Prediction of tree crown width in natural mixed forests using deep learning algorithm

Crown width(CW)is one of the most important tree metrics,but obtaining CW data is laborious and timeconsuming,particularly in natural forests.The Deep Learning(DL)algorithm has been proposed as an alternative to traditional regression,but its performance in predicting CW in natural mixed forests is unclear.The aims of this study were to develop DL models for predicting tree CW of natural spruce-fir-broadleaf mixed forests in northeastern China,to analyse the contribution of tree size,tree species,site quality,stand structure,and competition to tree CW prediction,and to compare DL models with nonlinear mixed effects(NLME)models for their reliability.An amount of total 10,086 individual trees in 192 subplots were employed in this study.The results indicated that all deep neural network(DNN)models were free of overfitting and statistically stable within 10-fold cross-validation,and the best DNN model could explain 69%of the CW variation with no significant heteroskedasticity.In addition to diameter at breast height,stand structure,tree species,and competition showed significant effects on CW.The NLME model(R^(2)=0.63)outperformed the DNN model(R^(2)=0.54)in predicting CW when the six input variables were consistent,but the results were the opposite when the DNN model(R^(2)=0.69)included all 22 input variables.These results demonstrated the great potential of DL in tree CW prediction.

Floristic Composition, Structure and Soil Properties of Mixed Deciduous Forest and Deciduous Dipterocarp Forest: Case Study in Madan Watershed, Myanmar

Patterns of woody regeneration in terms of species composition and diversity were studied in mixed deciduous forest (MDF) and deciduous dipterocarp forest (DDF) in Minbyin reserved forest of Lewe Township. A total of 57 plant species of MDF belonging to 28 families and 342 individuals and 25 plant species of DDF consist of 15 families and 285 individuals were identified. Plant species diversity was quantitatively higher in the MDF (H' = 3.68) compared to the DDF (H' = 2.39). Tectona grandis showed the highest density (30), dominance (4.40 m2) and IVI (27.01) of MDF and Dipterocarpus tuberculatus also composed the highest density (109), dominance (9.02 m2) and IVI (81.87) in DDF. The smallest diameter class (10 - 20 cm) comprised with 29 species, 103 individuals in MDF and 18 species, 85 individuals in DDF. The size class distribution displayed a reverse J-shaped pattern. The largest numbers of species were concentrated in the smallest height class in both investigated forests because of height and diameter distribution is closely related. The total densities of seedlings and saplings were 1219 and 531 ha-1 in MDF and 988 and 444 ha-1 in DDF respectively. Although soil texture of (40 - 50 cm) and (90 - 100 cm) were sandy clay loam in mixed deciduous forest, the other layers of both investigated forests were sandy loam.

Effects of Logging Intensity on Structure and Composition of a Broadleaf-Korean Pine Mixed Forest on Changbai Mountains,Northeast China

In order to identify a harvesting model which is beneficial for broadleaf-Korean pine mixed forest(BKF) sustainability, we investigated four types of harvested stands which have been logged with intensities of 0(T0, control), 15%(T1, low intensity), 35%(T2, moderate intensity), and 100%(T3, clear-cutting), and examined the impacts of logging intensity on composition and structure of these stands. Results showed that there were no significant differences between T0 and T1 for all structural characteristics, except for density of seeding and large trees. The mean diameter at breast height(DBH, 1.3 m above the ground), stem density and basal area of large trees in T2 were significantly lower than in T0, while the density of seedlings and saplings were significantly higher in T2 than in T0. Structural characteristics in T3 were entirely different from T0. Dominant tree species in primary BKF comprised 93%, 85%, 45% and 10% of the total basal area in T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Three community similarity indices, the Jaccard′s similarity coefficient(CJ); the Morisita-Horn index(CMH); and the Bray-Curtis index(CN), were the highest for T0 and T1, followed by T0 and T2, and T0 and T3, in generally. These results suggest that effects of harvesting on forest composition and structure are related to logging intensities. Low intensity harvesting is conductive to preserving forest structure and composition, allowing it to recover in a short time period. The regime characterized by low logging intensity and short rotations appears to be a sustainable harvesting method for BKF on the Changbai Mountains.

A novel model to evaluate spatial structure in thinned conifer-broadleaved mixed natural forests

In order to ensure the effective analysis and reconstruction of forests,it is key to ensure the quantitative description of their spatial structure.In this paper,a distance model for the optimal stand spatial structure based on weighted Voronoi diagrams is proposed.In particular,we provide a novel methodological model for the comprehensive evaluation of the spatial structure of forest stands in natural mixed conifer-broadleaved forests and the formulation of management decision plans.The applicability of the rank evaluation and the optimal solution distance model are compared and assessed for different standard sample plots of natural mixed conifer-broadleaved forests.The effect of crown width on the spatial structure unit of the trees is observed to be higher than that of the diameter at breast height.Moreover,the influence of crown length is greater than that of tree height.There are nine possible spatial structure units determined by the weighted Voronoi diagram for the number of neighboring trees in the central tree,with an average intersection of neighboring crowns reaching 80%.The rank rating of natural forest sample plots is correlated with the optimal solution distance model,and their results are generally consistent for natural forests.However,the rank rating is not able to provide a quantitative assessment.The optimal solution distance model is observed to be more comprehensive than traditional methods for the evaluation of the spatial structure of forest stands.It can effectively reflect the trends in realistic stand spatial structure factors close to or far from the ideal structure point,and accurately assesses the forest spatial structure.The proposed optimal solution distance model improves the integrated evaluation of the spatial structure of forest stands and provides solid theoretical and technical support for sustainable forest management.

Analysis of forest structural complexity using airborne LiDAR data and aerial photography in a mixed conifer–broadleaf forest in northern Japan

Determining forest structural complexity,i.e.,a measure of the number of different attributes of a forest and the relative abundance of each attribute,is important for forest management and conservation.In this study,we examined the structural complexity of mixed conifer–broadleaf forests by integrating multiple forest structural attributes derived from airborne Li DAR data and aerial photography.We sampled 76 plots from an unmanaged mixed conifer–broadleaf forest reserve in northern Japan.Plot-level metrics were computed for all plots using both field and remote sensing data to assess their ability to capture the vertical and horizontal variations of forest structure.A multivariate set of forest structural attributes that included three Li DAR metrics(95 th percentile canopy height,canopy density and surface area ratio) and one image metric(proportion of broadleaf cover),was used to classify forest structure into structural complexity classes.Our results revealed significant correlation between field and remote sensing metrics,indicating that these two sets of measurements captured similar patterns of structure in mixed conifer–broadleaf forests.Further,cluster analysis identified six forest structural complexity classes includingtwo low-complexity classes and four high-complexity classes that were distributed in different elevation ranges.In this study,we could reliably analyze the structural complexity of mixed conifer–broadleaf forests using a simple and easy to calculate set of forest structural attributes derived from airborne Li DAR data and high-resolution aerial photography.This study provides a good example of the use of airborne Li DAR data sets for wider purposes in forest ecology as well as in forest management.

Tree diversity effects on forest productivity increase through time because of spatial partitioning

Background: Experimental manipulations of tree diversity have often found overyielding in mixed-species plantations. While most experiments are still in the early stages of stand development, the impacts of tree diversity are expected to accumulate over time. Here, I present findings from a 31-year-old tree diversity experiment(as of2018) in Japan.Results: I find that the net diversity effect on stand biomass increased linearly through time. The species mixture achieved 64% greater biomass than the average monoculture biomass 31 years after planting. The complementarity effect was positive and increased exponentially with time. The selection effect was negative and decreased exponentially with time. In the early stages(≤ 3 years), the positive complementarity effect was explained by enhanced growths of early-and mid-successional species in the mixture. Later on(≥ 15 years), it was explained by their increased survival rates owing to vertical spatial partitioning — i.e. alleviation of self-thinning via canopy stratification. The negative selection effect resulted from suppressed growths of late-successional species in the bottom layer.Conclusions: The experiment provides pioneering evidence that the positive impacts of diversity-driven spatial partitioning on forest biomass can accumulate over multiple decades. The results indicate that forest biomass production and carbon sequestration can be enhanced by multispecies afforestation strategies.

Ideal Point Method Applied in Forest Harvest Regulation

Ideal point method is one of the methods to solve multi-objective problem. It is applied to forest harvest regu-lation, and showed very good results by analyzing changes of quantitative indexes of forest resource structure before andafter the regulation. This method can be applied as one of the mathematical tools in forest harvest regulation.

闽楠-木荷混交林空间结构及其养分利用

【目的】为探讨混交林中闽楠和木荷的种间关系,确定木荷能否作为闽楠的伴生树种营建健康高效的闽楠-木荷混交林。【方法】以金洞林场16年生的闽楠-木荷混交林以及闽楠纯林、木荷纯林为研究对象,通过分析闽楠-木荷混交林的根系分布特性与林分空间结构特性来探讨闽楠-木荷混交林地上与地下部分的种间关系;通过分析不同物候期下3种林分的闽楠与木荷叶片养分的动态规律来阐明闽楠与木荷之间的养分利用关系。【结果】1)在16年生闽楠-木荷混交林中,在闽楠周围1.5 m内闽楠和木荷的根系分布虽有部分重叠,但闽楠仍占据优势地位,闽楠和木荷在地下生长空间和养分吸收利用方面存在竞争但竞争不激烈;2)整体林分空间结构上,闽楠、木荷纯林略优于闽楠-木荷混交林,说明混交林的树种不同,树种之间的生长特性和生态特性不一样,林分的均一性会差一些,对其调整结构的难度要大于纯林。混交林中,木荷已对闽楠形成了一定的竞争优势;3)闽楠-木荷混交林中,对养分吸收利用在物候期上部分不同步,存在相对有利的互补关系;从所有的物候期来看,闽楠叶片的N、P、K含量在大部分时期都高于木荷,表明闽楠-木荷混交更有利于闽楠对养分的吸收利用,木荷对养分的需求更低;4)16年生混交林中闽楠、木荷的生长速度要优于相应的纯林,表明前期竞争促进了林分的生长。【结论】闽楠与木荷混交有利于闽楠获得更多的养分,适度竞争促进了林木的生长,木荷是闽楠较好的伴生树种。

黔中地区马尾松-甜槠针阔混交林群落结构特征与林木空间分布格局及其关联性

为探究黔中地区天然次生马尾松针阔混交林群落结构及其空间分布格局特征,选取典型的马尾松-甜槠针阔混交林和马尾松纯林为调查对象,采用成对相关函数分析环境异质性对主要树种空间分布的影响、主要树种及径级空间格局和空间关联性研究。调查共记录91种植物,其中马尾松-甜槠针阔混交林和马尾松纯林分别为42种和68种。2个森林群落中乔木总径级整体均呈倒“J”形结构,结构稳定,自然更新良好。结果表明,生境异质性对2种群落类型在小距离上空间分布格局的影响作用明显。2块样地幼树、中树及总体分布格局相似,均为点距离在0~10 m内呈聚集分布、在10~25 m内呈随机分布,而大树在整个观察尺度内均为随机分布。马尾松纯林中马尾松-甜槠、甜槠-槲栎的空间关联性均以不相关为主,马尾松-槲栎以负相关为主;而马尾松-甜槠针阔混交林中马尾松与甜槠在10~20 m以负相关为主。2种群落类型不同径级的空间关联性总体为不相关。黔中山地天然次生马尾松-甜槠针阔混交林、马尾松纯林群落结构存在差异,环境异质性、径级结构和空间尺度对两者空间分布格局及其关联性影响明显。

2种马尾松混交林土壤微生物特性及其与团聚体稳定性耦合关系

【目的】探究2种马尾松人工混交林间土壤微生物群落结构差异,以及2种林分土壤团聚体稳定性与其微生物群落结构、土壤酶活性的耦合关系。【方法】以三峡库区马尾松杉木混交林和马尾松杉木栎类混交林为研究对象,通过比较分析0~10 cm土层的不同粒径土壤团聚体微生物群落结构及微生物生长代谢现状,探究影响团聚体稳定性和微生物群落结构的主要影响因素。【结果】(1)2种马尾松混交林之间的土壤团聚体稳定性、微生物总生物量及其群落多样性均无明显差异;(2)从酶化学计量特征来看,2种马尾松混交林土壤微生物生长代谢受到磷(P)限制;(3)土壤丛枝菌根真菌、放线菌和革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌的生物量在不同粒径土壤团聚体之间无明显差异;(4)土壤全钾含量对微生物群落结构影响程度最大。大团聚体中N-乙酰-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)活性是驱动土壤团聚体稳定性的关键因素。【结论】为提高三峡库区马尾松林地土壤质量,应多关注NAG活性对环境变化的响应。为缓解P限制对植被生长发育的影响,可在马尾松人工林中营造P分配能力更强和P利用效率更高的树种。

湘西石漠化区湿地松-马褂木人工混交林林分结构及土壤理化性质研究

为探究湘西石漠化区湿地松-马褂木人工混交林林分结构及土壤理化性质,该研究以湘西石漠化地区湿地松-马褂木人工针阔混交林为对象,利用植物群落学分析和野外取样检测的方法,分析林分结构和土壤理化性质,运用Winklemass 1.0计算林分空间结构参数,并用三维离散随机变量分析了优势种的空间分布格局。结果表明:(1)林分内胸径(DBH)≥2 cm的林木株数为897 plants·hm^(-2),隶属于15科16属。主林层为湿地松,平均DBH为32.3 cm,重要值为44.2%;次林层为阔叶树,中幼龄林木居多,其中樟树、马褂木为优势树种,重要值分别为17.1%和13.2%。此外,还存在较多处于劣势生态位的天然更新种。(2)林木的水平分布格局偏向于随机分布(W=0.503);林分整体趋向于中庸偏劣势过渡的态势(U=0.505);种间隔离程度较高(M=0.689),林木混交状况良好。空间结构参数的三维离散随机变量表明,湿地松87.3%为优势和亚优势,马褂木41.7%为亚优势、26.9%为中庸态势,樟树23.5%为中庸态势、56.8%为劣势和绝对劣势。(3)林分土壤pH值趋于中性;与撂荒地相比,林分土壤的容重、持水量、孔隙度、有机碳、全钾、全氮、全磷等因子均明显改善,但整体而言,林分土壤仍然较为贫瘠,局部土壤紧实,保水能力差。综上表明,湿地松、马褂木作为先锋树种生长43年后,林分有向异龄林、强度混交林演替的趋势;林分内中幼龄阔叶树株数占比较大,近熟林出现断层,老龄针叶树占据优势生态区位,需抽针补阔、间针育阔,择伐劣势木,促使林分向阳生性阔叶树为主、中生性和耐阴性阔叶树为次的林分结构演替。该研究结果为湘西石漠化区的植被恢复、人工林结构优化和土壤改良提供了理论依据。

箬竹向针阔混交林扩展对物种多样性和土壤理化性质的影响

【目的】明确箬竹向针阔混交林扩展对群落组成结构、植被多样性,以及土壤理化性质的影响,加深对箬竹扩展的认识,为林分健康可持续经营管理提供理论支撑。【方法】以国际竹藤中心安徽太平试验中心林场内的天然箬竹林扩展并取代针阔混交林的连续生态面为研究对象,选取针阔混交林(MF)、竹-林混交带(IMF)、箬竹纯林(IF)3种林地类型,利用Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数进行群落物种多样性调查;同时测定3种植被下的土壤理化性质。【结果】(1)箬竹向针阔混交林扩展导致了森林原有优势种种类和数量减少:山茶(Camellia japonica)、南酸枣(Choerospondias axillaris)、乌药(Lindera aggregata)、常春藤(Hedera nepalensis var.sinensis)、柯(Lithocarpus glaber)均在箬竹纯林中消失,共有物种蕨(Pteridium aquilinum var.latiusculum)、柃木(Eurya japonica)、老鼠屎(Symplocos stellaris)、檵木(Loropetalum chinense)的数量明显下降;乔木层、灌木层和草本层的丰富度和均匀度指数均下降,群落结构简化。(2)土壤理化性质随着箬竹的扩展也发生了变化:与针阔混交林相比,箬竹纯林的SWC、SOC、TN、TP、Mg、DOC、DON、MBC、MBN含量均下降,土壤K含量上升;除DOC、DON、MBC、MBN以外,土壤养分积累均随着土层的加深而减少。【结论】箬竹扩展到针阔混交林导致森林原有优势种种类和数量减少,群落结构简化,造成林分退化,林地土壤质量下降。

Generalized Height-Diameter Models for Pinus montezumae Lamb. and Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl. Plantations in Michoacan, Mexico

Tree height (H) in a natural stand or forest plantation is a fundamental variable in management, and the use of mathematical expressions that estimate H as a function of diameter at breast height (d) or variables at the stand level is a valuable support tool in forest inventories. The objective was to fit and propose a generalized H-d model for Pinus montezumae and Pinus pseudostrobus established in forest plantations of Nuevo San Juan Parangaricutiro, Michoacan, Mexico. Using nonlinear least squares (NLS), 10 generalized H-d models were fitted to 883 and 1226 pairs of H-d data from Pinus montezumae and Pinus pseudostrobus, respectively. The best model was refitted with the maximum likelihood mixed effects model (MEM) approach by including the site as a classification variable and a known variance structure. The Wang and Tang equation was selected as the best model with NLS;the MEM with an additive effect on two of its parameters and an exponential variance function improved the fit statistics for Pinus montezumae and Pinus pseudostrobus, respectively. The model validation showed equality of means among the estimates for both species and an independent subsample. The calibration of the MEM at the plot level was efficient and might increase the applicability of these results. The inclusion of dominant height in the MEM approach helped to reduce bias in the estimates and also to better explain the variability among plots.

北京山区针阔混交林地土壤有机碳含量的影响因素研究

探究生物因子和非生物因子与土壤有机碳含量的关系,解析影响土壤有机碳含量变异的主导因素,可为生态系统碳平衡协调发展提供理论依据。以北京山区针阔混交林为研究对象,基于64个样地的实测数据,采用结构方程模型筛选出影响土层(0-10、10-20、20-30 cm)有机碳含量的主导因素,并结合结构方程模型探究了各因子对土壤有机碳含量的直接和间接影响。结果表明,(1)林龄、根系生物量、凋落物质量、土壤全氮和土壤容重对0-10 cm的土壤有机碳含量的影响极显著(P<0.01),植物多样性对0-10 cm的土壤有机碳含量影响显著(P<0.05);直接效应依次为土壤全氮(0.73)>根系生物量(0.59)>凋落物质量(0.56)>林龄(0.47)>土壤容重(-0.44)>物种香农维纳指数(0.21),间接效应依次为林龄(0.31)>根系生物量(0.29)>凋落物质量(0.27)>物种香农维纳指数(0.11)。(2)海拔、土壤全氮和土壤容重对10-20 cm的土壤有机碳含量影响极显著(P<0.01),根系生物量、林龄对10-20 cm的土壤有机碳含量影响显著(P<0.05);直接效应依次为土壤全氮(0.69)>土壤容重(-0.53)>海拔(0.32)>根系生物量(0.27)>林龄(0.24),间接效应依次为海拔(0.23)>林龄(0.14)>根系生物量(0.09)。(3)海拔、土壤全氮和土壤容重对20-30 cm的土壤有机碳含量影响极显著(P<0.01),pH值对20-30 cm的土壤有机碳含量影响显著(P<0.05);直接效应依次为土壤全氮(0.59)>土壤容重(-0.47)>海拔(0.43)>pH值(-0.15),间接效应依次为海拔(0.14)>pH值(-0.04)。综上,土壤全氮和土壤容重主要通过直接作用影响土壤有机碳含量,而根系生物量、凋落物质量、林龄、植物多样性、土壤pH值对土壤有机碳含量不仅存在直接影响,而且还通过其他因子的作用而产生间接影响。

藏东南察隅县针阔混交林乔木树种种群结构特征

以藏东南察隅县车因沟天然针阔混交林为对象,采用典型样地法对群落进行调查,从径级结构、静态生命表与生存分析等方面来研究各乔木种群的结构特征,以揭示当地天然针阔混交林的生存现状及发展趋势。结果表明,1)群落中乔木树种主要为察隅冷杉240株、华山松222株、糙皮桦97株,其中,3个种群1~4径级个体数依次占各种群总数量的78%、66%与88%,之后随着径级的增大,各种群数量均呈无规律波动,并缺失较多中大径级林木。2)静态生命表显示,察隅冷杉与糙皮桦的存活曲线趋向于Deevey-Ⅱ型,即不同龄级间的存活率相似;华山松的存活曲线为Deevey-Ⅲ型,说明该种群幼龄阶段存活率较低。3个种群死亡率与消失率曲线均呈现无规律的波浪状态,种群发展状况差。生存分析表明,3个种群均从中龄级开始衰退,龄级结构相对不稳定。建议应进一步加强生境保护,并采取适当的干预措施促进群落内种群稳定发展。

不同类型马尾松混交林结构与水源涵养功能的耦合关系

[目的]研究马尾松混交林林分结构与水源涵养功能之间的耦合关系,旨在探讨合理的马尾松混交林类型、混交比例及林分结构,为混交林可持续发展和提高森林水源涵养能力提供理论依据。[方法]以贵州省黎平县德顺乡的马尾松混交林为研究对象,对其中典型马尾松×阔叶混交林、马尾松×杉木混交林、马尾松纯林(对照)共15块样地进行立地因子和林木因子进行调查。根据获取的调查数据,对平均胸径、平均树高、枯落物最大持水量、枯落物现存量等9种林分结构因子进行主成分分析,并利用降维后的主成分因子与水源涵养功能进行耦合分析按照建立的林分结构与功能的耦合关系模型,对混交林林分水源涵养功能进行评价。[结果]不同类型林分土壤层厚度、灌草盖度、土壤孔隙度、土壤持水量差异不明显(p>0.05),但样地枯落物现存量、枯落物平均最大持水率、枯落物平均最大持水量、枯落物厚度差异显著(p<0.05)。建立了林分结构与水源涵养功能的耦合线性模型,其中影响林分水源涵养功能的指标主要为林分的平均胸径、平均树高、林分密度指数、树种组成等林分结构指标和枯落物现存量、枯落物最大持水量、枯落物最大持水率等涵养水源功能指标,枯落物最大持水量权重占比最大为14.4%。调查林分水源涵养功能评价值表现为:马尾松×木荷>马尾松×米槠>马尾松×杉木>纯林。[结论]马尾松阔叶混交林水源涵养功能优于马松针叶混交林和纯林,密度为750株/hm 2,郁闭度0.7混交比例为1∶2或2∶1的马尾松—木荷混交林是贵州省黎平县所调查研究区域中水源涵养功能最佳的林分结构。

不同类型马尾松混交林结构与生产功能的耦合关系

【目的】研究马尾松混交林林分结构与生产功能之间的耦合关系,旨在探讨合理的马尾松混交林类型、混交比例及林分结构,为维持群落结构稳定和提高森林生产力提供理论依据。【方法】以贵州省黎平县德顺乡的马尾松混交林为研究对象,对其中典型马尾松×阔叶混交林、马尾松×杉木混交林共12块样地的立地因子和林木因子进行调查,并选择3块马尾松纯林样地作为对照,根据获取的调查数据,对平均胸径、平均高、郁闭度、混交度等9种林分结构因子进行主成分分析,并利用降维后的主成分因子建立林分结构与功能的耦合关系模型,对混交林林分生产功能进行评价。【结果】影响林分生产功能的结构指标主要为林分的平均胸径、平均树高、平均枝下高、林分密度指数以及混交比例。15个样地的生产功能评价值可以分成5个等级,当前马尾松纯林(第Ⅰ类)的生产功能指数最高。混交林中马尾松×杉木混交林(第Ⅱ类)生产功能最佳,以1∶2或2∶1均较适宜,密度在730~950株/hm^(2)之间,混交度为0.3~0.4,郁闭度0.6左右,大小比为0.48~0.49;马尾松×阔叶混交林以2∶1比较适宜,其中马尾松×米槠(1∶1)、马尾松×梾木(1∶1)、马尾松×木荷(2∶1)等都需要调整密度和组成比例。【结论】混交比例不恰当和林分密度偏大是影响马尾松混交林生产功能的两个关键因素,密度和混交比例不适宜的林分都需要进行调整,以提高混交林的生产功能。

太行山南麓锐齿槲栎-油松混交林竞争关系与空间格局

【目的】探究太行山南麓针阔混交林内植物的竞争关系及空间格局,以期更好地理解针阔混交林种内、种间相互作用,为生物多样性保护和森林生态系统管理提供一定的指导作用。【方法】在河南太行山猕猴国家级自然保护区内设置1 hm2锐齿槲栎-油松混交林固定监测样地,调查样地内所有木本植物(DBH≥2 cm)的物种名、胸径、坐标等。通过计算可知样地内锐齿槲栎和油松的重要值较高且平均胸径较大,进一步采用Hegyi单木竞争指数和g(r)函数分别研究混交林内优势种锐齿槲栎和油松的竞争强度和空间分布格局。【结果】1)混交林样地内所有木本植物径级结构呈倒“J”型曲线,且在小尺度上聚集分布,大尺度上随机分布;2)锐齿槲栎种群的径级结构呈“J”型曲线,不同径级个体在样地内都呈随机分布,平均种内竞争强度大于平均种间竞争强度,且小径级(DBH≤5 cm)个体所受竞争压力最大,平均种内、种间竞争指数CI分别为13.47和10.08;3)油松种群径级结构近似正态分布,全部个体在样地内呈聚集分布,油松的平均种内竞争强度大于平均种间竞争强度,小径级(DBH≤5 cm)个体所受竞争压力最大,其平均种内、种间竞争指数CI分别为18.95和1.01。【结论】样地内锐齿槲栎和油松的分布格局不同,锐齿槲栎呈随机分布,主要受种内竞争作用的影响;油松呈明显的聚集分布,可能是受环境异质性影响;两个种群的种内、种间竞争强度都随着径级的增加而降低,且种内竞争强度大于种间竞争。本研究通过对太行山南麓针阔混交林的竞争关系和空间格局进行相关研究,可以为当地的森林生态环境与生物多样性保护提供一定的理论依据。

贵州黎平典型马尾松混交林的林分空间结构研究

探究贵州省黎平县典型马尾松混交林的林分空间结构特征,为该地区混交林经营及改造提供理论依据。以黎平县马尾松混交林中的马尾松为研究对象,根据混交树种及混交比例将研究区典型马尾松混交林划分为7种林分类型,分别是马尾松占40%(类型A)、50%(类型B)、70%(类型C)的与多种阔叶混交的针阔混交林,马尾松占30%(类型D)、50%(类型E)、70%(类型F)的与杉木混交的针叶混交林以及马尾松纯林(类型G),采用角尺度、胸径大小比数、树高大小比数、混交度和空间结构综合评价指标,对其空间结构进行分析。结果表明,在研究区中:1)7种林分类型中,马尾松均为轻度聚集分布状态,趋向于随机分布格局;2)类型F中,马尾松的树高、胸径处于中庸状态,其余类型中,马尾松的树高、胸径均处于亚优势状态;3)马尾松混交林的树种混交程度较高,通常在中度混交强度以上,而马尾松纯林处于弱度混交,接近于零度混交;4)林分综合评价排序为类型A>类型D>类型E>类型B>类型F>类型C>类型G;5)典型马尾松混交林中,马尾松的角尺度、胸径大小比数、树高大小比数之间无明显差异性,其空间结构的差异主要受混交度影响,混交林整体向随机分布、林木呈中庸竞争、混交度更高的顶级群落发展,但目前尚未达到自然顶级群落水平。

天目山常绿落叶阔叶混交林细叶青冈种群结构与空间分布格局

【目的】细叶青冈Cyclobalanopsisgracilis是中亚热带森林主要构成树种,也是天目山国家级自然保护区常绿落叶阔叶混交林的优势树种之一。研究自然状态下天目山常绿落叶阔叶混交森林群落中细叶青冈种群结构和空间分布格局,探讨其动态规律及其影响机制,对该区域森林生态恢复、细叶青冈种群发展以及常绿落叶阔叶混交林的保护管理等具有重要意义。【方法】基于天目山常绿落叶阔叶混交林1 hm^(2)(100 m×100 m)固定监测样地2012和2017年2期调查数据,从种群数量特征、龄级结构及空间分布等方面分析细叶青冈种群结构与分布格局的动态变化特征。【结果】①2012—2017年细叶青冈种群个体从276株增加到291株,死亡个体共25株,新增个体共40株,种群年增长率为1.06%。种群平均胸径从10.65 cm增加到10.82 cm,胸高断面积从4.71 m^(2)·hm^(-2)增加到5.15 m^(2)·hm^(-2)。②细叶青冈种群年龄结构呈倒“J”型,种群自然更新良好,种群结构稳定。③细叶青冈种群新增与死亡个体集中分布在幼苗幼树阶段(Ⅰ~Ⅱ龄级),且随龄级增加总体呈下降趋势。④细叶青冈整体呈聚集分布,随着龄级的增加转为随机分布。相比2012年,2017年幼苗聚集强度有所减弱,幼树、中树聚集强度稍有增强。⑤各生长阶段间的空间关联均在小尺度表现为正相关,随着尺度的增加过渡到无相关或负相关,2017年除幼树与中树、幼树与大树外,其余生长阶段间的空间正相关稍有增强。【结论】天目山常绿落叶阔叶混交林中细叶青冈种群属于稳定增长型种群,种群整体呈聚集分布,各生长阶段间的空间关联在小尺度空间呈正关联,体现细叶青冈生长发育过程中的一种生存策略和适应机制。5 a间种群结构及空间分布格局变化不显著,幼龄个体因聚集分布受密度制约而竞争激烈。为维持种群的长期稳定,必要时可分阶段进行人工调控。