Effect of Partial Replacement of Fly Ash by Decoration Waste Powder on the Fresh and Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer Masonry Mortar

This study aims to investigate the feasibility of using decoration waste powder(DWP)as a partial replacement for fly ash(FA)in the preparation of geopolymer masonry mortar,and to examine the effect of different DWP replacement rates(0%-40%)on the fresh and mechanical properties of the mortar.The results showed that each group of geopolymer masonry mortar exhibited excellent water retention performance,with a water retention rate of 100%,which was due to the unique geopolymer mortar system and high viscosity of the alkaline activator solution.Compared to the control group,the flowability of the mortar containing lower contents of DWP(10%and 20%)was higher.However,as the DWP replacement rate further increased,the flowability gradually decreased.The DWP could absorb the free water in the reaction system of geopolymer mortar,thereby limiting the occurrence of geopolymerization reaction.The incorporation of DWP in the mortar resulted in a decrease in compressive strength compared to the mortar without DWP.However,even at a replacement rate of 40%,the compressive strength of the mortar still exceeded 15 MPa,which met the requirements of the masonry mortar.It was feasible to use DWP in the geopolymer masonry mortar.Although the addition of DWP caused some performance loss,it did not affect its usability.

Thermomechanical Modelling of Industrial Vessels that Contain Refractory Masonry Linings

Some refractory linings that protect metallic vessels from the hot temperature of the products they contain are made of masonries with or without mortar.The joints play an important role,reducing the stresses in the masonries during heating.Furthermore,the presence of these joints makes the behaviour of the masonry nonlinear and orthotropic.To perform a thermomechanical simulation using a finite element method of an industrial vessel that contains hundreds or thousands of bricks and joints,microscopic models are not suitable due to the high computational time and the management of the behaviour of the joints(opening/closing)which affects the convergence.To overcome these problems,it is proposed to replace the masonry by a homogeneous material that has a behaviour equivalent to the set of bricks and joints,using a periodic homogenization technique.Since the joints can be closed or open,the equivalent material will have a different behaviour according to the joint state.Furthermore,refractory materials have an elastic-viscoplastic behaviour at high temperatures.So,the equivalent material will have an orthotropic elastic-viscoplastic behaviour,requiring a nonlinear homogenisation technique.An overview of this approach developed at University of Orléans is presented with two industrial applications(blast-furnace and steel ladle).

Impact of Earthquake Action on the Design and Sizing of Jointed Masonry Structures in South Kivu, DRC

This article deals with the investigation of the effects of seismic impacts on the design and dimensioning of structures in South Kivu. The starting point is the observation of an ambivalence that can be observed in the province, namely the non-consideration of seismic action in the study of structures by both professionals and researchers. The main objective of the study is to show the importance of dynamic analysis of structures in South Kivu. It adopts a meta-analytical approach referring to previous researches on South Kivu and proposes an efficient and optimal method. To arrive at the results, we use Eurocode 7 and 8. In addition, we conducted static analysis using the Coulomb method and dynamic analysis using the Mononobe-Okabe method and compared the results. At Nyabibwe, the results showed that we have a deviation of 24.47% for slip stability, 12.038% for overturning stability and 9.677% for stability against punching through a weight wall.

Triaxial elastoplastic damage constitutive model of unreinforced clay brick masonry wall

Due to differences in the properties of composition materials and construction techniques,unreinforced masonry is characterized by low strength,anisotropy,nonuniformity,and low ductility.In order to accurately simulate the mechanical behavior of unreinforced brick masonry walls under static and dynamic loads,a new elastoplastic damage constitutive model was proposed and the corresponding subroutine was developed based on the concrete material constitutive model.In the proposed constitutive model,the Rankine strength theory and the Drucker-Prager strength theory were used to define the tensile and compressive yield surface function of materials,respectively.Moreover,the stress updating algorithm was modified to consider the tensile plastic permanent deformation of masonry materials.To verify the accuracy of the proposed constitutive model,numerical simulations of the brick masonry under monotonic and cyclic uniaxial tension and compression loads were carried out.Comparisons among the numerical and theoretical and experimental results show that the proposed model can properly reflect the masonry material mechanical properties.Furthermore,the numerical models of four pieces of masonry walls with different mortar strengths were established.Low cyclic loadings were applied and the results show that the proposed constitutive model can properly simulate the wall shear failure characteristics,and the force-displacement hysteretic curves obtained by numerical simulation are in good agreement with the tests.Overall,the proposed elastic-plastic damage constitutive model can simulate the nonlinear behavior of unreinforced brick masonry walls very well,and can be used to predict the structural response of masonry walls.

Numerical simulation on the seismic performance of retrofitted masonry walls based on the combined finite-discrete element method

Due to the long construction life,improper design methods,brittle material properties and poor construction techniques,most existing masonry structures do not perform well during earthquakes.The retrofitting method using an external steel-meshed mortar layer is widely used to retrofit existing masonry buildings.Assessing the seismic performance of masonry walls reinforced by an external steel-meshed mortar layer reasonably and effectively is a difficult subject in the research field of masonry structures.Based on the combined finite-discrete elements method,the numerical models of retrofitted brick walls with four different masonry mortar strengths by an external mortar layer are established.The shear strength of mortar and the contact between the retrofitted mortar layer and the brick blocks are discussed in detail.The failure patterns and load-displacement curves of the retrofitted brick walls were obtained by applying low cycle reciprocating loads to the numerical model,and the bearing capacity and the failure mechanism of the retrofitted walls were obtained by comparing the failure patterns,ultimate bearing capacity,deformability and other aspects with the tests.This study provides a basis for improving the seismic strengthening design method of masonry structures and helps to better assess the seismic performance of masonry structures after retrofitting.

The contribution of steel wallposts to out-of-plane behavior of non-structural masonry walls

For years,non-structural masonry walls have received little attention by code developers and professional engineers.Recently,significant efforts have been made to shed more light on out-of-plane(OOP)behavior of non-structural masonry walls.In updated provisions of the Iranian seismic code,bed joint reinforcements(BJRs)and steel wallposts have been suggested for use.BJRs are horizontal reinforcements;steel wallposts are vertical truss-like elements intended to provide additional OOP restraints for a wall.The contribution of BJRs has previously been investigated by the authors.This study is devoted to investigating the contribution of steel wallposts to the OOP behavior of non-structural masonry walls.Using pre-validated 3D finite element(FE)models,the OOP behavior of 180 non-structural masonry walls with varying configurations and details are investigated.The OOP pressure-displacement curve,ultimate strength,the response modification factor,and the cracking pattern are among the results presented in this study.It is found that steel wallposts,especially those with higher rigidity,can improve the OOP strength of the walls.The contribution of wallposts in the case of shorter length walls and walls with an opening are more pronounced.Results also indicate that masonry walls with wallpost generally have smaller modification factors compared to similar walls without wallpost.

Experimental study on the seismic performance of masonry wall reinforced by cement mortar and polypropylene band

Since masonry structures are prone to collapse in earthquakes,a novel joint reinforcement method with a polypropylene band(PP-band)and cement mortar(CM)has been put forward.Compared with the common reinforcement methods,this method not only facilitates construction but also ensures lower reinforcement cost.To systematically explore the influence of joint reinforcement on the seismic performance of masonry walls,quasi-static tests were carried out on six specimens with different reinforcement forms.The test results show that the joint action of PP-band and CM can significantly improve the specimen′s brittle failure characteristics and enhance the integrity of the specimen after cracking.Compared with the specimen without reinforcement,each of the seismic performance indexes of the joint reinforced specimen had obvious improvement.The maximum increased rate about peak load and ductility of the joint reinforced specimen is 100.6%and 233.4%,respectively.

Case Study-Performances of a Masonry House-Energy Consumption and Air-Tightness

Air-tightness and energy consumption was measured in a one-family house built in 2009 and 2010.The air-tightness fulfilled the goals,which was set to 0.3 L/s·m^(2).The energy consumption was measured from the start in May 2010.The figures in this report refer to measurements between May 2010 and October 2013 and are well below the authority demand of 55 kWh/m^(2)·year.

砌体轴心和局部受压离散元仿真在教学中的应用

砌体是块体和砂浆的黏结组合材料,为了让学生更好地理解砖块体和砂浆对外力的分担作用,运用离散元方法建立了砖块体团簇模型、砂浆团簇模型,进而“砌筑”了普通砖砌体数值试件,对砖砌体分别开展轴心受压和局部受压仿真。仿真复现了砌体受压时的应力-应变关系和破坏模式,应力峰值处伴随大量砖颗粒-砖颗粒胶结接触破坏。砌体应力主要由胶结接触承担,其中砖-砖胶结接触>砖-砂浆胶结接触>砂浆-砂浆胶结接触,砂浆主要起到连接块体的作用;法向接触力承力大于切向接触力。通过仿真教学,有助于学生建立砌体宏观力学表现受控于微观结构和微观力学的认知,加深了学生对砌体受力机理和强度的理解。

装配式配筋砌块砌体结构技术与应用

当前在国家大力倡导建筑业采用装配化建造方式的背景下,装配式混凝土结构、装配式钢结构等建筑新技术不断涌现并在工程建设中大量应用,而砌体建筑在这次装配化建造大潮中比较沉寂。砌体结构领域的工作者一直也在积极探索,介绍了砌体结构中一种配筋砌块砌体结构实现装配化建造的技术,该技术先以标准化生产的砌块产品组装成个性化需求的墙构件,再将墙构件经绑扎后在施工现场吊装并在安装中穿入竖向钢筋,最后用混凝土灌孔连接形成整体结构。该技术是基于理论试验研究及工程实践验证后得出的新成果,已有近20万m^(2)规模的工程实践应用,具有成本低、工艺简、安全性好、效率高等特点,为采用装配化方法建造房屋提供了新的选择。

基于组合赋权法与TOPSIS法的砌体结构加固方案优选

砌体加固方案优选方法对实际工程遴选方案具有重要意义。为此建立了组合赋权法与TOPSIS法相结合的砌体结构加固方案优选方法,引入加固效费比模型,以效费比值为定量指标,以施工工期、施工技术、效果、整体效应4个因素作为定性指标,建立砌体结构抗震加固优选方案指标体系。以某教学楼为例,运用G1-COWA组合赋权法与TOPSIS法,求出该结构最佳加固方案为板墙加固方案。结果表明:所提出的优选方法具有一定的实用性和有效性,也适用于一般砌体加固改造工程;优选方法能根据既有结构的基本信息,科学便捷地决策出最佳方案,为砌体结构的加固设计实施提供更科学的技术支撑。

基于模态柔度曲率的砖石古塔损伤识别研究

损伤识别是结构性能评估的有效途径之一,砖石古塔的模态柔度曲率是进行损伤识别的有效参数之一。为研究古塔结构损伤机制与模态柔度曲率的关系,依据兴教寺窥基塔结构模型振动台试验及数值模拟结果,分析周期性荷载作用下塔体动力响应及破坏特征,建立了塔体损伤程度与模态参数的关系模型。结果表明,古塔结构开裂破坏后,刚度减小,模态柔度曲率增大;数值计算与试验测试所得加速度及频域响应规律一致,塔体模型结构试件的开裂损伤随加载工况增多而持续累积,加载前期损伤参数变化缓慢,而后保持稳定,试验及模拟所得塔体的破坏过程一致。因此,塔体模态柔度曲率变化与古塔结构损伤累积具有一致性,可用于有效可靠识别砖石古塔结构损伤识别。

国外石砌民居抗震研究综述

为对国外石砌民居抗震研究成果进行综述,首先从Web of Science核心数据集中筛选相关文献205篇,应用CiteSpace软件进行计量分析.随后从试验研究、数值模拟和抗震加固3个方面进行概述.以文献中整理的123组试验数据为例进行统计分析,并对数值模拟模型盲预测能力进行概述.结果表明:国外石砌民居抗震研究过程可分为起步、上升和发展3个阶段,现有承载力计算公式和数值模型均不能准确预测试验结果,力学模型的可靠度需通过试验数据库进行提升,数值模拟中材料和模型的不确定性问题亟待解决;提高石砌民居整体性的构造措施是很好的加固手段,但加固机理和量化还需进一步研究.最后对试验数据库应用、模型不确定性解决方案及抗震加固研究发展方向进行展望.

注浆加固砖砌体的受压性能试验研究

我国许多20世纪所修建的砖石砌体结构排水管渠面临年久失修、功能丧失等问题,影响城市的正常运作,亟需对其进行加固修缮。针对砌体结构排水管渠长期遭地下水冲刷、灰缝砂浆不饱满、性能劣化的特点,可采用注浆法填充原结构灰缝,在充分修复原结构的基础上再进行整体结构加固修复。为了验证注浆加固受损砌体的可行性,通过砌筑灰缝饱满度为50%~60%的砌体试件来模拟砌体灰缝砂浆长期受水流冲刷的状态,并完成6个注浆砖砌体、3个未注浆砖砌体的受压试验来对比分析注浆前后砖砌体的受力性能,根据试验结果,拟合砖砌体应力-应变曲线。结果表明,注浆后砖砌体的抗压强度为未注浆砌体的280%,注浆加固砌体的弹性模量和泊松比为未注浆砌体的281%、60%。证明注浆法能够改善受损砌体结构的力学性能,在砖石砌体结构排水管渠的加固工程中可起到修复原砌体结构的作用。

砖石古塔模型振动台试验的离散元模拟分析

砖石古塔块体间黏结强度较低,受地震作用易产生裂缝后发生破坏,为研究砖石古塔在地震作用下开裂及裂缝发展机制,以玄奘塔1/8缩尺模型结构为对象,建立离散元模型,计算了地震波激励下结构的加速度及位移反应,与振动台试验结果进行对比,分析了塔体开裂破坏全过程。结果表明,数值计算所得结构的加速度及位移反应与振动台试验结果一致,当地震烈度较低时,两者顶层位移变化曲线基本一致;烈度提高后,塔体开裂导致结构动力响应的计算值与试验结果出现差异,但两者的变化规律相同。在地震波激励下,塔体首层先开裂,随地震烈度的提高延伸至中部塔层,块体第2层出现阶梯状错动,模型损伤过程与试验裂缝发展状况基本吻合。研究结果为砖石古塔地震损伤及破坏过程分析提供了参考。

泸定6.8级地震城镇居住建筑典型震害及启示

为分析泸定68级地震中城镇居住建筑的破坏情况,对位于震中磨西镇及周边城镇居住建筑的典型震害进行调查,总结了城镇居住建筑中框架结构及砌体结构的震害特征,详细介绍了一栋采用框架结构的高层住宅及一栋采用砌体结构的多层员工宿舍的破坏情况,并分析破坏原因。调查与分析结果表明:本次地震中,框架结构和砌体结构破坏普遍在底层更严重;框架结构震害总体较轻,未合理设计的楼梯及填充墙依然是框架结构中震害集中区;砌体结构墙体出现常见的各种斜向裂缝;除设计因素外,造成少量砌体结构倒塌可能原因是传统砌体结构抵抗竖向地震作用能力不足以及特殊场地地震放大效应。根据两种结构类型的建筑震害特征,对灾区重建及既有房屋改造提出了重点加强老旧建筑合规性排查、合理计算不利地段建筑的地震作用、适当引入合适的减隔震装置等针对性的设计建议,以提高城镇居住建筑的抗震能力,同时体现韧性城镇的设计理念。

基于Weibull分布的石砌体单轴受压损伤本构模型

石砌体的本构模型是石砌体力学计算和有限元数值模拟的重要基础和前提条件。为了深入研究石砌体单轴受压下的本构关系,基于损伤力学理论,应用双参数Weibull分布函数反映损伤变量,根据石砌体单轴受压应力-应变全过程曲线的特征条件确定其参数,推导并建立了石砌体单轴受压损伤本构模型,将已有试验数据验证本构模型的正确性,并将本构模型与典型的砌体本构模型进行对比分析,最后应用本构模型对已有石砌体拱桥试验进行有限元分析以验证本构模型的适用性。结果表明:所建模型与已有石砌体单轴受压试验结果吻合良好;所建模型验证了石砌体损伤演化的一般规律,符合典型的砌体本构模型的一般趋势;所建模型可应用于石砌体结构有限元分析计算,适用性良好。

基于等效模型的砖石古塔有限元模型修正方法

针对砖石古塔实体有限元模型节点众多导致修正效率低下问题,提出了一种将实体模型和杆系模型相结合的有限元模型快速修正方法。基于古塔结构的测试输出信号,使用随机子空间法识别了塔的自振频率。使用整体连续式方法建立了ABAQUS有限元模型,基于实测结果,使用萤火虫算法修正了塔的弹性模量、密度。修正后的有限元模型的计算结果与实测结果对比,能够较好吻合,说明修正后的模型可靠,可以作为后续抗震性能分析的基础。

考虑非结构构件的木结构古建筑抗震性能研究综述

木结构古建筑是我国文物建筑的主体,它以木材为主要承重构件,具有深厚的历史文化价值。本文根据已有研究,从结构试验、数值模拟、抗震性能评估方法 3个方面,总结了含有隔墙、隔扇、雀替等非结构构件的古木建筑抗震性能研究现状。研究表明,非结构构件可以限制榫卯节点拔榫,改善节点受力,不同程度提高结构的强度、刚度和耗能能力,降低了结构在地震作用下坍塌的概率。最后结合我国木结构古建筑的研究现状以及与其他国家的研究差异,给出了未来木结构古建筑抗震性能的可能研究方向。

钢带嵌缝加固砌体结构抗剪性能试验研究

为提高砌体结构抗剪强度,同时保留原有风貌,采用“弓”字型钢带或钢筋对砌体试件进行嵌齿缝加固。利用数字图像相关方法对加固后的砌体结构进行沿通缝截面抗剪强度试验研究,并建立砌体抗剪试件有限元模型,分析钢带宽度对砌体抗剪强度的影响。结果表明:嵌入钢筋或钢带,均能够有效限制层间分离,提高砌体完整性,破坏模式由单剪破坏转化为双剪破坏。承载能力大幅提高,单面钢带、双面钢带、双面钢筋加固的试件极限荷载分别提高了23.63%,61.18%,35.02%,极限荷载对应位移提高了16.38%,23.41%,16.95%。钢带或钢筋的拉结作用可以提高砌体结构的延性,改善砌体结构脆性破坏的特征。