Strategies for Teaching the Reinforced Concrete Structures Course in Engineering Majors

The cultivation of engineering capabilities aims to equip engineering professionals with high-level expertise to meet the demands of society and industry development,thereby enhancing their competitiveness and career potential.This article focuses on engineering capability development,exploring teaching strategies for the Reinforced Concrete Structure course.It aims to provide insights for educators in engineering programs at universities and vocational colleges in China.By doing so,teaching plans that meet the needs of engineering capability development,laying a solid educational foundation for the healthy growth of engineering professionals in the new era,and enhancing their application of knowledge and skills can be developed.

Exploring the Synergy: Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Steel and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Reinforced Slab Incorporating Alccofine and M-Sand

Introduction: This study investigates the Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Steel and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Reinforced Slab Incorporating Alccofine and M-sand. Objective: Specific objectives include evaluating the mechanical properties and structural behaviour of steel and GFRP-reinforced one-way slabs and comparing experimental and theoretical predictions. Methods: Four different mix proportions were arrived at, comprising both conventional concrete and Alccofine-based concrete. In each formulation, a combination of normal river sand and M-sand was utilized. Results: Concrete with Alccofine exhibits superior mechanical properties, while M-sand incorporation minimally affects strength but reduces reliance on natural sand. GFRP-reinforced slabs display distinct brittle behaviour with significant deflections post-cracking, contrasting steel-reinforced slabs’ gradual, ductile failure. Discrepancies between experimental data and design recommendations underscore the need for guideline refinement. Conclusion: Alccofine and M-sand enhance concrete properties, but reinforcement type significantly influences slab behaviour. GFRP-reinforced slabs, though exhibiting lower values than steel, offer advantages in harsh environments, warranting further optimization.

Mechanical Characterization of Rhecktophyllum Camerunense (RC) Fiber Reinforced Concrete

This work presents the development and mechanical characterization of a concrete reinforced with plant fiber extracted from Rhecktophyllum Camerunense (RC), a plant found in the regions of Center and South Cameroon. A comparative study between ordinary concrete and concrete reinforced with RC fiber at different percentages (0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3%) was carried out. The mechanical characterization of the material consisted in studying the flexural, compressive and splitting tensile strength by using cylindrical specimens of dimensions 160 × 320 in accordance with standards EN 12390-3 and EN 12390-6. The study of the mechanical properties was completed by the three-point bending test using prismatic test specimens of dimension 40 × 40 × 160 made according to the EN 196 standard. It emerges from this work that the addition of RC fiber improves the mechanical properties of concrete up to 0.2% with a peak at 0.1% of fiber corresponding to respective increases of 9%, 16% and 6% of the values of mechanical resistance to compression, flexion and tension after 28 days. From 0.3% of fiber, the values of the mechanical characteristics of the composite drop to values lower than those of ordinary concrete. The density reduction rate at 28 days is about 10% compared to the mass of ordinary concrete. These results allow us to conclude that the RC fiber could be valorized for the production of lightweight concrete.

Mechanical Characterization of Rhecktophyllum Camerunense (RC) Fiber Reinforced Concrete

This work presents the development and mechanical characterization of a concrete reinforced with plant fiber extracted from Rhecktophyllum Camerunense (RC), a plant found in the regions of Center and South Cameroon. A comparative study between ordinary concrete and concrete reinforced with RC fiber at different percentages (0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3%) was carried out. The mechanical characterization of the material consisted in studying the flexural, compressive and splitting tensile strength by using cylindrical specimens of dimensions 160 × 320 in accordance with standards EN 12390-3 and EN 12390-6. The study of the mechanical properties was completed by the three-point bending test using prismatic test specimens of dimension 40 × 40 × 160 made according to the EN 196 standard. It emerges from this work that the addition of RC fiber improves the mechanical properties of concrete up to 0.2% with a peak at 0.1% of fiber corresponding to respective increases of 9%, 16% and 6% of the values of mechanical resistance to compression, flexion and tension after 28 days. From 0.3% of fiber, the values of the mechanical characteristics of the composite drop to values lower than those of ordinary concrete. The density reduction rate at 28 days is about 10% compared to the mass of ordinary concrete. These results allow us to conclude that the RC fiber could be valorized for the production of lightweight concrete.

Self-centering seismic retrofit scheme for reinforced concrete frame structures:SDOF system study

This paper presents the results of a parametric study of self-centering seismic retrofit schemes for reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings. The self-centering retrofit system features flag-shaped hysteresis and minimal residual deformation. For comparison purpose,an alternate seismic retrofit scheme that uses a bilinear-hysteresis retrofit system such as buckling-restrained braces (BRB) is also considered in this paper. The parametric study was carried out in a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system framework since a multi-story building structure may be idealized as an equivalent SDOF system and investigation of the performance of this equivalent SDOF system can provide insight into the seismic response of the multi-story building. A peak-oriented hysteresis model which can consider the strength and stiffness degradation is used to describe the hysteretic behavior of RC structures. The parametric study involves two key parameters -the strength ratio and elastic stiffness ratio between the seismic retrofit system and the original RC frame. An ensemble of 172 earthquake ground motion records scaled to the design basis earthquake in California with a probability of exceedance of 10% in 50 years was constructed for the simulation-based parametric study. The effectiveness of the two seismic retrofit schemes considered in this study is evaluated in terms of peak displacement ratio,peak acceleration ratio,energy dissipation demand ratio and residual displacement ratio between the SDOF systems with and without retrofit. It is found from this parametric study that RC structures retrofitted with the self-centering retrofit scheme (SCRS) can achieve a seismic performance level comparable to the bilinear-hysteresis retrofit scheme (BHRS) in terms of peak displacement and energy dissipation demand ratio while having negligible residual displacement after earthquake.

Achievements of Truss Models for Reinforced Concrete Structures

Achievements are presented for truss models of RC structures developed in previous years: 1. Two constitutive models, biaxial and triaxial, are based on regular trusses, with bars obeying nonlinear uniaxial σ-ε laws of material under simulation;both models have been compared with test results and show a dependence of Poisson ratio on curvature of σ-ε law. 2. A truss finite element has been used in the nonlinear static and dynamic analysis of plane RC frames;it has been compared with test results and describes, in a simple way, the formation of plastic hinges. 3. Thanks to the very simple geometry of a truss, the equilibrium equations can be easily written and the stiffness matrix can be easily updated, both with respect to the deformed truss, within each step of a static incremental loading or within each time step of a dynamic analysis, so that to take into account geometric nonlinearities. So the confinement of a RC column is interpreted as a structural stability effect of concrete. And a significant role of the transverse reinforcement is revealed, that of preventing, by its close spacing and sufficient amount, the buckling of inner longitudinal concrete struts, which would lead to a global instability of the RC column. 4. The proposed truss model is statically indeterminate, so it exhibits some features, which are not met by the “strut-and-tie” model.

DAMAGE LOCATION DUE TO CORROSION IN REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

An investigation on damage location due to the corrosion in reinforced concrete structures is conducted. The frequency change square ratio is used as a parameter for the damage. It is theoretically verified that the parameter is a function of the damage location. Experimental results of the corrosion in reinforced concrete structures show that the predicted damage location is in agreement with the real damage location. The modal parameters are used to detect the damages in structural concrete elements, and so they are useful for structural appraisal.

Full－range nonlinear analysis of fatigue behaviors of reinforced concrete structures by finite element method

The offshore reinforced concrete structures are always subject to cyclic load, such as wave load.In this paper a new finite element analysis model is developed to analyze the stress and strain state of reinforced concrete structures including offshore concrete structures, subject to any number of the cyclic load. On the basis of the anal ysis of the experimental data,this model simplifies the number of cycles-total cyclic strain curve of concrete as three straight line segments,and it is assumed that the stress-strain curves of different cycles in each segment are the same, thus the elastoplastic analysis is only needed for the first cycle of each segment, and the stress or strain corresponding to any number of cycles can be obtained by superposition of stress or strain obtained by the above e lastoplastic analysis based on the cyclic numbers in each segment.This model spends less computer time,and can obtain the stress and strain states of the structures after any number of cycles.The endochronic-damage and ideal offshore concrete platform subject to cyclic loading are experimented and analyzed by the finite element method based on the model proposed in this paper. The results between the experiment and the finite element analysis are in good agreement,which demonstrates the validity and accuracy of the proposed model.

Progressive collapse resisting capacity of reinforced concrete load bearing wall structures

Reinforced concrete(RC) load bearing wall is widely used in high-rise and mid-rise buildings. Due to the number of walls in plan and reduction in lateral force portion, this system is not only stronger against earthquakes, but also more economical. The effect of progressive collapse caused by removal of load bearing elements, in various positions in plan and stories of the RC load bearing wall system was evaluated by nonlinear dynamic and static analyses. For this purpose, three-dimensional model of 10-story structure was selected. The analysis results indicated stability, strength and stiffness of the RC load-bearing wall system against progressive collapse. It was observed that the most critical condition for removal of load bearing walls was the instantaneous removal of the surrounding walls located at the corners of the building where the sections of the load bearing elements were changed. In this case, the maximum vertical displacement was limited to 6.3 mm and the structure failed after applying the load of 10 times the axial load bored by removed elements. Comparison between the results of the nonlinear dynamic and static analyses demonstrated that the "load factor" parameter was a reasonable criterion to evaluate the progressive collapse potential of the structure.

纤维织物增强高延性混凝土加固RC短柱抗剪性能试验研究

为研究纤维织物增强高延性混凝土(TR-HDC)加固钢筋混凝土短柱的抗剪性能,设计了6根钢筋混凝土柱,包括2个对比柱和4个TR-HDC加固柱.通过低周反复荷载试验,对比分析剪跨比、纤维织物层数对试件破坏形态、变形、承载力和耗能能力的影响.结果表明:采用TR-HDC加固钢筋混凝土短柱,可显著提高其抗剪承载力;TR-HDC与原混凝土柱协同工作性能良好,加固后的混凝土柱的变形、承载力和耗能能力明显提高;增加纤维织物的层数对钢筋混凝土短柱的抗剪承载力提高幅度较小,但可大幅增强柱的耗能和变形能力;剪跨比较大时,更有利于发挥TR-HDC加固材料的力学性能.基于桁架-拱模型,提出TR-HDC加固钢筋混凝土短柱的抗剪承载力计算方法,计算结果较准确.

近海大气环境下RC结构钢筋锈蚀程度预测

钢筋锈蚀是影响近海大气环境下RC结构使用寿命的重要因素之一。为研究近海大气环境下混凝土碳化与氯离子侵蚀双重作用对钢筋锈蚀的影响,对沿海地区不同龄期钢筋混凝土结构进行了工程实测,包括混凝土抗压强度、碳化深度、钢筋表面氯离子浓度及锈蚀深度。基于实测结果,拟合得到了混凝土碳化深度与抗压强度间的关系模型,建立了同时考虑混凝土碳化深度与钢筋表面氯离子浓度的钢筋锈蚀深度预测模型。在此基础上,利用Abaqus分析软件对不同龄期、轴压比的RC框架柱进行了损伤塑性分析,得到了锈蚀RC框架柱抗震性能随服役龄期与轴压比的变化规律。

设有叠合柱的局部错层RC框架结构地震易损性分析

为研究某一设有叠合柱的局部错层钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete,RC)框架结构在近断层和远场地震作用下的破坏概率,自定义钢管混凝土叠合柱塑性铰参数,并与试验对比验证塑性铰参数的有效性。采用SAP2000建立非线性分析模型,选取近断层和远场地震波共22条,分别以地震峰值加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA)和最大层间位移角作为地震动强度指标和结构性能指标,基于增量动力分析(incremental dynamic analysis,IDA)结果和点估计函数对错层框架结构进行易损性分析。结果表明:对于远场地震动,结构满足“三水准”抗震设防要求,在罕遇地震下超越防止倒塌极限状态的概率仅为0.24%;结构在近断层多遇地震下仍能满足“小震不坏”的设计要求,设防地震下结构超越修复后使用极限状态的概率为53.63%,发生中等破坏的概率较大,罕遇地震下结构达到倒塌极限状态的概率为5.37%,较远场地震作用破坏更为严重。研究结果可为错层框架结构的设计和地震风险评估提供参考。

附设黏滞阻尼器的RC框架结构抗震韧性评估

为研究黏滞阻尼器对钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete,RC)框架结构抗震韧性影响,基于增量动力时程分析方法,对附设黏滞阻尼器的RC框架结构开展抗震韧性能力评估。结合FEMA P-58以及我国抗震韧性评价标准,将主要受损构件的修复费用、修复时间曲线以及易损性信息按实际情况进行相应修正,并对无控结构和有控结构的修复费用、修复时间和人员伤亡等主要抗震韧性指标进行对比分析,明确了黏滞阻尼器对RC框架结构抗震韧性的影响。研究表明,在RC框架结构中适当设置黏滞阻尼器不仅能够减小结构地震响应、降低结构破坏概率,还能有效提升结构抗震韧性。

功能可恢复RCS混合框架结构研究进展

钢筋混凝土柱-钢梁(RCS)混合框架结构以其结合了混凝土优异的抗压性能及钢材优异的抗弯性能而受到广泛关注,而可恢复功能结构以其震后快速恢复使用功能的能力,也成为地震工程界研究的新热点。功能可恢复RCS混合框架结构可以在弯矩较大的梁端和柱脚部位设置可更换构件,实现结构的功能可恢复能力。文中简述了近年来功能可恢复RCS混合框架结构研究进展,重点关注各类型功能可恢复钢梁、功能可恢复摇摆柱脚的构造研究,介绍了功能可恢复RCS混合框架结构性能分析研究进展。最后,对功能可恢复RCS混合框架结构仍需深入研究的问题进行了展望。

Reliability analysis for anchorage of reinforced concrete beams with longitudinal cracks due to corrosion at anchorage zone

An anchorage reliability analysis approach for simply supported reinforced concrete beams under corrosion attack in the anchorage zone is developed.The first-order second-moment method is employed to analyze the effects of various factors on the anchorage reliability.These factors include both the length and width of cover cracking due to reinforcement corrosion,the cover thickness,the anchorage length,and the stirrup ratio.The results show that the effect of corrosion-induced crack length on the reliability index for anchorage,β0,is negligible when the crack on the concrete surface is just appearing,but with the crack widening,the β0 value is reduced significantly;the considerable changes in β0 result from a variation in cover depth and anchorage length;the effect of changes in the diameter or space of stirrups on the anchorage resistance is very limited,and the variation in β0 is also very low.

考虑结构空间作用的RC框架梁轴向约束刚度研究

为真实反映结构对框架梁的空间约束作用,提出了轴向约束刚度指标以量化结构空间约束,并建立可模拟框架结构空间约束作用的数值模型。对比足尺框架结构试验数据表明,按规范计算的框架梁抗弯承载力与试验值相对误差为42%~75%,考虑结构轴向约束作用后相对误差缩小至25%以内,说明该模型可较好地模拟框架结构轴向约束作用,验证了该数值模型的合理性和可靠性。在有限元软件SAP2000中建立等效弹性数值模型,通过单参数分析得到对RC框架梁轴向约束刚度有显著影响的关键变量。在常见工程的取值范围内对关键变量进行充分的排列组合,开展规模化数值分析并总结结构空间约束的作用机理与RC框架梁极限状态下轴向约束刚度分布规律,得出了极限状态下RC框架梁轴向约束刚度的计算方法。

提升RC框架结构抗震韧性的冗余柱性能分析

本文提出了一种通过设置可更换冗余柱以增强钢筋混凝土框架结构抗震韧性的方法。通过冗余柱纵筋在钢筋机械套筒里的锚固长度以控制冗余柱与框架连接节点处的钢筋失效,节点的刚性连接转变为铰链连接。以钢筋直径和锚固长度为变量,对钢筋机械连接套筒试件进行了13组拉伸试验和6组高应力拉压试验,每组包含3个试件,一个试件包含两段钢筋和一个机械套筒。试验结果表明,适当设计机械连接套筒锚固长度,可实现可控成铰性能。将实测数据应用于冗余柱的截面和构件仿真分析中,证明可通过改变钢筋于套筒锚固长度控制当冗余柱极限变形达到设计值时柱端自动成铰,使冗余柱损坏后仍为关键结构柱提供竖向承载能力,同时保护关键柱在遭遇强震时不易发生严重破坏。

基于构件性能的SRC框架结构抗震性能评估研究

针对位移抗震性能设计的不足,现行规范采用构件损伤程度补充评估结构的抗震性能,但对于型钢混凝土(steel reinforced concrete,SRC)框架结构,其在各性能水平下的损伤构件比例未有明确规定。在此背景下,提出了SRC框架的构件性能状态与结构性能水准的对应关系,建立了基于构件性能的SRC框架结构抗震性能评估方法。对不同高度和抗震设防烈度的SRC框架结构模型进行增量动力分析(incremental dynamic analysis,IDA),明确了结构的层间位移角和构件损伤分布,通过统计多条地震波下结构不同极限状态的构件破坏比例,建立用于体型规则SRC框架结构抗震评估的构件性能指标,并进一步采用地震易损性分析对结构抗震性能进行了评估。

6.4级漾濞地震某RC框架及其非结构部件震害分析

2021年云南漾濞6.4级地震造成了较大范围的建筑破坏,在漾濞县城记录到的地震加速峰值(PGA)高达720.2 gal。在强震作用下,大量土木结构的民居发生了破坏,而约束砌体和钢筋混凝土(RC)结构的震害则相对较轻。现场震害调查发现,部分框架结构的震害明显重于同一区域的其他同类型结构,呈现明显、多样的非结构部件破坏特征。因此,该文对某震害较重的框架进行详细调查,分类分析结构及其非结构部件地震破坏细节;依据图纸及现场考察信息建立精细有限元分析模型,对此次地震的地震动破坏力特征以及该框架结构及其非结构部件的地震破坏机理进行了量化分析。分析结果表明:带填充墙框架仿真模型的分析结果与实际震害现象更接近;框架结构局部大空间、框架底部的约束形式和填充墙的布置形式的综合作用导致结构产生局部过大变形与各类非结构部件的严重破坏。在考虑填充墙对框架结构的作用效应后,结构的不规则性大幅增加,导致结构薄弱层的最大层间位移角相较纯框架模型增加127%,并且明显加剧非结构部件的震害。该文对该建筑震害现象的详细调查与仿真分析,可为结构抗震设计与应急救援决策提供参考。

UHPC-RC节段组合梁的抗弯性能分析

为研究低预应力度条件下,不同节段接缝的超高性能混凝土-钢筋混凝土(ultra-high performance concrete-reinforced concrete,UHPC-RC)组合梁的抗弯性能,文章基于ABAQUS有限元软件,建立UHPC-RC节段组合梁的基准有限元模型,并利用已有的试验数据验证该模型的合理性。节段接缝分别为平面干接缝、平面胶接缝、齿键干接缝和齿键胶接缝,在基准有限元模型的基础上,进一步研究节段接缝类型对组合梁抗弯性能的影响。研究发现,在四点受弯加载方式下,接缝的几何特征(平面或齿键)对组合梁的极限荷载和开裂荷载影响较小,环氧树脂胶的使用对组合梁的抗弯性能影响较大。