anode in alkaline conditions are reviewed systematically.First,the principles and challenges of alkaline Zn anodes are briefly analyzed.Then,various design strategies for alkaline Zn anodes from the perspectives of ion and electron regulation are highlighted.Last,through a comprehensive summary of various performance parameters,the advantages and disadvantages of different strategies are compared and evaluated.On the basis of this assessment,we aim to provide more insights into the anode design of high-performance alkaline rechargeable Zn batteries.

Recent advances in elaborate interface regulation of BiVO_(4)photoanode for photoelectrochemical water splitting

Bismuth vanadate(BiVO_(4))is an excellent photoanode material for photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting system,possessing high theoretical photoelectrocatalytic conversion efficiency.However,the actual PEC activity and stability of BiVO_(4)are faced with great challenges due to factors such as severe charge recombination and slow water oxidation kinetics at the interface.Therefore,various interface regulation strategies have been adopted to optimize the BiVO_(4)photoanode.This review provides an in-depth analysis for the mechanism of interface regulation strategies from the perspective of factors affecting the PEC performance of BiVO_(4)photoanodes.These interface regulation strategies improve the PEC performance of BiVO_(4)photoanode by promoting charge separation and transfer,accelerating interfacial reaction kinetics,and enhancing stability.The research on the interface regulation strategies of BiVO_(4)photoanode is of great significance for promoting the development of PEC water splitting technology.At the same time,it also has inspiration for providing new ideas and methods for designing and preparing efficient and stable catalytic materials.

Design and Application of Environmental Monitoring System for Hypsizygus marmoreus in the Cultivation Room

Hypsizygus marmoreus has a significant dependence on environment at the mycelium growth stage. ln order to col ect, process and display real-time data of temperature, humidity, CO2 concentration in cultivation room, along-distance environ-ment monitoring system with multi-technology is designed. The curves of tempera-ture, humidity and CO2 concentration, fitted by the MATLAB data fitting toolbox with the experimental data, reflected the changing trend of environmental factors. The mathematical model of CO2 concentration was established by regression analysis, and the regulation strategy that the ventilation period of half an hour and the venti-lation duration of 5 minutes was put forward.

A review on the failure and regulation of solid electrolyte interphase in lithium batteries

Solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)has been widely recognized as the most important and the least understood component in lithium batteries.Considering the intrinsic instability in both chemical and mechanical,the failure of SEI is inevitable and strongly associated with the performance decay of practical working batteries.In this Review,the failure mechanisms and the corresponding regulation strategies of SEI are focused.Firstly,the fundamental properties of SEI,including the formation principles,and the typical composition and structures are briefly introduced.Moreover,the common SEI failure modes involving thermal failure,chemical failure,and mechanical failure are classified and discussed,respectively.Beyond that,the regulation strategies of SEI with respect to different failure modes are further concluded.Finally,the future endeavor in further disclosing the mysteries of SEI is prospected.

Emerging two-dimensional metallenes:Recent advances in structural regulations and electrocatalytic applications

Benefiting from the ultrahigh specific surface areas,highly accessible surface atoms,and highly tunable microscopic structures,the two-dimensional metallenes as nanocatalysts have displayed promising performance for various electrocatalytic reactions.Herein,we reviewed recent advances on metallenes in structural regulations including defect,phase,strain,interface,doping,and alloying engineering strategies and their applications in energy electrocatalytic reactions involving oxygen reduction reaction,carbon dioxide reduction reaction,hydrogen evolution reaction,and small molecules oxidation reaction.Finally,we proposed the future challenges and directions in this emerging area.

“Coffee ring” controlment in spray prepared >19% efficiency Cs_(0.19)FA_(0.81)PbI_(2.5)Br_(0.5) perovskite solar cells

Achieving high-quality perovskite films with uniform morphology and homogeneous crystallinity is challenging owing to the coffee ring effect(CRE) in the spray-coating technologies. In this study, an evaporation/spray-coating two-step deposition method is used to fabricate Cs_(0.19)FA_(0.81)PbI_(2.5)Br_(0.5)light harvesters for perovskite solar cells(PSCs). Considering the solid–liquid reaction, we establish a reaction-dependent regulating strategy that inhibits CRE successfully and prepare a high-quality perovskite layer, wherein the solvent for the FAI/Br solution during the spraying process is changed from isopropanol to n-butyl alcohol(NBA). The retarded-drying-enhanced spreading of the NBA solution inhibits contact line pinning to suppress the capillary flows and increases the reaction between metal halides(CsI/PbI_(2)) and organic salts(FAI/Br), which result in a reduction in the accumulation of solutes in the periphery effectively inhibiting CRE. Consequently, we obtain a high performance Cs_(0.19)FA_(0.81)PbI_(2.5)Br_(0.5) PSC with a power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 19.17%. An enlarged perovskite film(10 × 10 cm^(2)) containing 40 sub-cells is prepared. The average PCE of these devices is 18.33 ± 0.56%, proving the reliability of the "coffee ring" regulating strategy. This study provides an effective approach for CRE controlment in spraying technology to achieve high repeatability devices with good performance.

Customer Joining Behavior and Regulation Strategy in Visible Multi-Server Queues with Synchronous Vacations of Partial Servers

This paper studies customer joining behavior and system regulation strategy in nonexhaustive visible M/M/m queues with synchronous vacations of a part of the servers.Once this part of the servers are idle,they take multiple vacations simultaneously(vacation period).Until there are customers waiting in the queue,they are reactivated and all servers are busy or idle(busy period).The authors call this part of the servers as“partial servers”.In view of the fully visible queue and the almost visible queue,the authors obtain customers’equilibrium joining threshold strategies and their socially optimal joining threshold strategies,respectively,and observe that customer joining behavior in equilibrium generally makes the system overcrowded,which makes the equilibrium social welfare lower than the optimal social welfare.After regulation,interestingly,for optimizing social welfare,the system manager hopes not only customers arriving in vacation period pay attention to the number of partial servers,but also customers arriving in busy period should care about it rather than ignore.Moreover,arranging more servers for vacation does not necessarily lead to the decrease of social welfare on condition that the number of partial servers is close to m.As for the information advantage of the fully visible case,it is not obvious for increasing social welfare and even unfavorable to servers’profit unless the number of partial servers is big enough.Furthermore,given the different composition of social welfare,there exists the optimal number of partial servers and the optimal arrival rate of customers for maximizing social welfare.

Mechanism research progress on transition metal compound electrode materials for supercapacitors

Supercapacitors(SCs)have remarkable energy storage capabilities and have garnered considerable interest due to their superior power densities and ultra-long cycling characteristics.However,their comparatively low energy density limits their extensive application in large-scale commercial applications.Electrode materials directly affect the performance of SCs.Thus,the development of cutting-edge electrode materials and modification of their morphological and structural properties are vital for advancing the performance of SCs.Transition metal compounds have a high specific capacity and good cycling durability,making them the most promising electrode active materials for high-energy density SCs.Nevertheless,their inadequate conductivity,unfavorable ion diffusion rates,substantial volume expansion and phase transitions during charging and discharging are obstacles to their stable and efficient integration into SCs.To address these challenges,this study provides a comprehensive summary of the current advancements in transition metal nanomaterials as electrode materials for SCs,an overview of the current research status,and the prevailing challenges.Furthermore,this study highlights synthetic techniques and management strategies for electrode materials derived from transition metal compounds,targeting the resolution of the aforementioned challenges.Finally,a concise discussion is provided on the future directions of SC development,with an emphasis on the utilization of transition metal compound electrode materials.

Nonmetallic modified zero-valent iron for remediating halogenated organic compounds and heavy metals: A comprehensive review

Zero-valent iron(ZVI),an ideal reductant treating persistent pollutants,is hampered by issues like corrosion,passivation,and suboptimal utilization.Recent advancements in nonmetallic modified ZVI(NM-ZVI)show promising potential in circumventing these challenges by modifying ZVI's surface and internal physicochemical properties.Despite its promise,a thorough synthesis of research advancements in this domain remains elusive.Here we review the innovative methodologies,regulatory principles,and reduction-centric mechanisms underpinning NM-ZVI's effectiveness against two prevalent persistent pollutants:halogenated organic compounds and heavy metals.We start by evaluating different nonmetallic modification techniques,such as liquid-phase reduction,mechanical ball milling,and pyrolysis,and their respective advantages.The discussion progresses towards a critical analysis of current strategies and mechanisms used for NM-ZVI to enhance its reactivity,electron selectivity,and electron utilization efficiency.This is achieved by optimizing the elemental compositions,content ratios,lattice constants,hydrophobicity,and conductivity.Furthermore,we propose novel approaches for augmenting NM-ZVI's capability to address complex pollution challenges.This review highlights NM-ZVI's potential as an alternative to remediate water environments contaminated with halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals,contributing to the broader discourse on green remediation technologies.

Neural correlations between cognitive deficits and emotion regulation strategies:understanding emotion dysregulation in depression from the perspective of cognitive control and cognitive biases

The link between cognitive function and emotion regulation may be helpful in better understanding the onset,maintenance,and treatment for depression.However,it remains unclear whether there are neural correlates between emotion dysregulation and cognitive deficits in depression.To address this question,we first review the neural representations of emotion dysregulation and cognitive deficits in depression(including deficits in cognitive control and cognitive biases).Based on the comparisons of neural representations of emotion dysregulation versus cognitive deficits,we propose an accessible and reasonable link between emotion dysregulation,cognitive control,and cognitive biases in depression.Specifically,cognitive control serves the whole process of emotion regulation,whereas cognitive biases are engaged in emotion regulation processes at different stages.Moreover,the abnormal implementation of different emotion regulation strategies in depression is consistently affected by cognitive control,which is involved in the dorsolateral,the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex,and the anterior cingulate cortex.Besides,the relationship between different emotion regulation strategies and cognitive biases in depression may be distinct:the orbitofrontal cortex contributes to the association between ineffective reappraisal and negative interpretation bias,while the subgenual prefrontal cortex and the posterior cingulate cortex underline the tendency of depressed individuals to ruminate and overly engage in self-referential bias.This review sheds light on the relationship between cognitive deficits and emotion dysregulation in depression and identifies directions in need of future attention.

Examining Chinese EFL Postgraduates’ Motivational Regulation Strategies

This study set out to explore non-English major postgraduates’use of motivational regulation strategies in English learning.Subjects for this study were 156 Chinese postgraduates studying in a national teacher education university in central China.A self-reported questionnaire and individual semi-structured interviews were complementarily employed to gather data.The non-English major postgraduates were found to have adopted ten types of strategy to regulate their motivation for learning English,but that these strategies were used infrequently.It was also found that despite the general absence of significant difference,the few that could be ascertained were associated with gender,specialty,and grade.The results suggest a need to provide motivation regulation strategies training,and nurture students’intrinsic English learning motivation through curricular,instructional and assessment reforms.

Advances in reactive co-precipitation technology for preparing high-performance cathodes

Reactive crystallization plays an essential role in the synthesis of high-quality precursors with a narrow particle size distribution,dense packing,and high sphericity.These features are beneficial in the fabrication of high-specific-capacity and long-cycle-life cathodes for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries.However,in industrial production,designing and scaling-up crystallizers involves the use of semi-empirical approaches,making it challenging to satisfactorily meet techno-economic requirements.Furthermore,there is still a lack of in-depth knowledge on the theoretical models and technical calculations of the current co-precipitation process.This review elaborates on critical advances in the theoretical guidelines and process regulation strategies using a reactive crystallizer for the preparation of precursors by co-precipitation.The research progress on the kinetic models of co-precipitation reactive crystallization is presented.In addition,the regulation strategies for the reactive crystallization process of lithium-ion ternary cathodes are described in detail.These include the influence of different reactive crystallizer structures on the precursor's morphology and performance,the intelligent online measurement of efficient reactive crystallizers to ensure favorable conditions of co-precipitation,and preparing the precursor with a high tap density by increasing its solid holdup.A controllable reactive crystallization process is described in terms of the structural design with concentration gradient materials and bulk gradient doping of advantageous elements(such as magnesium ion)in lithium-ion cathodes and the fabrication of sodium-ion cathodes with three typical materials-Prussian blue analogues,transition metal oxides,and polyanionic phosphate compounds being involved.

A comprehensive review of wind power based power system frequency regulation

Wind power(WP)is considered as one of the main renewable energy sources(RESs)for future low-carbon and high-cost-efficient power system.However,its low inertia characteristic may threaten the system frequ-ency stability of the power system with a high penetration of WP generation.Thus,the capability of WP participating in the system frequency regulation has become a research hotspot.In this paper,the impact of WP on power system frequency stability is initially presented.In addition,various existing control strategies of WP participating in frequency regulation are reviewed from the wind turbine(WT)level to the wind farm(WF)level,and their perfor-mances are compared in terms of operating principles and practical applications.The pros and cons of each control strategy are also discussed.Moreover,the WP combing with energy storage system(ESS)for system frequency regulation is explored.Furthermore,the prospects,future challenges,and solutions of WP participating in power system frequency regulation are summarized.

A multi-stage regulation strategy of space manipulators with a free-swinging joint failure

To ensure tasks can be completed after a free-swinging joint failure occurs,a multi-stage regulation strategy of space manipulators is proposed.Considering all terms of the dynamics equation,an evaluation model of the regulation ability(EMRA)of active joints over the fault joint is established based on the fuzzy entropy.And then a multi-stage regulation strategy based on the EMRA is designed to regulate the fault joint.The strategy divides the regulation process into several stages,and select a certain active joint to regulative the fault joint in every stage.With this multi-stage regulation strategy,the fault joint can be regulated to the desired angle without huge torque on regulative joints.The simulation is carried out with a 7-DOF space manipulator,verifying the correctness and effectiveness of the multi-stage regulation strategy.The strategy has three advantages:Coriolis and centrifugal terms are both considered for the first time in selecting the regulative joint,making the selection result more in line with the actual regulation process;The influence of the model uncertainty is eliminated in establishing the EMRA,making the evaluation of regulative ability more precise;The fault joint is successfully regulated to the desired angle without huge torque on regulative joints.

Advances of PtRu-Based Electrocatalysts for Methanol Oxidation

Platinum-Ruthenium(PtRu)-based materials are considered the “holy grail” of electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation reaction(MOR) in the fuel cells technique. However,to the best of our knowledge, the exhaustive review report on the advance of PtRu materials for methanol oxidation is rarely summarized for the recent novel achievements. Herein,we summarize and discuss the latest progress of PtRu-based catalysts in MOR. The reaction mechanism of MOR is firstly introduced, and the promotion mechanism is revealed by the relevant activity descriptor, the in-situ spectroscopic analysis and the theoretical calculation. Subsequently, some advanced regulation strategies of PtRu-based catalysts are concluded, including support engineering, morphology design and surface interface regulation. Finally, the challenges and opportunities to improve the MOR performance of PtRubased electrocatalysts are prospected to further promote the widespread application of PtRu-based catalysts in electrocatalytic systems. It is concluded that many efforts are still required to decipher the atomic scale structure-activity relationship and the structural changes of atoms and electrons in the reaction process by advanced strategies and characterization methods. Hopefully, this review can be helpful for novel PtRu-based catalyst development and understanding their correlation to the structure and performance of energy-relevant electrocatalysis.

Solvent regulation strategy of Co-MOF-74 microflower for supercapacitors

Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)with porous crystal structures have attracted extensive attention in application of energy storage and conversion,owing to their regularity,porosity,large specific surface area,etc.In this work,Co-MOF-74 microflower has been successfully prepared via a controllable solvent regulation strategy.Through modulating the polarity of the solvent,crystals grow in certain preferred orientation and Co-MOF-74 with various morphologies were obtained.Thereinto,the energy storage performance of Co-MOF-74 microflower was measured in both three-electrode system and asymmetric supercapacitor device(specific capacitance of 164.2 F/g at 0.5 A/g in the three-electrode system and 62.5 F/g at 1 A/g in the asymmetric supercapacitor device).This can be attributed to the preferred crystal orientation resulting in a regular and uniform microflower,which is of great significance to electronic interfacial exchange and ion transfer during electrochemical reactions.