Behavior of interfacial stresses between RC beams and GFRP sheets

Seven reinforced concrete （RC） beams with epoxy-bonded glass fiber reinforced plastic （GFRP） sheets and two control RC beams were experimentally tested to investigate the bond behavior of the interfaces between RC beams and GFRP sheets. The variable parameters considered in test beams are the layers of GFRP sheets, the bond lengths and the reinforcement ratios. The results indicate that the flexural strength of the repaired beams is increased, but the ultimate load of beams with GFRP sheets debonding failure is reduced relatively. The bond length is the main factor that results in bonding failure of the strengthened beams. An experimental method of interfacial shear stress is proposed to analyze the distribution of shear stress according to experimental results. The analytical method of shear and normal stresses and a simple equation are proposed to predict the peeling loads. The proposed model is applied to experimental beams. The analytical results show a good agreement with the experimental results.

Distribution of Reinforcement in Tensile Flanges of Concrete T-shape Continuous Beam

In this paper the analysis of tensile stress distribution in flexural continuous T- beam has been presented. The observed damages in carrying deck of RC bridge over the Wieprz River in Baranow indicate that over pillar zones are not protected enough. The results of numerical analysis have shown that tensile stress in T- section beam appears not only in a web but in flanges as well. Thus reinforcing bars should be distributed within the whole effective width. This fact is mentioned in building codes, for example, in Eurocode 2： ＂Design of concrete structures＂, both in part 1.1 ＂General rules and rules for building＂ and in part 2 ＂Reinforced and prestressed concrete bridges＂, but there are not detailed rules how to place the bars in flanges of T-section.

Stress Variation Model of Bond Stress-Slip Relationship Between Steel Bar and Concrete

-Based on the experimental data, a stress variation model of the bond stress-slip relationship between steel bar and concrete is established. The characteristic of the model is that the boundary conditions are satisfied very well; the effects of the material properties, the concrete cover, the crack spacing and the distance from the cracked cross section are considered. Good agreement between measured and calculated bond stress-slip relationship is found. This model is useful for the study of the stiffness, deformation and crack width of reinforced concrete members, and for the nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete structures by the finite element method.

Stress redistribution of simply supported reinforced concrete beams under fire conditions

This study presents experimental and numerical investigations of simply supported steel reinforced concrete(RC)beams under fire.The temperature field of cross sections,the vertical deflection at mid-span,and specifically the axial expansion displacement at beam-ends were measured during the fire tests.A novel finite element(FE)model of a RC beam under fire was developed,in which the water loss in the heat transfer analysis and the concrete transient strain in the mechanical analysis were considered.Based on the validated FE model proposed in this study,parametric studies were conducted to investigate the effects of the beam type,the protective layer thickness,and the load ratio on the thermal and mechanical behavior of simply supported RC beams.It was found that greater fire resistance and fire performance of girder beams in comparison to secondary beams contributed to the non-structural reinforcements,which effectively compensated for the reduced tensile capacities of structural reinforcements because of the degradation of the material properties.In addition,the history of normal stress distributions of concrete under fire can be divided into three phases:expansion,stress redistribution and plateau phases.

Fatigue tests of composite beam by steel fiber reinforced self-stressing concrete in the hogging bending

Through the experiments of 7 T-section composite beams, steel fiber reinforced self-stressing concrete （SFRSC） as the composite beam in the composite layer was studied under the hogging bending. The tests simulated composite layer tensile strain under the hogging bending of inverted loading composite beams, giving the relationship under the different fatigue stress ratios between fatigue cycles and steel bar’s stress range, crack width, stiffness loss and damage, etc., in composite layer. This article established fatigue life equation, and analyzed SFRSC reinforced mechanism to crack width and stiffness loss. The results show that SFRSC as the composite beam concrete has excellent properties of crack resistance and tensile, can reinforce the fatigue crack width and stiffness loss of composite beams, and improve the durability and in normal use of composite beams in the hogging bending zone.

Long-Term Loading Test of Reinforced Glulam Beam

Due to creep characteristics of wood,long-term loading can cause a significant stress loss of steel bars in rein-forced glulam beams and high long-term deflection of the beam midspan.In this study,15 glulam beams were subjected to a 90-day long-term loading test,and the effects of long-term loading value,reinforcement ratio and prestress level on the stress of steel bars,midspan long-term deflection,and other parameters were compared and analyzed.The main conclusions drawn from this study were that the long-term deflection of the reinforced glulam beams accounted for 22.5%,20.6%,and 18.2%of the total deflection respectively when the loading value was 20%,30%,and 40%of the estimated ultimate load under the long-term loading.The higher the loading level was,the smaller the proportion of the long-term deflection in the total deflection was.Compared with ordinary glulam beams,the long-term deflection of the reinforced glulam beam was even smaller.Under the condition of the constant loading level,the total stress value of the steel bars decreased by 17.5%,13.6%,and 9.1%,and the proportion of the long-term deflection of the beam midspan in the total deflection was 26.9%,24.2%,and 20.6%respectively when the reinforcement ratio was 2.05%,2.68%,and 3.39%.With the increase of the reinfor-cement ratio,the stress loss of the steel bars decreased,and the proportion of the long-term deflection decreased as well.When other conditions remained constant and the prestress level of the steel bars was 0 MPa,30 MPa,and 60 MPa,the total stress value of the steel bars decreased by 9.1%,9.4%,and 10.2%,respectively,and the propor-tion of the long-term deflection in the total deflection was 20.6%,26.1%,and 64.9%,respectively.With the increase of the prestress value,the stress loss of the steel bars increased,and the proportion of the long-term deflection increased as well.

Interfacial Interaction of CFRP Reinforced Steel Beam Structures

Due to the increase of service life,the phenomenon of performance degradation of bridge structures becomes more and more common.It is important to strengthen the bridge structures so as to restore the resistance level and extend the normal service life.Carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP)materials are thus used for the assembly reinforcement of bridges for the advantages of high strength,light weight,corrosion resistance and long-term stability of physical and chemical properties,etc.In view of this,based on the previous theoretical study and the established formula of the interfacial shear stress of CFRP reinforced steel beam and the normal stress of CFRP plate,this paper discusses the sensitive parameters that affect the interfacial interaction of CFRP strengthened beam structures.Through the analysis,the priority design indicators and suggestions are accordingly given for the design of reinforced beam structures.Young’s modulus of CFRP composite and shear modulus of the adhesive have the greatest influence on the interfacial interaction,which should be carefully considered.It is suggested that CFRP material with Ec close to 300 GPa and thickness no less than 3 mm,and adhesive material with Ga less than 5 GPa and 3-mm thickness can be adopted in CFRP reinforced steel beam.The conclusions of this paper can provide guidance for the interfacial damage control of CFRP reinforced steel beam structures.

Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams

By the nonlinear finite element analysis （FEA） method, the mechanical properties of the steel fiber reinforced concrete （SFRC） deep beams were discussed in terms of the crack load and ultimate bearing capacity. In the simulation process, the ANSYS parametric design language （APDL） was used to set up the finite element model; the model of bond stress-slip relationship between steel bar and concrete was established. The nonlinear FEA results and test results demonstrated that the steel fiber can not only significantly improve the cracking load and ultimate bearing capacity of the concrete but also repress the development of the cracks. Meanwhile, good agreement was found between the experimental data and FEA results, if the unit type, the parameter model and the failure criterion are selected reasonably.

剪力滞对CFRP板-钢梁加固界面应力的影响

为了分析工字钢梁弯曲变形产生的剪力滞效应对黏结层法向应力和切应力的影响,基于虚功原理的能量变分法建立考虑剪力滞的碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)加固梁黏结应力计算理论方程.通过与试验和有限元数值模拟结果的对比,验证了理论方程的正确性.开展不同弯矩作用下的工字型钢梁黏结层界面切应力和法向应力参数分析.结果表明,剪力滞引起的翼缘板纵向位移沿横向3次抛物线分布的假定是合理的.剪力滞效应对CFRP加固工字钢梁弯曲变形下的端部界面应力影响不可忽略,影响程度随着截面弯矩和翼缘板宽度的增加而增大.

SMA/预应力CFRP片材增强混凝土梁全过程受力性能分析

为验证通过形状记忆合金(shape memory alloy,SMA)丝材升温产生回复应力形成预应力碳纤维复合材料(carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)片材增强技术的效果,开展了增强钢筋混凝土梁抗弯性能试验研究。制作了引入预应力分别为100MPa和200 MPa的抗弯性能试件,对试验梁的破坏模式、荷载-挠度曲线及应变发展过程进行分析,提出了增强梁受弯全过程受力分析方法。结果表明:在屈服阶段和强化段进行加卸载循环,SMA丝材在不同预应变下的应力-应变加卸载关系曲线形式基本一致;当SMA丝材预应变为10%时,最大回复应力达到448.5MPa;同样预应变条件下,通过升温回复的方式将预应力引入CFRP片材中,最大回复应力降低了37.8%~39.5%;增强梁的开裂弯矩和屈服弯矩均有显著提升。由于CFRP片材发生端部剥离破坏,预应力效应并没有很好地限制裂缝的发展,刚度提升有限。计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,证明所提出的受弯全过程分析方法可以用于SMA丝材升温产生回复应力形成预应力CFRP片材增强梁的受弯力学性能预测。

轨宽为1250 mm且跨度为25 m时跨座式单轨交通的预应力钢筋混凝土轨道梁截面跨高比

[目的]为适应新型跨座式单轨列车的构造特点,需对新型预应力钢筋混凝土轨道梁开展力学性能分析及界面优化研究。[方法]提出了适合该新型列车特点的预应力钢筋混凝土轨道梁,并采用经验证的数值分析模型,对8根具有不同跨高比的25 m跨轨道梁开展了静力分析。[结果及结论]提出的新型预应力钢筋混凝土轨道梁的力学性能满足规范要求;25 m跨度的新型轨道梁在跨高比为16.6~18.5时具有较好的力学性能。

某空心板简支梁桥的加固及服役性能

针对在役空心板简支梁桥病害导致桥梁体系承载性能减弱的问题,采用粘贴钢板加固方法进行加固改造,以提高桥梁体系的整体性和耐久性,对加固前后桥梁特殊断面在最不利受荷状态下的最大应变和最大竖向挠度进行了测试分析。结果表明:加固后桥梁体系的刚度显著增大,并且中载和偏载条件下所产生的弹性应变和挠度远小于桥体实际承载能力。通过数值模拟方法对加固后桥梁体系的承载性能进行验算,发现桥梁刚度在有限范围内变化时,桥梁体系仍具有较好的整体性和耐久性能。

基于模型试验的体外预应力加固梁应力增量分析

为研究不同体外预应力加固方式对预应力混凝土(PC)梁受力性能的影响,对三根T形简支梁进行静载试验,观察PC梁的裂缝开展以及破坏情况,分析荷载、挠度、应变等的变化趋势,并提出预应力筋的极限应力计算公式,探讨体外加固预应力筋的有效高度、面积以及有效应力对体内外预应力筋应力增量的影响。结果表明:与未加固梁A1梁相比,A2梁的承载力提高了57.5%,A3梁的承载力提高了52.7%,可见不同的体外预应力加固方式对PC梁的承载力均有不同程度的提高;体外加固T梁的荷载-挠度曲线基本呈三折线,且预应力筋应力增量与跨中挠度基本呈线性关系;通过对比发现,体外筋有效高度增加时,体内外筋的应力增量分别随之减小、增加,而在其他因素影响下,体内外筋的应力增量均逐渐减小。

多点荷载作用下钢筋混凝土梁受力特性及损伤演化规律研究

钢筋混凝土结构因其具有较好受拉和抗压性能,在各种建筑领域中被广泛使用。钢筋混凝土结构作为现代建筑工程中广泛采用的一种关键结构形式,其在服役期间的损伤特性一直是工程领域关注的重点。该文利用ABAQUS有限元数值软件,建立多点荷载作用下钢筋混凝土梁的数值仿真计算模型,对钢筋混凝土梁的多点荷载作用下受力特性及损伤演化规律开展研究。研究发现,钢筋混凝土梁在竖向位移荷载作用过程中,拉应力集中于梁下部,压应力区在梁上部;随外部荷载持续作用,纵向受力钢筋上形成的应力会传递至环向的箍筋上;钢筋混凝土梁在纯弯段受压区处,混凝土的应变大于材料的最大压缩应变,导致受压区内的混凝土出现损伤破坏;在钢筋混凝土梁受力过程中,混凝土的强度等级和受拉钢筋的强度等级对梁体的整体强度有决定性作用。

钢筋混凝土过渡墩盖梁开裂成因分析及加固处治

G42沪蓉高速公路湖北省境内某大桥全长668.04 m,全宽24.5 m。上构预应力混凝土T梁采用先简支后结构连续,下构桥墩盖梁横桥向长10.90 m,顺桥向宽2.20 m,悬臂长度1.75 m。19号桥墩盖梁由于混凝土保护层厚度偏厚,混凝土浇筑养生质量不佳,导致盖梁的两侧立面、底面均出现了网状裂缝,裂缝宽度超限且数量多,同时盖梁顶面出现了一条贯通的横向裂缝。结合工程实例,介绍了该桥墩盖梁加固采用的张拉预应力碳纤维板法、张拉预应力钢筋法、粘贴钢板法等加固方法。

微型桩与预应力锚索格构梁在滑坡工程中的应用

滑坡工程常遇到施工场地受限、作业空间狭窄、大型施工机械无法到达等特殊情况,需要根据工程环境选择最优治理方案。微型桩组合抗滑结构具有施工方便、保证施工人员安全、经济性高、对坡体扰动小等优点,可用于滑坡地质灾害治理工程中。本文以广东深圳龙岗区某滑坡为例,阐述微型桩与预应力锚索格构梁边坡支护方案主要施工过程及实施技术,达到滑坡治理的目标。

纵筋锈蚀对后张混凝土梁预应力筋应力的影响规律

为探究非预应力筋锈蚀对预应力筋应力的影响,记录了试验梁在不同锈蚀环境下180 d的应力值.通过通电-氯盐溶液干湿循环方式,加速预应力混凝土试验梁内非预应力纵筋锈蚀,并采用振弦式锚索测力计测试梁内预应力筋应力.试验结果发现:预应力筋应力变化值与环境温度密切相关;与大气环境中静置的试验梁相比,干湿循环会增大预应力筋应力,并且在研究期限内,预应力筋应力持续增长,变化值最大为42.6 MPa,这与混凝土湿胀和盐胀的特性相关;纵筋锈蚀及其引起的混凝土截面损伤会使混凝土轴心放置的预应力筋应力下降31.5%;所建立纵筋锈蚀率与预应力筋应力变化值之间的关系模型与试验测试结果较为吻合.因此,纵筋锈蚀对预应力混凝土梁内预应力筋应力产生显著影响,需要在设计和维护中予以考虑.

SRC框架梁正截面受弯极限弯矩计算式及其适用条件研究

检验设计标准中设计公式的计算精度及其适用条件是结构工程的重要研究内容之一。为检验现行行业标准《组合结构设计规范》(JGJ138-2016)中SRC框架梁正截面受弯极限弯矩计算式的适用范围及其计算精度,将该标准中的5条基本假定表示成数学表达式,基于数学表达式严格推导了SRC框架梁正截面受弯极限弯矩计算式的适用条件,建立了型钢腹板承受的轴向合力N_(aw)和其对合力点的力矩M_(aw)的计算式,并提出了适用条件的简化形式。采用文献中的SRC框架梁正截面受弯试件的试验数据,对建立的极限弯矩计算式、适用条件进行了验证,并与JGJ138-2016中的极限弯矩计算式、适用条件进行了对比。研究表明,SRC框架梁正截面受弯极限弯矩计算式较JGJ138-2016中的计算式精度更高,JGJ138-2016中SRC框架梁正截面受弯极限弯矩计算式的适用条件需进行修正。

应力状态对RC梁混凝土碳化损伤及承载力的影响

为研究应力状态对钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete,RC)梁碳化损伤及承载力的影响规律,制作了7根RC梁进行加速碳化环境与荷载耦合作用试验研究。将RC梁放入环境箱中,进行三点弯曲静力持荷条件下的7 d、14 d、28 d加速碳化试验,得到不同持荷时间下的RC梁受拉、受压不同区域的混凝土碳化深度,进一步开展加速碳化作用、加速碳化与荷载耦合作用后的RC梁三点弯曲试验,探讨应力状态时碳化深度对RC梁极限承载力的影响机制。结果表明:通过对RC梁受压、受拉区的混凝土碳化深度分析,发现压应力状态会抑制碳化反应的进行,而拉应力状态会促进碳化反应的进行,28 d后受拉区混凝土碳化深度比受压区增加了34.7%。混凝土碳化损伤导致抗压强度降低、钢筋锈蚀影响了试验梁的极限承载力,加速碳化作用28 d后RC梁的极限承载力下降了10.7%,加速碳化与荷载耦合作用28 d后RC梁的极限承载力下降了14.9%。

基于直接概率积分法的重载铁路RC梁疲劳可靠度分析

既有重载铁路线路运营列车轴重提高会造成钢筋混凝土(RC)梁产生更加严重的疲劳问题,影响桥梁的服役性能。为研究重载铁路RC梁的疲劳可靠度,从概率的角度保障重载铁路桥梁的服役安全,根据重载铁路的运营特点,建立重载铁路RC梁的疲劳功能函数,提出基于直接概率积分法的重载铁路桥梁结构的疲劳可靠度分析方法。以某既有重载铁路跨度为8 m的RC简支板梁为例,分析该重载铁路的不同轴重货运列车的荷载模型,将列车轴重与动力系数作为随机变量,并通过移动荷载法与雨流计数法获取钢筋等效应力幅的概率模型。在此基础之上,结合重载铁路的等效运营谱,对跨度为8 m的RC板梁进行疲劳可靠度评估,并探讨年运量及列车轴重对疲劳可靠度的影响。研究结果表明:直接概率积分法能够高效精确地对重载铁路RC梁进行疲劳可靠度评估。在该重载铁路运营的前20年,疲劳失效概率均小于规范规定的限值。随着重载铁路年运量的提高,RC板梁的疲劳失效概率显著增大。运营列车轴重从23 t增大至25 t对RC板梁的疲劳可靠度影响较小。开行30 t轴重列车会造成RC板梁的疲劳可靠度严重下降,需要加强重载铁路桥梁的养护维修。研究结果可为重载铁路RC桥梁的设计与养护维修提供依据。