Recent research progress from biological perspective on the mechanism of formation of osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament injury

The anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)mainly plays a role in stabilizing the knee joint by limiting the forward translation of tibial force and rotational force at the tibial joint,and if this ligament is damaged,it will cause joint pain,limited mobility,knee instability,etc.According to related studies,the incidence of traumatic osteoarthritis(PTOA)after ACL injury is as high as 87%,although many studies have shown that patients with ACL injury are susceptible to PTOA,but the exact mechanism is currently unknown.This may be related to biological,structural,and mechanical factors caused by the ligament injury.Previous studies have shown that elevated inflammatory mediators in the joint cavity following ACL injury can lead to chondrocytes necrosis and degradation of the cartilage matrix.These potential biochemical mediators contribute to PTOA formation,and early intervention can reduce future episodes of PTOA.In recent years,many scholars have devoted themselves to studying the potential important factors and signaling pathways involved in the formation of osteoarthritis after ACL injury,and exploring its molecular mechanism,which has led to great progress in this field.This paper mainly studies and discusses the mechanism of osteoarthritis formation after ACL injury from the biological perspective.

The Prevalence Type of the Meniscus Tear in Patients with Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury, in Abu Arish General Hospital, Jazan, KSA

Background: The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the main structure that prevents the forward movement of the tibia about the femur Meniscus tear which is a common finding in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Aim: To investigate the prevalence of types of meniscus tears in patients with Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted among inpatients. Clinical evaluation included side-to-side difference in anterior tibial translation (ATT) as measured by a KT-1000 arthrometer (MEDmetric Corp) and a grade of pivot-shift test at final follow-up in all patients. Subsequent meniscal tear was defined by symptoms of joint line pain and/or locking or joint effusion requiring surgical treatment. Results: Most of patients were males (92.6%). The patients were categorized into 5 groups according to age with a mean of age 32.8 ± 10.6. The most common causes of ACL injury were falling down (43.2%), trauma (38.1%) or knee torsion (18.8%). Medial meniscal tear was found in 92 knees (55.7%), while lateral meniscal tear was found in 19 knees (10.8%) and the most common type was the longitudinal tear that was found in 31 knees (17.6%). Similarly, 66.7% of the meniscal flap tears and half of the meniscal bucket-handle tears were significantly associated with loose body (P Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that meniscus tears are more common in individuals with chronic ACL rupture. The main factors contributing to ACL injury were classified as falls, trauma, and knee torsion. Gender was identified as a critical determinant in the etiology of ACL injury. The occurrence of a ramp lesion was associated longitudinal meniscal tears, whereas chodoral injury was associated with the majority of meniscal flap tears and meniscal bucket-handle tears.

Analysis of the Application of Sports Medicine Ultrasound in the Rehabilitation of Anterior Talofibular Ligament Injury

Objective: To explore the application effect of sports medicine ultrasound in the rehabilitation treatment of anterior talofibular ligament injury. Methods: 36 patients who visited our hospital from January 2020 to September 2023 were selected as research subjects and randomly divided into the study group (18 cases) and the control group (18 cases). The control group adopted routine examination and rehabilitation training, and the study group adopted sports medicine ultrasound and rehabilitation training. The ankle function scores and daily living ability of the two groups were compared before treatment and 9 weeks after treatment. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the study group and the control group in terms of ankle function scores and ability to perform activities of daily living before treatment (P > 0.05), but the difference was statistically significant after treatment (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Ultrasound can be used as a supplement to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the ankle joint for diagnosing anterior talofibular ligament injury;ultrasound can show the location, distance, and degree of tear of the anterior talofibular ligament rupture and accurately predict muscle atrophy around the ankle joint;ultrasound combined with computed tomography (CT) can better determine the type of intra-articular fracture of the talar subtalar joint, and guide the choice of surgical timing. In addition, ultrasound can be used to determine the severity of peroneal muscle atrophy, assess the progress of early postoperative functional exercise, and guide personalized rehabilitation programs.

Lateral femoral tunnel preparation and graft fixation for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction–A discussion

This article provides a discussion and commentary around the recent advances in arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction(ACLR),with a focus on the aspects of lateral femoral tunnel preparation and graft fixation techniques.The paper explores and comments on a recently published review by Dai et al,titled"Research progress on preparation of lateral femoral tunnel and graft fixation in ACLR",while providing insight into its relevance within the field of ACLR,and recommendations for future research.

Demographic characteristics of patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction at a tertiary care hospital in India

BACKGROUND Anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)tears are common sports-related injuries.Their incidence is not the same either for all the sports or for the same sport across various nations.This information is maintained by many sports leagues in their registries.However,very few nationwide registries exist for such injuries.This study is carried out to know the demographic characteristics of patients who underwent ACL reconstruction at our hospital in India.AIM To know the demographic characteristics of patients who underwent ACL reconstruction at a tertiary care hospital in India.METHODS All the patients who underwent ACL reconstruction from January 2020 to December 2021 were retrospectively studied.Patients with multi-ligament injuries or a history of previous knee surgery were excluded.The patients’history was obtained from the hospital records,they were interviewed telephonically,and online questionnaires were given.Their demographic data was analyzed and compared to the existing literature.RESULTS A total of 124 patients were operated on for ACL reconstruction during this period.The mean age of the patients was 27.97 years.One hundred and thirteen patients(91.1%)were male and 11(8.9%)were female.The majority of the patients(47.6%)sustained this injury by road traffic accidents(RTA)followed by sportsrelated injuries(39.5%).The commonest presenting complaint was giving way of the knee in 118 patients(95.2%).The mean duration from the injury to the first hospital visit among the patients was 290.1 d.The mean duration from the injury to surgery was 421.8 d.CONCLUSION ACL patients’demography is different in developing nations as compared to the developed world.RTA are the leading cause of ACL injuries and are followed by recreational sports as a cause.There is delayed access to healthcare leading to delayed diagnosis as well as even greater time to surgery.This,in turn,leads to poorer prognosis and longer rehabilitation.National registries for developing nations are the need of the hour due to the different demographics of ACL injuries in developing countries.

Principles of postoperative anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation

It is known that anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) reconstruction needs to be combined with detailed postoperative rehabilitation in order for patients to return to their pre-injury activity levels, and that the rehabilitation process is as important as the reconstruction surgery. Literature studies focus on how early in the postoperative ACL rehabilitation period rehabilitation modalities can be initiated. Despite the sheer number of studies on this topic, postoperative ACL rehabilitation protocols have not been standardized yet. Could common, "ossified" knowledge or modalities really prove themselves in the literature? Could questions such as "is postoperative brace use really necessary?", "what are the benefits of early restoration of the range of motion(ROM)?", "to what extent is neuromuscular electrical stimulation(NMES) effective in the protection from muscular atrophy?", "how early can proprioception training and open chain exercises begin?", "should strengthening training start in the immediate postoperative period?" be answered for sure? My aim is to review postoperative brace use, early ROM restoration, NMES, proprioception, open/closed chain exercises and early strengthening, which are common modalities in the very comprehensive theme of postoperative ACLrehabilitation, on the basis of several studies(Level of Evidence 1 and 2) and to present the commonly accepted ways they are presently used. Moreover, I have presented the objectives of postoperative ACL rehabilitation in tables and recent miscellaneous studies in the last chapter of the paper.

Consensus Delphi study on guidelines for the assessment of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in children

Background:Knee examination guidelines in minors are intended to aid decisionmaking in the management of knee instability.Clinical question:A Delphi study was conducted with a formal consensus process using a validated methodology with sufficient scientific evidence.A group consensus meeting was held to develop recommendations and practical guidelines for use in the assessment of instability injuries in children.Key findings:there is a lack of evidence to analyse anterior cruciate ligament injuries in children and their subsequent surgical management if necessary.Diagnostic guidelines and clinical assessment of the patient based on a thorough examination of the knee are performed and a guide to anterior cruciate ligament exploration in children is developed.Clinical application:In the absence of a strong evidence base,these established guidelines are intended to assist in that decision-making process to help the clinician decide on the most optimal treatment with the aim of benefiting the patient as much as possible.Following this expert consensus,surgical treatment is advised when the patient has a subjective sensation of instability accompanied by a pivot shift test++,and may include an anterior drawer test+and a Lachman test+.If these conditions are not present,the conservative approach should be chosen,as the anatomical and functional development of children,together with a physiotherapy programme,may improve the evolution of the injury.

Effect of suspension training on neuromuscular function, postural control, and knee kinematics in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction patients

BACKGROUND Suspension training(SET)is a method of neuromuscular training that enables the body to carry out active training under unstable support through a suspension therapy system.However,there have been few reports in the literature on the application of SET to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction(ACLR)patients.It is not clear what aspects of the patient's function are improved after SET.AIM To investigate the effect of SET on the neuromuscular function,postural control,and knee kinematics of patients after ACLR surgery.METHODS Forty participants were randomized to an SET group or a control group.The SET group subjects participated in a SET protocol over 6 wk.The control group subjects participated in a traditional training protocol over 6 wk.Isokinetic muscle strength of the quadriceps and hamstrings,static and dynamic posture stability test,and relative translation of the injured knee were assessed before and after training.RESULTS The relative peak torque of the quadriceps and hamstrings in both groups increased significantly(P<0.001),and the SET group increased by a higher percentage than those in the control group(quadriceps:P=0.004;hamstrings:P=0.011).After training,both groups showed significant improvements in static and dynamic posture stability(P<0.01),and the SET group had a greater change than the control group(P<0.05).No significant improvement on the relative translation of the injured knee was observed after training in either group(P>0.05).CONCLUSION Our findings show that SET promotes great responses in quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength and balance function in ACLR patients.

Hamstring autograft utilization in reconstructing anterior cruciate ligament:Review of harvesting techniques,graft preparation,and different fixation methods

Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)is a common orthopedic injury.Various graft options are available for the reconstruction of ruptured ACL.Using the hamstring muscle as an autograft was first described in 1934,and it remains a commonly harvested graft for ACL reconstruction.Hamstring autografts can be harvested using the traditional anteromedial approach or the newer posteromedial technique.An isolated semitendinosus tendon can be used or combined with the gracilis tendon.There are numerous methods for graft fixation,such as intra-tunnel or extra-tunnel fixation.This comprehensive review discusses the different hamstring muscle harvesting techniques and graft preparation options and fixation methods.It provides a comprehensive overview for choosing the optimal surgical technique when treating patients.

Osteoarthritis action alliance consensus opinion-best practice features of anterior cruciate ligament and lower limb injury prevention programs

AIM To identify best practice features of an anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) and lower limb injury prevention programs(IPPs) to reduce osteoarthritis(OA).METHODS This consensus statement started with us performing a systematic literature search for all relevant articles from 1960 through January 2017 in PubM ed, Web of Science and CINAHL. The search strategy combined the Medical Subject Heading(Me SH) and keywords for terms:(1) ACL OR "knee injury" OR "anterior cruciate ligament";(2) "prevention and control" OR "risk reduction" OR "injury prevention" OR "neuromuscular training"; and(3) meta-analysis OR "systematic review" OR "cohort study" OR randomized. We found 166 different titles. The abstracts were reviewed for pertinent papers. The papers were reviewed by at least two authors and consensus of best practice for IPP to prevent OA was obtained by conference calls and e-mail discussions. All authors participated in the discussion.RESULTS The best practice features of an IPP have the following six components:(1) lower extremity and core strengthening;(2) plyometrics;(3) continual feedback to athletes regarding proper technique;(4) sufficient dosage;(5) minimal-to-no additional equipment; and(6) balance training to help prevent injuries. Exercises focused on preventing ankle sprains, hamstring injuries and lateral trunk movements are important. Plyometric exercises should focus on correcting knee valgus movement.Exercises should focus on optimizing the hamstring to quadriceps strength ratio. In order for IPP to be successful, there should be increased education and verbal feedback along with increased athletic compliance. Additional equipment is not necessary. Balance training alone does not significantly reduce injuries, but is beneficial with other exercises. Not enough evidence to recommend stretching and agility exercises, with no ill effects identified. Therefore, we suggest making these optional features.CONCLUSION Best practice features for ACL and lower limb IPPs to help prevent OA contain six key components along with two optional.

Functional Outcomes for Combined Acute Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Knee Injuries Treated Non-Operatively

Introduction: results after non-operative management for knees sustaining combined acute anterior and posterior cruciate ligament tears were presented. Subjects: 13 patients, 10 with medial, and 3 with lateral ligament injury. Methods: non-operative management consisted of employing a brace to prevent sagittal translation of the tibia. Quadriceps muscle and early passive knee motion exercises in the brace was encouraged immediately after arthroscopy. Weight-bearing was forbidden for 3 weeks. The brace was not removed for 3 months. Follow-up periods ranged from 2 to 6 years (mean, 3 years 2 months). Results: none, but one patient had a slight restriction of knee flexion. Quadriceps muscle strength revealed an average of 89.0% of normal side. The knee score indicated 2 patients rated good, 3 rated fair, and 8 rated poor. The score correlated with measurements of anterior and posterior translation on the stress radiograph significantly. Stress radiography revealed that anterior laxity was reduced better than posterior laxity significantly. Conclusion: non-operative brace therapy can be considered for this combined injury as the initial treatment. A late reconstruction would be performed when the result was not satisfactory. Preserved range of motion and muscle strength after brace therapy had a great advantage to the late reconstructive surgery.

Preseason elimination impact on anterior cruciate ligament injury in the national football league

BACKGROUND Anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)injuries represent detrimental injuries in the National Football League(NFL).A significant portion of these injuries often occur in preseason exhibitions.The Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic presented a unique disruption to preseason NFL football with the cancelation of all preseason games.AIM To compare the incidence of ACL tears through the first eight weeks of the NFL season in 2020 to the mean incidence over the previous 5 seasons(2015-2019)and determine if there was any change in incidence with the elimination of the preseason.METHODS NFL players who suffered ACL tears during the preseason and first eight weeks of the NFL season from 2015-2020 were identified.The number of ACL injuries for the 2015-2019 seasons was compared to the 2020 season for four different timeframes.For each analysis,the cumulative number of ACL injuries to that time point was used to calculate the percent difference for descriptive analysis.Additionally,the number of teams with at least one player suffering an ACL tear were identified and compared using Chi-Squared testing.Finally,a cumulative relative risk was calculated for each week played.RESULTS There were 14 ACL tears through the first four games of the 2020 season,a 118.8%(14 vs 6.4)increase in comparison to the 5-year average over the first 4 regular season weeks of 2015-2019.However,when accounting for injuries occurring during the preseason from 2015-2019,there were 18.6%(14 vs 17.2)fewer total ACL injuries through regular season week 4 with no significant difference in percentage of teams impacted when these preseason injuries were accounted for P=0.394.Results were similar(19 vs 17.2)over 8 total games played(whether regular season or preseason),and over 8 regular season games(P=0.196,P=0.600).CONCLUSION The elimination of the NFL preseason resulted in a higher rate of injuries during the first 4 games of the regular season.However,these increases are offset by the injuries typically sustained during the preseason.This suggests there may be front-loading of injuries over the course of an NFL season,such that players may be more prone to injury when the intensity of play suddenly increases,whether in the preseason or regular season.

前交叉韧带重建后肌肉等长发力率及与功能表现的关系

背景:前交叉韧带重建后肌肉功能的恢复通常评估肌肉的最大力量,最近的研究认为还应考虑神经肌肉功能,比如肌肉等长发力率,即在肌肉等长收缩条件下测量不同时间间隔的力-时间曲线斜率。目的:阐述前交叉韧带重建后患者肌肉等长发力率的研究现状与不足,分析术后不同时间内股四头肌和腘绳肌等长发力率的缺陷程度;等长发力率对术后患者功能表现的影响,为优化前交叉韧带重建后康复、减少患者二次损伤以及降低膝骨关节炎发生率提供重要信息。方法:检索中国知网、维普、万方和PubMed数据库,以“前交叉韧带,发力率”为中文检索词,以“anterior cruciate ligament,rate of force development,rate of torque development”为英文检索词,按照纳入和排除标准最终纳入69篇文献。结果与结论:(1)大多数研究发现前交叉韧带重建后半年内患者双侧肌肉等长发力率存在缺陷,双侧腘绳肌早期等长发力率(即肌肉收缩100 ms时间段内任意时间间隔的力-时间曲线斜率)在半年后有显著改善,但双侧股四头肌早期等长发力率长期缺陷,表明术后股四头肌神经肌肉功能长期受损。(2)有关晚期等长发力率(肌肉收缩100 ms后时间段内任意时间间隔的力-时间曲线斜率)的相关研究较少,无法得出确切结论。(3)关于着陆运动(跳跃落地和侧切等)和日常生活活动(走、跑),股四头肌早期等长发力率比等长峰值力矩相关性更强,运动过程中生物力学的异常改变被认为是患者二次损伤以及创伤性膝骨关节炎发生的重要风险因素,积极改善股四头肌早期等长发力率可能会降低二次损伤以及创伤性膝骨关节炎的发生率。(4)目前仅有很少的证据表明,全身振动训练能改善前交叉韧带重建后患者股四头肌早期等长发力率,建议今后在术后早期阶段应用神经肌肉电刺激干预股四头肌和腘绳肌,而在术后晚期阶段实施爆发力、高阻力训练,这可能会改善患者等长发力率。(5)短时间产生足够的肌肉力量才能有效保护前交叉韧带,而腘绳肌等长发力率与功能表现的关系尚不清楚,这可能会提供有关预防患者二次损伤的信息。(6)作者建议将等长发力率作为指导康复以及恢复运动的评估指标之一,除了关注对称性的改善以及与正常人的差异,还要考虑腘绳肌与股四头肌力量的比值,合适的比值范围才能保证肌肉快速发力时的平衡,这可能会降低再次损伤的发生,但比值的正常范围尚不清楚。(7)未来研究要考虑移植物类型和膝关节屈曲角度对等长发力率的影响,以尽可能找出患者存在的神经肌肉功能障碍,帮助患者更好地康复。

前交叉韧带重建术后三种不同药物镇痛早期疗效的对比

目的:比较去痛片(复方氨基比林、非那西丁片,商品名去痛片)、盐酸曲马多缓释片(商品名:奇曼丁)及盐酸哌替啶(商品名:杜冷丁)在膝关节前交叉韧带自体肌腱单束重建术后早期的止疼效果及安全性。方法:回顾性分析2018年11月至2019年2月,北京大学第三医院连续收治的45例由同一组医师施行膝关节镜下前交叉韧带自体肌腱单束重建术患者,术后疼痛情况和使用药物镇痛情况的临床资料。采用随机区组设计,根据前交叉韧带断裂是否合并半月板损伤将患者分为两组,A组为单纯膝关节前交叉韧带重建的患者24例,B组为前交叉韧带断裂合并半月板损伤的患者21例。两组又根据患者实际使用的术后镇痛药物各分为3组,其中,A组口服去痛片4例、口服奇曼丁11例、肌肉注射(简称肌注)杜冷丁联合盐酸异丙嗪(商品名:非那根)9例;B组口服去痛片3例、口服奇曼丁10例、肌注杜冷丁联合非那根8例。术后早期,患者诉疼痛并主动要求镇痛时随机给予去痛片、奇曼丁或杜冷丁联合非那根这三种不同的止痛药物缓解疼痛,采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale, VAS)评估疼痛缓解情况,并观察不良反应发生情况。结果:患者在性别、年龄、体重指数、住院时间等基本情况上差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。应用三种止痛药物缓解疼痛的两组患者,在用药前及用药1 h后通过VAS评分判断结果表明,患者疼痛情况明显缓解,用药前后疼痛差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对两组患者应用的三种药物进行两两比较显示,杜冷丁联合非那根组对于疼痛缓解的程度显著高于其余两种药物(P<0.05),用药1 h后,两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。应用杜冷丁患者易出现恶心、呕吐等副反应,但应用杜冷丁的同时使用非那根可减少副反应。在不良反应方面,仅单纯前交叉韧带重建组中应用奇曼丁组的患者出现恶心1例,其余各组患者均未出现严重的并发症及过敏反应。结论:无论是单纯交叉韧带重建,还是合并半月板成型或缝合的交叉韧带重建,患者应用去痛片、奇曼丁、杜冷丁联合非那根这三种药物均能有效缓解疼痛,其中杜冷丁对疼痛的缓解幅度最大。应用杜冷丁的同时,合用非那根可有效减轻患者的呕吐、恶心等不良反应,增加用药安全性。

中老年患者前交叉韧带重建术后行“精细个体化”康复教育的疗效分析

目的分析中老年患者前交叉韧带重建术后行“精细个体化”康复教育的疗效。方法选择接受前交叉韧带重建的中老年患者68例,根据术后的康复方式将其分为试验组(n=36)和对照组(n=32)。对照组患者接受常规康复功能锻炼,试验组患者接受“精细个体化”的康复教育指导模式下的康复功能锻炼。手术半年后,比较两组患者的膝关节功能恢复和并发症情况。结果经过半年的随访,试验组患者的膝关节功能(IKDC)评分和膝关节Lysholm评分明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(t分别=10.19、7.94,P均<0.05)。在膝关节视觉模拟评分(VAS)和膝关节稳定性(前抽屉试验和Lachman试验)方面,两组比较,差异均无统计学意义(t=-0.33,χ^(2)分别=0.79、1.35,P均>0.05)。两组患者在手术过程中均未出现因大血管神经损伤或灌注液外渗导致下肢筋膜腔水肿,术后也无发生感染、血肿、血栓等并发症。结论前交叉韧带重建术后,中老年患者需要接受健康教育和“精细个体化”的康复指导,可以显著提升康复效果并改善预后。

核心稳定性训练降低落地动作前交叉韧带损伤的风险

背景:研究表明,动态姿势控制能力较差可能导致运动时产生异常的动作模式,进而可能增大下肢关节及前交叉韧带的损伤风险,而躯体核心的稳定是良好动态姿势控制能力的基础。目的:探讨核心稳定性训练对大学生动态姿势控制能力及落地动作损伤风险的影响,并对比不同性别训练效果差异。方法:招募35名(男=19,女=16)大学生为试验对象,对其进行6周核心稳定性训练,分析训练前后Y平衡测试、躯干伸肌耐力测试、躯干屈肌耐力、侧桥肌群耐力测试和落地错误评分系统(LESS)测试结果的差异。结果与结论:①6周核心稳定性训练可提高男女大学生的躯干伸肌耐力(P<0.001)、屈肌耐力(P<0.001)和侧桥肌群耐力(P<0.001);②核心稳定性训练可提高男女大学生Y平衡测试前向测试距离(P=0.026)、后内向距离(P<0.001)、后外向距离(P=0.005)和综合得分(P<0.001);③经过6周核心稳定性训练,男女大学生LESS评分均显著下降(P<0.001),同时可增大触地时刻膝关节(P<0.001)、髋关节屈曲角(P<0.001),减小触地时刻膝关节外翻角(P<0.001),并可增大最大屈膝角(P<0.001)和减小最大膝外翻角(P<0.001);④结论:核心稳定性训练可提高动态姿势控制能力并改善落地动作模式,提示可能有助于降低前交叉韧带损伤风险;核心稳定性训练在提高躯干屈肌耐力、侧桥肌群耐力、改善动态姿势控制能力以及降低前交叉韧带损伤风险方面无性别差异。

前交叉韧带部分断裂对膝关节应力影响的三维有限元分析

背景:前交叉韧带损伤容易导致继发性的半月板损伤和骨性关节炎,目前关于前交叉韧带损伤所致的半月板及关节软骨损伤力学研究较少。目的:利用有限元分析方法研究前交叉韧带部分断裂对膝关节内外侧半月板及关节软骨应力的影响。方法:选择一名健康志愿者的膝关节CT和MRI影像资料,将扫描数据导入Mimics、Geomagic及Solidworks软件,经配准融合后建立4种膝关节三维模型,分别为前交叉韧带完整、前交叉韧带后外侧束断裂、前交叉韧带前内侧束断裂及前交叉韧带缺失模型,最后导入Ansys软件,对膝关节施加4种模式荷载:在股骨顶端施加纵向荷载750 N;在股骨顶端施加纵向荷载750 N及胫骨后方134 N向前推力;在股骨顶端施加纵向荷载750 N及10 Nm内翻力矩,模拟膝内翻;在股骨近端面施加纵向荷载750 N及4 Nm内旋力矩,模拟膝内旋,进行膝关节半月板与软骨生物力学有限元分析。结果与结论:①在膝关节伸直状态下,在股骨顶端施加纵向荷载750 N时,前交叉韧带前内侧束断裂和缺失使半月板总体应力及其峰值明显增大,但其应力分布无明显变化,关节软骨应力无明显变化;在股骨顶端施加纵向荷载750 N及胫骨后方134 N向前推力时,前交叉韧带前内束断裂使胫骨前移增大,半月板后角受挤压应力增大,关节软骨应力无明显变化;模拟膝内翻时,前交叉韧带不同程度损伤较完整时的外侧半月板后角应力减小,内侧半月板应力增大,关节软骨应力稍减小;模拟膝内旋时,前交叉韧带前内束断裂及缺失使股骨软骨和胫骨软骨的等效应力峰值由内侧软骨转向外侧软骨,半月板应力峰值明显增大,此时对膝关节旋转稳定性起主导作用的是前交叉韧带前内侧束;②结果显示,在膝关节处于伸直站立位、内翻及内旋时,前交叉韧带前内侧束断裂患者继发半月板损伤的风险远大于后外侧束断裂患者,而对关节软骨的影响无明显差异。

移植物类型对前交叉韧带重建后患者膝关节功能的影响

背景:临床上常采用移植物重建前交叉韧带,而不同移植物类型又影响着患者术后膝关节功能和康复方案的制定。目的:回顾分析不同移植物类型对前交叉韧带重建后患者肌力、关节稳定性、功能性活动及重返运动的影响。方法:在PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane、中国知网、万方数据库中进行检索,中文检索词为“前交叉韧带重建术,自体移植物,同种异体移植物,人工韧带,骨-髌腱-骨,股四头肌肌腱,腘绳肌肌腱,腓骨长肌肌腱,康复训练,重返运动”;英文检索词为“anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction,autografts,allografts,artificial ligaments,bone-patellatendon-bone,quadriceps tendon autograft,hamstring tendon autograft,peroneus longus tendon autograft,rehabilitation,exercise,protocol,return to sport”。结果与结论:选用骨-髌腱-骨移植物的患者应加强股四头肌离心收缩练习,康复后期应关注股四头肌耐力和爆发力的恢复。与骨-髌腱-骨移植物和腘绳肌肌腱移植物相比,选用股四头肌肌腱移植物的患者在5-8个月内符合回归标准的患者明显更少,应制定较长时间的训练计划,训练周期尽量持续到3年以上。选用腘绳肌肌腱移植物应强化多角度下腘绳肌力量训练,尤其是屈膝60°以上的周期至少持续至术后18周。选用腓骨长肌肌腱移植物的患者后续应加强踝关节周围肌肉力量,以足底肌肉力量为主。选用同种异体移植物应注意移植物经低剂量辐射消毒后其抗张力性降低20%,因此应关注膝关节稳定性训练。选用人工韧带移植物的患者3-6周内可渐进性增强股四头肌和腘绳肌力量训练,重视早期本体感觉练习,对平衡、跳跃及灵活性进行针对性训练。

损伤前交叉韧带修复及促进移植物愈合的策略

背景:近些年,对于前交叉韧带损伤的治疗日益成熟,但是,临床上对于前交叉韧带损伤的手术时机、手术方式的选择、移植物的选择及促进移植物愈合的方法等问题还存在争议。目的:总结前交叉韧带损伤的手术时机、手术方式、移植物选择和促进移植物愈合方法的最新研究进展,为前交叉韧带损伤寻找新的治疗方向。方法:从PubMed、中国知网、万方数据、维普、SinoMed、ScienceDirect、Springer和Cochrane图书馆数据库进行前交叉韧带损伤相关文献的检索,最终经过筛选纳入相关文献72篇进行综述分析。结果与结论:①在手术时机方面:前交叉韧带早期重建与延迟重建相比,早期重建可减缓半月板的损伤、提高生活质量、促进功能恢复,然而手术时机的不同是否会加速软骨损伤,目前还无定论。②在手术方式方面:关节镜下前交叉韧带重建术是前交叉韧带损伤的常用手术方式;前交叉韧带动态内稳定修复术在短期和长期疗效中,都可以带来和传统前交叉韧带重建术相似的结局。③在移植物的选择方面:自体腘绳肌肌腱是前交叉韧带移植物的首要选择;骨-髌腱-骨移植物和同种异体移植物作为次要选择。④在促进移植物愈合的策略方面:缝合带加强可以增加膝关节稳定性,保证移植物的愈合;干细胞通过抗炎作用、血管生成作用、抑制骨溶解和促进软骨细胞分化促进移植物的腱-骨愈合;保留前交叉韧带残端可以维持膝关节稳定、促进本体感觉恢复,为移植物的愈合提供先决条件;富血小板血浆促进移植物愈合的有效性有待商榷;而生物材料、基因治疗及干细胞治疗等促进肌腱愈合的方法还停留在分子和动物研究阶段,未来还需要进行临床转化。

基于MRI影像组学在诊断前交叉韧带损伤分级中的应用

目的 分析MRI影像组学对前交叉韧带损伤分级的诊断价值。方法 回顾性选择2017~2022年滨州医学院附属医院放射科质子加权成像提示前交叉韧带异常信号患者212例,以关节镜检查结果为金标准,将患者分为重度损伤组(n=141)和轻度损伤组(n=71)。提取前交叉韧带图像的组学特征包括形状特征、一阶特征、纹理特征和小波特征。通过SMOTE法进行过采样,解决数据不均衡问题。通过组内及组间相关系数进行一致性检验。在两组中通过7:3的比例随机分割为训练集和测试集。并用LASSO算法筛选出最佳影像组学特征,采用Logistic回归建立组学模型。基于影像组学特征建立影像组学模型,基于两组的临床参数建立临床模型,以及联合两者建立Nomogram模型。分别在训练集及测试集绘制ROC曲线,计算敏感度、特异性、准确度评估模型的诊断效能,通过绘制校准曲线来评估模型预测值和实际观测值之间的差异,通过绘制临床决策曲线分析评价其临床有效性。结果 通过特征提取在质子加权成像横断位、冠状位、矢状位共获得2553个特征,通过特征筛选及降维最终保留12个特征参数。影像组学模型训练集的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.9105,测试组为0.8561。性别、关节不稳、关节交锁以及组学积分是诊断前交叉韧带重度损伤的最佳特征集。临床模型训练集的AUC值为0.6989,测试组为0.6415。Nomogram模型训练集的AUC值为0.9449,测试组为0.8661。Nomogram模型与临床模型差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),Nomogram的AUC高于组学模型,但在测试集差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 基于MRI的影像组学方法可为诊断前交叉韧带损伤分级提供一种新型的检测手段,使前交叉韧带损伤的临床诊断准确率得到很大提升,Nomogram模型比临床模型以及组学模型的诊断效能更好。