Relative Feed Value of Different Varieties of Dactylis glomerata and Festuca pratensis

The aim of this paper is to analyze fluctuation in nutritional value of Dactylis glomerata and Festuca pratensis varieties grown on mineral and organic soil. Moreover, the paper deals with analysis of their nutritional value in terms of animal feeding. This paper has drawn on two field experiments set up and carried out between 2010 and 2013 by the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing in Slupia Wielka. The experiment was conducted in two experimental stations： one in the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing in Krzyzewo and the other in the Experimental Stations for Variety Testing in Uhinin, being a branch of the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing in Cicibor Duzy. The experiment was arranged and conducted according to COBORU guidelines. The experimental plots were sown with varieties of Dactylis glornerata： Niva, Tukan, Amila, Crown Royale and with varieties of Festuca pratensis： Limosa, Pasja, Anturka, Amelka （d. AND 1009）. In the experimental plots with the varieties of Dactylis glornerata the grass was harvested six times a year and chemical analysis of the biomass was done taking dry matter only from five cuts. The varieties of Festuca pratensis were harvested four times. The RFV （relative feed value） was determined using the Linn and Martin method. Linn and Martin＇s test proved that Festuca pratensis had better nutritional value than Dactylis glomerata. For Dactylis glomerata, no matter what the variety and location was, the relative feed value ranged from 125 to 151, which puts that grass species in II quality class, good enough to feed high production dairy cows and heirs selected for replacements. The analysis of the relative feed value proved that no matter from which cut, the biomass ofDactylis glornerata belonged in Ill quality class, （RFV between 103 and 124） and it can be used to feed good beef cattle, older heifers and, in small quantities, dairy cows.

Relative Ecological Value of Major Plants in Minqin Desert Area

This paper analyzed relative ecological value of several major plants in Minqin desert grassland using layered projection of plant canopy. The results showed that ecological functions of natural Nitraria tangutorum and Ephedra sinica woods of a unit area were much better than those of artifi cial Haloxylon ammodendron woods, relative ecological value of N. tangutorum, E. sinica and Artemisia desertorum were much higher than that of artifi cial H. ammodendron woods. Layered projection explains clearly the ecological functions and relative ecological value of desert vegetation of the same coverage. It is inaccurate to indicate wind prevention and sand fi xation of desert vegetation in deserts using ecological function service value and ecological niche calculated on the basis of two-dimensional vegetation coverage, but three-dimensional projection degree should be applied to indicate ecological functions and relative ecological value of vegetation. Application of layered projection of plants in calculating ecological functions and relative ecological value of desert plants(vegetation) is the innovation point of this research.

Exploring a Deep Analysis Method for “Click-Stream” Information from the Perspective of the Flow of Bidirectional Value of Customer Relations Based on Ricoeur's Hermeneutic Theory

Click-streams of online shopping are the tracks/trails of interactions between a customer and a vendor.We observe that it is of great importance both in theory and practice to explore a deep analysis method for analyzing click-stream information of an individual customer in a specific transaction for understanding the bidirectional value transfer within the machine-human interaction of an online store and for its personalization.We analyze the significance,the hierarchical structure and the characteristics of click-stream information and propose that Ricoeur's hermeneutic theory be the foundation of forming such a deep analysis method.Then we use the empirical context information of the click-stream to improve the naive interpretation put forward by Ricoeur.Moreover,we apply the Grounded Theory to extend the deep analysis of Ricoeur's theory of textual interpretation.The improved theory fits well with the needs of interpretation and the analysis of click-stream information.We exemplify and show the feasibility of this analysis method by using data collected(a single case)from a large study of human-computer interaction.

Analysis of Components of Online Shopping and Their Relative Value

Empirical exploration of how online consumers interpret and value the marketing communication embedded in shopping components has the potential to advance knowledge of online consumer behavior and to inform design decisions concerning consumer-oriented Web sites. To date, little research has been completed regarding how components hinder or aid consumer perceptions of the online marketing message. This paper investigates the relative importance of online shopping components for online consumer shopping. The important and relative issues surrounding online shopping are explored, finding the core components of convenience, access to information, and trust. These components were then implemented in an online shopping task. Respondents considered thoughtfully marketing messages that involved issues of minimizing travel, information access.

Estimation of Relative Ecological Value of Returning Farmland to Forest & Mountain Enclosure for Grazing Prohibition——A case study in Yongxing Township of Jingyuan County,Gansu Province

[Objective]Returning farmland to forest and mountain enclosure for grazing prohibition ecological effect and economy rationality were explored.[Methods]A case study of returning farmland to forest and barren hills grazing prohibition in Yongxing Township of Jingyuan County was used to discuss and estimate the relative ecological function and relative ecological value.[Results]1）The ecological value of the forest of returning farmland was far more than the sum of the ecological value of farm crops and the agricultural output,and also more than the national subsidy standard.So the state policy of returning farmland to forests is not only favorable to local eco-environment restoration,but also reasonable in economic development.2）The ecological value of mountain enclosure for grazing prohibition was less than the opportunity cost of prohibiting grazing,also less than the national subsidy standard.The sum of the relative ecological value of prohibiting grazing and the state subsidies was more than the opportunity cost of prohibiting grazing.However,the ecological value of new vegetation through returning farmland to forest project was greater than the China＇s average ecological value of grassland.[Conclusion]The relative ecological value can be used to solve the problems in the equivalent conversion among various ecological indexes and between ecological indexes and economic indexes.

Land cover change and eco-environmental quality response of different geomorphic units on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Land cover in the Chinese Loess Plateau has undergone dramatic changes since the late 1980s.Revealing the trend in land cover change and eco-environmental quality response of different geomorphic units in this stage is a realistic requirement for promoting sustainable development of the Chinese Loess Plateau.Based on the data of geomorphic units and land cover in 1990,2000,2010 and 2018 of the Chinese Loess Plateau,we studied the trend of land cover change and eco-environmental quality response of different geomorphic units by using a significance index of land cover change,a proportion index of land cover change and an eco-environmental response model.The results indicated that from 1990 to 2018,the areas of forestland and construction land substantially increased,whereas those of cropland,grassland,wetland and unused land considerably decreased.Land cover change exhibited large geomorphic differences,and the main conversion of land cover was from cropland into other land types.Unstable trend of land cover change in the loess tablelands and sandy loess hills declined,whereas the unstable trends in the other geomorphic units enhanced.Eco-environmental quality varied among different geomorphic units.The expansion of construction land and degradation of forestland,grassland and wetland resulted in the deterioration of eco-environmental quality.The conversion of cropland and unused land into forestland and grassland,and the conversion of grassland into forestland were the main factors that drove the improvement of eco-environmental quality.The findings of this study may provide theoretical reference and support decision making for the optimization of land use structure and the improvement of eco-environmental quality on the Chinese Loess Plateau.

User Association and Power Allocation for UAV-Assisted Networks: A Distributed Reinforcement Learning Approach

Unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)can be employed as aerial base stations(BSs)due to their high mobility and flexible deployment.This paper focuses on a UAV-assisted wireless network,where users can be scheduled to get access to either an aerial BS or a terrestrial BS for uplink transmission.In contrast to state-of-the-art designs focusing on the instantaneous cost of the network,this paper aims at minimizing the long-term average transmit power consumed by the users by dynamically optimizing user association and power allocation in each time slot.Such a joint user association scheduling and power allocation problem can be formulated as a Markov decision process(MDP).Unfortunately,solving such an MDP problem with the conventional relative value iteration(RVI)can suffer from the curses of dimensionality,in the presence of a large number of users.As a countermeasure,we propose a distributed RVI algorithm to reduce the dimension of the MDP problem,such that the original problem can be decoupled into multiple solvable small-scale MDP problems.Simulation results reveal that the proposed algorithm can yield lower longterm average transmit power consumption than both the conventional RVI algorithm and a baseline algorithm with myopic policies.

Research on the rheological properties of pesticide suspension concentrate

This study reports research on pesticide suspension rheology and a new rheological parameter, the relative value of approach, which has great advantage for judging the physical stability of a pesticide suspension concentrate. Experiments showed that the system can form stable dispersions when the value of the relative value of approach (Sr) is less than 0.1.

New Factor to Characterize Mechanism of “Strong Column-Weak Beam” of RC Frame Structures

Most reinforced concrete(RC)frame structures did not achieve the "strong column-weak beam" failure mode in recent big earthquakes, resulting in a large number of casualties and significant property loss. To deal with this serious problem, a new column-beam relative factor was proposed to characterize the relative yield situation of column ends and beam ends. By limiting the column-beam relative factor, RC frame structures could achieve the "strong column-weak beam" failure mode under the excitation of strong ground motions. The limit values of column-beam relative factor were calculated, analyzed and verified by using structural simulation models for corner columns in the bottom story of structures, which are destroyed most seriously in earthquakes. The results show that the limit values should be analyzed under bi-directional ground motion and with different axial compression ratios of columns. The peak ground acceleration(PGA)of ground motions has no significant effect on the limit values, while the type of strong ground motions has a significant effect on the limit values.

Comparison of the Index System of Ecological Balanced Fertilization for Three Crops

This paper conducted comparative study of the index system of ecological balanced fertilization for rice,wheat and maize by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of rice,wheat and maize by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The main conclusions of this paper were as follow:①since the three crops all belonged to Gramineae,they were consistent in variation trends of fertilizer utilization ratio,nutrient conversion rate,relative abundance-deficiency value of soil nutrient,optimum fertilization amount in most cases.②Due to the influence of the economic production,biological production,different water conditions in paddy field and dry farmland,length of growing season,cropping system(one year before and after the rotation)and so on,sometimes the laws of four aspects above mentioned for the three crops had opposite and gradient variations.

Studies on the Provincial-level Index System of Ecological Balanced Fertilization for Maize in China

In this paper,the index system of ecological balanced fertilization of maize was discussed by data mining method based on this column.Three aspects of provincial average,typical province and all samples were studied,and the results and conclusions were as follows:①climate condition was one of the main factors of soil formation,which was also an important basis for the division of maize producing areas.The proportion of available nutrients was different in different maize producing areas.This was the result of long-term climate and man-made action,which constituted the basic fertility pattern of soil available nutrient for maize in China.②One of the basic fertility indexes of maize soil in China was the proportion of available nutrients,which was the theoretical basis for adjusting the proportion of N,P and K fertilizers.③Although the total amount and proportion of available nutrients in different maize producing areas were different,they can be adjusted to the optimum absorption ratio of maize by fertilizing measures,so as to achieve the goal of ecological balanced fertilization such as high production and good quality.④The basic soil nutrient index of more than 9000 kg/hm 2 of maize production was less than 8 of hydrolysable N/available P,and the fertilization index was that optimum N fertilization amount was more than 0.8 times of optimum P fertilization amount.

Study on the Relationships between Utilization Ratios and Conversion Rates of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium for Maize

This paper studied the relationships between utilization ratios and conversion rates of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium for maize by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of maize by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows:①the conceptual model of fertilizer utilization ratio of maize for plot was that,Y N≈a+b×optimum yield,Y P≈a+b×optimum yield-c×optimum nitrogen application amount-d×optimum potassium application amount,Y K≈a-b×optimum nitrogen application amount-c×temperature in growth season-d×rainfall in growth season,respectively.②Fertilizer utilization ratio and nutrient conversion rate had 4 kinds of relationships.No significant relationships:22,of which 16 were soil nutrients and 5 were environmental factors,the results showed that soil nutrients and environmental factors had little effect on nutrient conversion rate and fertilizer utilization ratio;consistent significant relationships:14,illustrating that conversion rate and utilization ratio of maize were consistent in most cases,and it was because that maize was planted for a long term,and its fertilizer absorption law was basically stable;contrary significant relationships:0,illustrating that there was no reverse relationship between conversion rate and utilization ratio of maize;complementary significant relationships:18,the cause of the complementary phenomenon was that the fertilizer utilization ratio was the measuring index of fertilizer efficiency in one season,while the nutrient conversion rate was the measuring index of fertilizer efficiency in more seasons.It showed that the fertilizer utilization ratio was significantly correlated,or the nutrient conversion rate was significantly correlated.

Specific Index System of Ecological Balanced Fertilization for Rice

This paper studied the nitrogen index system of ecological balanced fertilization for rice by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of rice by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows.①Soil nutrient content could not be used as fertilization indicator of rice.②The conceptual model of nitrogen conversion rate of rice for plot was Y N≈a+b×optimum production-c×optimum nitrogen fertilization amount-d×optimum phosphorus fertilization amount,and the conceptual model of phosphorus conversion rate was Y P≈a-b×optimum phosphorus fertilization amount-c×optimum potassium fertilization amount,and the conceptual model of potassium conversion rate was Y K≈a+b×optimum production+c×optimum nitrogen fertilization amount-d×optimum potassium fertilization amount-e×annual average precipitation.③The conceptual model of the optimum nitrogen fertilization amount of rice for plot was Y N≈a+b×optimum production+c×optimum phosphorus fertilization amount-d×annual average precipitation,and the conceptual model of the optimum phosphorus fertilization amount was Y P≈a+b×optimum nitrogen fertilization amount+c×optimum potassium fertilization amount,and the conceptual model of the optimum potassium fertilization amount was Y K≈a+b×optimum phosphorus fertilization amount+c×annual average precipitation.④The conceptual model of relative abundance-deficiency value of soil nitrogen of rice for plot was Y N≈a-b×optimum nitrogen fertilization amount-c×optimum potassium fertilization amount,and the conceptual model of relative abundance-deficiency value of soil phosphorus was Y P≈a+b×soil available potassium-c×optimum potassium fertilization amount,and the conceptual model of relative abundance-deficiency value of soil potassium of rice was Y K≈a-b×optimum potassium fertilization amount.

Research and Application of Prediction Model for Ecological Balanced Optimal Fertilization Amount for Three Crops

This paper analyzed the modeling principle,process and application process of the new ecological balanced fertilization model by data mining method based on the relationships among soil abundance-deficiency index,optimum fertilization amount and nutrient conversion rate of N,P,K for rice,wheat and maize in column papers.The results and conclusions were as follows:①on the basis of two ecological balanced fertilization models(available and total nutrients),a prediction model system of optimum fertilization amount based on nutrient conversion rate was established,including 3 models.The first model predicted the optimum fertilization amount based on nutrient conversion rate,and the second model determined prediction difference value of optimum fertilization amount in the first amendment based on optimum yield,and the third model determined prediction difference value of optimum fertilization amount in the second amendment based on nutrient conversion rate.②Nutrient conversion rate and optimum yield were the common parameters of two models based on contents of available and total nutrients,and they were the core parameters of ecological balanced fertilization model.In the specific application,the nutrient conversion rate and optimum yield were determined mainly based on the comprehensive comparison between the regional or similar plot or one plot and the experimental plot.③The two error amendments were due to the use of the fixed nutrient removal of 100 kg seeds,and underestimated the nutrient conversion rate when higher optimum production and overestimated the nutrient conversion rate when lower optimum production.④It was proposed that the nutrient conversion rate was regarded as a comprehensive nutrient index(abundance-deficiency)of ecological balanced fertilization.It was not only a parameter to measure fertilizer efficiency,but also a parameter to measure the abundance-deficiency of nutrients,and a parameter to guide fertilization.

Study on the Relationship between Utilization Ratios and Conversion Rates of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium for Rice

This paper studied the relationships between utilization ratios and conversion rates of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium for rice by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of rice by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows:①the conceptual model of fertilizer utilization ratio of rice for plot was that,Y N≈a+b×optimum yield+c×optimum fertilizer amount of K,Y P≈a+b×optimum yield,Y K≈a respectively.②Fertilizer utilization ratio and nutrient conversion rate had 4 kinds of relationships:①no significant relationships:25,of which 14 were soil nutrients and 9 were environmental factors,the results showed that soil nutrients and environmental factors had little effect on nutrient yield ratio and fertilizer utilization ratio;②consistent significant relationships:2,one was that yield ratio and utilization ratio of N were positively correlated with the optimum production,explaining the importance of N for production,the other was that yield ratio and utilization ratio of P had a significantly positive correlation with conversion rate and utilization ratio of N,illustrating that nitrogen and phosphorus had mutual promotion;③contrary significant relationships:5,these showed as negative correlations of fertilizer utilization ratio and positive correlation of nutrient conversion ratio;④complementary significant relationships:22,the cause of the complementary phenomenon was that the fertilizer utilization ratio was the index of fertilizer efficiency in one season,while the nutrient conversion rate was the index of fertilizer efficiency in more seasons,which showed that the fertilizer utilization rate was significantly correlated,or the nutrient conversion rate was significantly correlated.

Studies on the Provincial-level Index System of Ecological Balanced Fertilization for Wheat in China

In this paper,the index system of ecological balanced fertilization for wheat was discussed by data mining method based on this column.Three aspects of provincial average,typical province and all samples were studied,the results and conclusions were as follows:①climate condition was one of the main factors of soil formation,which was also an important basis for the division of wheat producing areas.The proportion of available nutrients was different in different wheat producing areas.This was the result of long-term climate and man-made action,and it constituted the basic fertility pattern of soil available nutrient for wheat in China.②One of the basic fertility indexes of soil for wheat in China was the proportion of available nutrients,which was the theoretical basis for adjusting the proportion of N,P and K fertilizers.③Although the total amount and proportion of available nutrients in different wheat producing areas were different,they can be adjusted to the optimum absorption ratio of wheat by fertilizing measures,so as to achieve the goal of ecological balanced fertilization such as high production and good quality.④The basic soil nutrient indexes of more than 5000 kg/hm 2 of wheat production were less than 6 of hydrolysable N/available P and less than 7 of available K/available P,and the fertilization index was that optimum K fertilization amount was 0.6-1.2 times of optimum P fertilization amount.

Research on the Index System of Ecological Balanced Fertilization for Three Crops

This paper studied the index system of ecological balanced fertilization for three crops by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of rice,wheat and maize by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.A systematic analysis of the materials and methods,the main research contents,the main research results and the main research conclusions of the column was made,in order to enable readers to understand and grasp the overall contents of the following 15 papers.

Theoretical Analysis on Index System of Ecological Balanced Fertilization for Three Crops

This paper analyzed theoretical basis of ecological balanced fertilization by data mining method based on the relationships among relative abundance-deficiency values of soil nutrients,optimum fertilization amounts and nutrient conversion rates of N,P and K for rice,wheat and maize in column papers.The results and conclusions were as follows:①the scientific basis of guiding fertilization by the relative abundance-deficiency value of soil nutrient was insufficient.②The scientific basis for predicting fertilizer amount according to nutrient conversion rate was sufficient.③There was consistency among the relative abundance-deficiency values of soil nutrients,indicating that the soil nutrient balance was important to the production.④There was some consistency among the optimum fertilizer amounts,indicating that N,P and K fertilizer should be balanced.⑤There was some consistency among nutrient conversion rates,indicating that nutrient uptake was consistent,which required the consistency among relative abundance-deficiency values of soil nutrients.When there was inconsistency,it needed to be supplemented by means of fertilization.⑥The relative abundance-deficiency value of soil nutrient and optimum fertilizer amounts of other nutrients were negatively correlated mostly,indicating that if the relative abundance-deficiency value of soil nutrient was high,the others also should be high,resulting in optimum fertilizer amounts of other nutrients decreased.⑦The nutrient conversion rate was negatively correlated mostly with the optimal fertilizer amounts of other nutrients,indicating that more fertilizer amount of one nutrient lowered its own conversion rate,mean while also reduced the conversion rates of other nutrients.It embodied the unity and balance of nutrient absorption by the crops.

Studies on the Provincial-level Index System of Ecological Balanced Fertilization for Rice in China

In this paper,the index system of ecological balanced fertilization for rice was discussed by data mining method based on this column.Three aspects of provincial average,typical province and all samples were studied,and the results and conclusions were as follows:①climate condition was one of the main factors of soil formation,which was also an important basis for the division of rice growing areas.The proportion of available nutrients was different in different rice growing areas.This was the result of long-term climate and man-made action,which constituted the basic fertility pattern of soil available nutrients for rice in China.②One of the basic fertility indexes of rice soil in China was the proportion of available nutrients,which was the theoretical basis for adjusting the proportion of N,P and K fertilizers.③Although the total amount and proportion of available nutrients in different rice growing areas were different,they can be adjusted to the optimum absorption ratio of rice by fertilizing measures,so as to achieve the goal of ecological balanced fertilization such as high production and good quality.④The basic soil nutrient index of more than 8000 kg/hm 2 of rice production was more than 5 of available K/available P.

Study on the Relationships between Utilization Ratios and Conversion Rates of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium for Wheat

This paper studied the relationships between utilization ratios and conversion rates of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium for wheat by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of wheat by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows:①the conceptual model of fertilizer utilization ratio of wheat for plot was that,Y N≈a+b×optimum nitrogen application amount+c×optimum fertilizer amount of K+d×rainfall in growth season,Y P≈a+b×optimum fertilizer amount of K+c×rainfall in growth season,Y K≈a+b×temperature in growth season+c×rainfall in growth season-d×optimum yield-e×optimum nitrogen application amount,respectively.②Fertilizer utilization ratio and nutrient conversion rate had 4 kinds of relationships.No significant relationships:13,of which 8 were soil nutrients,the results showed that soil nutrients had little effect on nutrient conversion rate and fertilizer utilization ratio;consistent significant relationships:4,they were all nitrogen and phosphorus,explaining the importance of nitrogen and phosphorus;contrary significant relationships:6,they were all nitrogen and phosphorus,illustrating that phosphorus and nitrogen had inhibitory effect;complementary significant relationships:31,the cause of the complementary phenomenon was that the fertilizer utilization ratio was the measuring index of fertilizer efficiency in one season,while the nutrient conversion rate was the measuring index of fertilizer efficiency in more seasons.It showed that the fertilizer utilization rate was significantly correlated,or the nutrient conversion rate was significantly correlated.