Experimental study on shrinkage and rehydration of seed during drying process

Biomaterial will shrink during the drying process. The characteristics of shrinkage and rehydration of fresh peas were studied. Drying curves, shrinkage and rehydration curves of peas without seed coats and whole peas were compared. In addition, different volumetric shrinkage coefficients were obtained and discussed. The results show that seed coats resist moisture movement not only from inside to outside but also from outside to inside during different drying conditions. During a seed’s drying process, the drying curve is similar to the shrinkage curve. The higher the heat flux is, the less drying time is needed, and in the meantime, volume would shrink more and more intensively. Dried media will break easily at high heat flux. When we create a drying regime, both drying speed and the quality of dried media should be considered.

Maintenance of mesophyll potassium and regulation of plasma membrane H^+-ATPase are associated with physiological responses of tea plants to drought and subsequent rehydration

Drought stress is one of the main factors limiting yield in tea plants. The plant cell's ability to preserve K^+homeostasis is an important strategy for coping with drought stress. Plasma membrane H^+-ATPase in the mesophyll cell is important for maintaining membrane potential to regulate K^+transmembrane transport. However, no research to date has investigated the possible relationship between plasma membrane H^+-ATPase and mesophyll K^+retention in tea plants under drought and subsequent rehydration conditions. In our experiment, drought stress inhibited plasma membrane H^+-ATPase activities and induced net H^+influx, leading to membrane potential depolarization and inducing a massive K^+efflux in tea plant mesophyll cells. Subsequent rehydration increased plasma membrane H^+-ATPase activity and induced net H^+efflux, leading to membrane potential hyperpolarization and thus lowering K^+loss. A first downregulated and then upregulated plasma membrane H^+-ATPase protein expression level was also observed under drought and subsequent rehydration treatment, a finding in agreement with the change of measured plasma membrane H^+-ATPase activities. Taken together, our results suggest that maintenance of mesophyll K^+in tea plants under drought and rehydration is associated with regulation of plasma membrane H^+-ATPase activity.

Overcompensation or limitation to photosynthesis and root hydraulic conductance altered by rehydration in seedlings of sorghum and maize

In view of the prospect of irregular extremes of high and low rainfall due to climate change, the mechanisms underlying plant responses to periods of drought and re-watering need to be understood. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) were grown in pots of loess soil at three soil moisture levels to examine the effects of different levels of drought over 10 days and plant responses to re-watering (5 days of rehydration). Photosynthesis-related traits recovered rapidly both in sorghum and maize on re-watering, suggesting that photosynthetic function was not severely damaged after a short drought period, although the values of these traits were dramatically reduced during drought per se. However, the two species differed in the extent to which they recovered from severe stress. In sorghum, net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s), and maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (F_v/F_m) returned to control levels after re-watering. However, in maize, these parameters exceeded control levels after re-watering. Both overcompensation and pre-drought limitation were observed. Over a range of growth conditions, close relationships between G_s and root hydraulic conductance (K_r) were observed in pooled data sets. P_n, K_r, and their related characteristics were compared among species and treatments. Our results showed that the recovery of K_r is similar between sorghum and maize, at least after a short time of re-watering, although the two species differ in drought-tolerance capacity. Our results also suggest that sorghum can endure moderate drought by adjusting certain traits, but is still as vulnerable as maize under severe drought stress.

Desiccation tolerance in bryophytes： the rehydration proteomes of Bryum argenteum provide insights into the resuscitation mechanism

Bryum argenteum Hedw. is a desiccation tolerant bryophyte and belongs to one of the most important components of the biological soil crusts （BSCs） found in the deserts of Central Asia. Limited information is available on rehydration-responsive proteins in desiccation tolerant plants. As a complement to our previous research analyzing the rehydration transcriptome, we present a parallel quantitative proteomic effort to study rehydration-responsive proteins. Bryophyte gametophores were desiccated （Dry） and rehydrated for 2 h （R2） and 24 h （R24）. Proteins from Dry, R2 and R24 gametophores were labeled by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation （iTRAQ） to determine the relative abundance of rehydration-responsive proteins. A total of 5503 non-redundant protein sequences were identified and 4772 （86.7%） protein sequences were annotated using Gene Ontology （GO） terms and Pfam classifications. Upon rehydration 239 proteins were elevated and 461 proteins were reduced as compared to the desiccated protein sample. Differentially up-regulated proteins were classified into a number of categories including reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes, detoxifying enzymes, Late Embryogenesis Abundant （LEA） proteins, heat shock proteins, proteasome components and proteases, and photosynthesis and translation related proteins. Furthermore, the results of the correlation between transcriptome and proteome revealed the discordant changes in the expression between protein and mRNA.

Effects of Food Additives on Rehydration Properties of Frozen Dumpling Wrappers

With the vacuum freeze-drying technology, frozen dumpling wrappers were prepared, to investigate the effects of six kinds of food additives, including modified starch, compound phosphate, maltodextrin, guar gum, distilled monoglycerides and transglutaminase （TG enzyme）, on the drying rate, rehydration ratio and sense value of the frozen dumpling wrappers. The results showed that, with respective addition of 6% modified starch, O. 1% compound phosphate, 10% maltodextrin, 0.4% guar gum, 0.4% distilled monoglyceride and 0.3% transglutaminase, the drying rate, rehydration ratio and sense value of the frozen dumpling wrappers were the highest.

Physiological responses of artificial moss biocrusts to dehydration-rehydration process and heat stress on the Loess Plateau, China

Ex-situ cultivation of biological soil crusts （biocrusts） is a promising technology to produce materials that can induce the recovery of biocrusts in the field for the purposes of preventing soil erosion and improving hydrological function in degraded ecosystems. However, the ability of artificially cultivated biocrusts to survive under adverse field conditions, including drought and heat stresses, is still relatively unknown. Mosses can bolster biocrust resistance to the stresses （e.g., drought and heat） and the resistance may be introduced prior to field cultivation. In this study, we subjected the well-developed artificial moss biocrusts （dominant species of Didjmodon vinealis （Brid.） Zand.） that we cultivated in the phytotron to a dehydration-rehydration experiment and also a heat stress experiment and measured the activities of protective enzymes （including peroxidase （POD）, superoxide dismutase （SOD）, and catalase （CAT）） and the contents of osmoregulatory substances （including soluble proteins and soluble sugars） and malondialdehyde （MDA, an indicator of oxidative stress） in the stem and leaf fragments of mosses. The results showed that, during the dehydration process, the activities of protective enzymes and the contents of osmoregulatory substances and MDA gradually increased with increasing duration of drought stress （over 13 days）. During the rehydration process, values of these parameters decreased rapidly after 1 d of rehydration. The values then showed a gradual decrease for 5 days, approaching to the control levels. Under heat stress （45℃）, the activities of protective enzymes and the content of soluble proteins increased rapidly within 2 h of heat exposure and then decreased gradually with increasing duration of heat exposure. In contrast, the contents of soluble sugars and MDA always increased gradually with increasing duration of heat exposure. This study indicates that artificial moss biocrusts possess a strong drought resistance and this resistance can be enhanced after a gradual dehydration treatment. This study also indicates that artificial moss biocrusts can only resist short-term heat stress （not long-term heat stress）. These findings suggest that short-term heat stress or prolonged drought stress could be used to elevate the resistance of artificial moss biocrusts to adverse conditions prior to field reintroduction.

Rehydration and Phase Transformation of Aluminas

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Safety and Feasibility of Oral Rehydration Solution Prior to Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography

Purpose: The safety of oral rehydration therapy before endoscopic screening with respect to vital signs and complications after the screening procedure was assessed in patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Methods: A total of 107 patients scheduled for ERCP were assigned to either the intravenous drip injection (DIV) group during fasting (56 patients) or ORS group given oral rehydration solution (51 patients) prior to endoscopy. Vital signs after ERCP, including blood pressure and temperature, blood biochemical data and the incidence of post-ERCP complications were compared between the groups. Results: No cases of aspiration pneumonia were detected in either groups. Moreover, there were no statistically significant differences between the DIV group and ORS group in terms of the biochemical data and vital signs after ERCP. The intergroup difference in the development of pancreatitis after ERCP was 2.3% [95% CI: ?5.7, 10.3], which was not statistically significant. Conclusions: The safety of oral rehydration therapy was found to be equivalent to that of the customary practice of infusion as a method for managing hydration and replenishing electrolytes in patients receiving ERCP. Oral rehydration therapy may be easily utilized as rehydration therapy prior to endoscopic screening for ERCP and other procedures.

Correspondence: Newer oral rehydration solution OS-1 for emesis gravidarum

Though nausea and vomiting are quite common in pregnancy, hyperemesis is found in only 1 - 2 patients per 100. Appropriate oral fluid and electrolyte replacement is the initial treatment regimen for patients with mild to moderate emesis to avoid hyperemesis gravidarum defined as dehydration, electrolyte unbalance and ketosis. A newer oral rehydration solution OS-1 therapy may be safe and feasible in the mild to moderate emesis gravidarum population. Physicians are encouraged to use this practice to maintain the amount of water in the body and electrolytes and to improve the patient’s comfort.

作物旱后复水补偿效应产生的源-库-流的响应及机制

[目的]作物在生长过程,尤其在干旱半干旱地区,时常经受干旱和复水(降雨或灌溉)过程。干旱胁迫下作物的生长发育受到抑制,产量降低;同时,经过干旱胁迫后作物对干旱胁迫的耐受性有所提高;而干旱胁迫后复水,为了弥补作物干旱期间的损失,作物往往表现出补偿性生长,在产量上产生补偿甚至超补偿效应。作物旱后复水补偿效应是作物对干旱胁迫的积极响应与复水后补偿性生长的共同结果,在旱区作物生产中合理利用旱后复水补偿效应可以有效提升作物产量和水分利用效率。[方法]“源库”关系被广泛用来解释作物产量的形成过程,调控源库关系也是提高作物产量的重要途径。旱后复水补偿效应的产生与作物“源—库—流”响应关系密切。[结果]基于当前的研究进展,从“源库”关系总结作物旱后复水补偿作用产生的机制。在干旱胁迫过程中,源端表现为气孔关闭、光合降低、可溶性碳水化合物累积增加,而库端表现为库活性增加。复水后补偿效应产生过程中,在源端气孔打开、光合恢复、短时间内甚至高于干旱胁迫前,同时源端(叶片)可溶性碳水化合物代谢增强,促进作物光合作用,碳水化合物的合成能力提高;在库端(籽粒)库活性维持较高水平,同化物卸载和累积速度加快;同时流中同化物转运维持较高水平。在补偿效应产生的源—库响应中同化物的转运积累起着重要的作用,其中蔗糖转化酶(INV)、细胞壁转化酶(CW-INV)和聚糖代谢酶(1-FEH w3)活性在作物旱后复水补偿效应的源库响应过程中起着至关重要的作用。[结论]从源库关系角度对旱后复水补偿效应产生的机制进行较为深入的总结和分析,为理解作物旱后复水补偿效应产生的机制及旱区作物水分高效利用提供理论依据。

干旱-复水对桂西北喀斯特地区青冈栎幼苗叶片光合能力、叶绿素荧光和显微结构的影响

【目的】探讨喀斯特地区适生种青冈栎幼苗对“干旱-复水”环境的适应机制,为该地区植被恢复和人工造林提供理论依据。【方法】以当年生实生苗为材料,通过盆栽控水试验研究4种土壤干旱胁迫强度[对照(-0.1 MPa)、轻度干旱(-0.5 MPa)、中度干旱(-0.9 MPa)和重度干旱(-1.5 MPa)]及复水处理对叶片水分状况、光合效率、叶绿素荧光和解剖结构参数的影响。【结果】(1)随干旱胁迫加剧,叶片相对含水率、水势、净光合速率(P_(n))、蒸腾速率(T_(r))、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO_(2)浓度(C_(i))均显著降低,而气孔限制值(L_(s))显著增加,但轻度胁迫下各光合参数以及轻中度胁迫下瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)均不受显著影响。复水后,各干旱处理叶片水分参数、P_(n)、T_(r)、Gs、C_(i)、WUE均比复水前提高,L_(s)比复水前降低;轻度胁迫复水后叶片水分和光合参数均优于对照,中度胁迫仅L_(s)未恢复,重度胁迫复水后叶片水分和光合参数均未恢复。(2)随干旱胁迫加剧,叶片初始荧光(F_(o))显著增加,最大荧光(F_(m))、最大光化学量子产量(F_(v)/F_(m))和潜在光化学效率(F_(v)/F_(o))均显著下降,且在轻度胁迫下均与对照显著差异。复水后,各干旱胁迫处理F_(m)、F_(v)/F_(m)和F_(v)/F_(o)比复水前提高,而F_(o)均略低于复水前,轻度胁迫复水后各叶绿素荧光参数均恢复或优于对照,中度和重度胁迫复水后F_(o)未恢复,且重度胁迫复水后F_(v)/F_(m)仅为0.75。(3)随干旱胁迫加剧,叶片厚度、上下表皮厚度、气孔密度、主脉导管直径均显著增加,叶片气孔器长度、宽度、开口面积、海绵组织厚度均显著降低,而栅栏组织厚度、栅海比和主脉厚度均表现为中度>轻度>对照>重度。复水后,各干旱胁迫处理气孔开口面积和主脉厚度比复水前显著提高;而轻度胁迫叶片结构参数也均恢复或优于对照,中度胁迫气孔开口面积仍显著低于对照,重度胁迫气孔开口未能恢复打开,主脉厚度也低于对照。【结论】青冈栎幼苗有较强耐旱性和旱后恢复能力,适合作为喀斯特地区的生态恢复树种,但在青冈栎幼苗抚育阶段应免受中度以上干旱胁迫(-0.9 MPa),以利于旱后恢复生长。

速泡鲜腐竹加工工艺研究

在传统腐竹加工工艺的基础上,采用冷冻工艺制备速泡鲜腐竹。研究鼓风干燥预处理方式下冷冻时间、冷冻温度对速泡鲜腐竹复水率、泡发时间、感官品质的影响。分析不同加工工艺下腐竹的质构、色泽、泡发时间和复水率,以及炒制、油炸和煮制食用方式下产品的品质特点。结果表明,速泡鲜腐竹的最佳工艺为鼓风干燥温度40℃、干燥时间20 min、冷冻时间8 h、冷冻温度-20℃,该条件下制备的速泡鲜腐竹的水分含量为42.55%,泡发时间为3 min,复水率为58.87%。与市售干腐竹相比,速泡鲜腐竹的泡发时间缩短了90倍,油炸时的吸油率降低48.51%,速泡鲜腐竹无需浸泡,可以直接炒制、油炸和煮制,极大提高了食用的便捷性。

速食杂粮预熟化工艺研究

旨在对耐煮杂粮进行预熟化加工来提高耐煮杂粮食用的便捷性.采用常压蒸煮预熟化工艺,研究蒸煮时间对薏仁、红豆、莲子、麦仁和糯米的复水率和糊化度的影响,对比分析预熟化前后的杂粮熬制时间和品质变化.研究结果表明:薏仁、红豆、莲子、麦仁和糯米常压蒸煮预熟化的蒸煮时间分别为110、65、40、40和35 min,预熟化薏仁、红豆、莲子、麦仁和糯米的复水率分别为171.5%、190%、170.67%、224%和182.67%,糊化度分别为90%、74.54%、80.1%、92.85%和96.97%.预熟化压片薏仁、红豆、莲子、麦仁和糯米的熬制时间分别为10、8、12、10和6 min,与未预熟化原料相比,熬制时间缩短了6.6、6.5、3、4和2.3倍,极大提高了杂粮食用的便捷性.

烫漂预处理对苹果干燥过程中微观结构及质构品质的影响

为提高烫漂预处理后苹果片的热风干燥效率和品质,本研究系统评估了热水烫漂与真空蒸汽脉动烫漂两种预处理方法对苹果片的宏观干燥效果。研究结果表明,在真空度0.07 MPa、烫漂2次和烫漂时间3 min条件下真空蒸汽脉动烫漂预处理提升了苹果片的复水比和质构品质,同时缩短了干燥时间。通过石蜡切片、显微观测、图像处理等技术对两种预处理方法干燥的苹果片微观结构进行研究,对比分析在不同烫漂条件(热水烫漂:温度和时间;真空蒸汽脉动烫漂:真空度、次数和时间)下苹果片的细胞横截面面积、周长、当量直径、细胞圆度、壁面粗糙度因子和孔隙率的变化规律。结果显示,随着漂烫温度的升高、时间的延长和烫漂次数的增加,苹果片的细胞会产生使后续干燥过程中水分加速蒸发的变化,从而缩短干燥时间。此外,通过多项式拟合建立了微观结构参数与复水比之间的关系方程。研究结果可为揭示真空蒸汽脉动烫漂预处理对苹果微观结构和宏观品质影响的机理提供理论依据。

干旱胁迫条件下朱槿叶绿素荧光特性

以朱槿为试验材料,研究了干旱胁迫及复水对朱槿叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:朱槿在经受25 d自然干旱胁迫后,除Fv/Fm值显著降低外,Y(Ⅱ)、qP、NPQ、ETR等值均有所上升。复水1 d后,Fv/Fm值有止降回升的趋势,Y(Ⅱ)、qP、NPQ、ETR等参数则恢复到对照水平。利用直角双曲线修正模型拟合的快速光曲线结果表明,中度干旱胁迫提高了朱槿光化学反应的启动能力,在弱光条件下具有最高的光能利用效率。当光强超过190μmol/(m^(2)·s)时,CK和复水1 d的适应能力更强,具有最大适应光强变化的能力和光合活性。研究综合认为,朱槿在干旱胁迫下具有良好的自身调节能力,具有较强的光合系统损伤修复能力,表现出极强的抗干旱胁迫能力,可在较干旱地区栽培应用。

干旱胁迫对6个品种大果沙枣幼苗生理特性的影响

对比分析不同品种大果沙枣应对干旱胁迫的生理响应对策,选育出抗旱性较强的品种,以期为大果沙枣优良品种在干旱区的推广种植提供科学依据。本研究以6个大果沙枣优良品种的1龄扦插苗为研究材料,通过土壤持续干旱后复水处理,采用单因素方差分析比较6个品种大果沙枣幼苗水分生理、叶绿素荧光特性差异,采用隶属函数进行综合评价。结果表明,随着干旱持续时间的延长,6个品种大果沙枣叶片相对含水量(RWC)、枝条水势(PW)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光能转化效率[Y(Ⅱ)]、光合电子传递速率(ETR)逐渐下降,复水后各项指标均逐渐回升;叶片水分饱和亏(RWD)与初始荧光(F0)随着干旱胁迫时间的延长逐渐增大,复水后减小。参试大果沙枣幼苗抗旱能力由强到弱表现为‘金莎’、‘巴楚1号’、‘雅丰’、‘策勒大黄’、‘白沙甜’、‘麦盖提3号’。在气温较高且大果沙枣幼苗生长旺盛的7—8月,各品种灌溉周期建议为‘麦盖提3号’与‘白沙甜’15d,‘巴楚1号’、‘雅丰’和‘策勒大黄’20d,‘金莎’25d。

不同干燥方式对低盐腌制鲍鱼复水及品质特性的影响

为研究不同干燥方式对低盐腌制鲍鱼复水品质的影响,本研究采用真空冷冻干燥、冷风干燥与热风干燥对其进行干燥处理,研究其复水过程的质量体积和复水率,并通过低场核磁共振(low field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)和磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)研究复水过程的水分分布以及复水后的色差、质构、组织形态、游离氨基酸等变化情况。结果表明,在72 h时真空冷冻干鲍的复水率为278.73%,显著高于冷风干鲍和热风干鲍的复水率(P<0.05)。由LF-NMR和MRI结果分析得出,不易流动水和自由水含量是三种干鲍水分含量增加的主要因素。真空冷冻干鲍、冷风干燥和热风干鲍分别在72、48和24 h时复水完成。不同的干燥方式影响复水后的质构,结果显示,三种干燥方式的鲍鱼样品硬度与咀嚼性均有显著差异(P<0.05),真空冷冻干燥鲍鱼复水后硬度和咀嚼性最低,分别为954.01和708.59 g;热风干燥鲍鱼复水后硬度与咀嚼性最高,分别为1230.14和920.02 g。组织学染色与扫描电镜结果显示,真空冷冻干鲍的肌肉组织为较疏松的多孔结构;冷风干鲍和热风干鲍的组织为较细长和致密的结构。综上,真空冷冻干燥鲍鱼的复水率最高,硬度和咀嚼性最低,口感最好,但滋味不及热风干燥鲍鱼。本研究结果可为了解不同干燥方法对低盐腌制鲍鱼产品品质的影响提供理论参考。

干辣椒复水模型构建及复水后特性和发酵品质研究

为探究干辣椒复水后的加工适应性,选取西南地区常见的5个辣椒品种进行复水试验,采用主成分分析筛选综合得分最高的品种并以其为原料制备辣椒酱。结果表明,Peleg模型适用于料液比1:50(g:mL),恒温45℃干辣椒复水过程,复水90 min时5种辣椒质构特性较好,微观结构最接近新鲜辣椒,其中二荆条为最适宜复水再加工辣椒品种。以鲜二荆条发酵辣椒酱(A)为对照,对比研究复水二荆条发酵辣椒酱(B)和复水二荆条加蔗糖发酵辣椒酱(C),辣椒酱A的总酸、还原糖和氨基酸含量显著高于辣椒酱B和C(P<0.05),但辣椒酱C的必需氨基酸含量占比(38.43%)最接近理想蛋白模式;辣椒酱B的辣度最高,添加蔗糖后辣椒酱C的辣度显著改善;辣椒酱C和A的感官评分最为接近。试验表明复水二荆条添加蔗糖发酵可提升复水辣椒酱的营养价值,感官品质也更接近鲜二荆条发酵辣椒酱。该研究结果可为复水辣椒的高值化应用提供理论参考。

香菇菌棒在架注水机的设计与试验

针对香菇菌棒在出菇环节需要多次对多层菌架上的菌棒逐一进行补水操作时传统人工补水劳动强度大、效率低且无法精准控制注水量的问题,设计了一种香菇菌棒在架注水机,该机主要由夹持装置、注水装置、升降装置、旋转装置、驱动装置和定位装置六部分组成,由夹持装置和注水装置组成注水单元,一次可同时完成3层共15个菌棒的夹持注水工作,在升降装置带动下实现多层菌棒的补水作业,再通过旋转装置完成另一侧菌架的菌棒在架补水作业。理论计算结果显示,夹持装置的最大加持力F_(jmax)为4 750 N,注水装置的最小推力F_(tmin)为2 455 N,旋转装置需先加速2 s后再匀速旋转3.5 s。样机试验结果显示,补水后菌棒的破损率为0,平均质量比为84.8%,平均工作效率为230个/h。

不同生育期水分胁迫对葡萄叶绿素荧光参数指标和产量的影响

研究不同生育期水分胁迫对葡萄叶绿素相对含量、叶绿素荧光特性和产量的影响,探究葡萄不同生育期水分胁迫下的叶绿素荧光响应调节机制,指导葡萄生长的灌水策略。以3 a生鲜食葡萄“玫瑰香”为供试材料,采用滴灌的灌水方式,设置了6个水分胁迫处理(全生育期胁迫、萌芽期胁迫、新梢生长期胁迫、开花期胁迫、膨大期胁迫、着色期胁迫)和1个对照处理(充分灌溉田间持水量的90%)。结果表明:水分胁迫降低了葡萄叶绿素相对含量、Fv/Fm(最大光化学效率)、Y_((2))(光化学量子产量)、q^(N)(非光化学淬灭系数)、q^(P)(光化学淬灭系数)、ETR(电子传递速率)等光合叶绿素荧光参数指标,复水后均有所恢复,但全生育期和膨大期水分胁迫对植株造成了不可逆的影响,显著降低了果实单粒重和穗重,导致减产13.53%和11.70%;而萌芽期水分胁迫并未显著降低叶绿素相对含量,最终实现增产9.87%。萌芽期水分胁迫复水后会引起生理指标的反弹,实现葡萄的节水增产。