This paper is an empirical analysis of provisional unrestricted level relationship between Nigerian domestic output measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and government spending proxied by capital and recurrent exp...This paper is an empirical analysis of provisional unrestricted level relationship between Nigerian domestic output measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and government spending proxied by capital and recurrent expenditures in the presence of static regressors such as crude oil prices and federal government retained revenues. We estimate an ARDL (1,0,1) using a single-equation approach. Results show that government expenditures have negative but statistically insignificant effects on domestic output in the long-run. Similarly, negative short run effects are established amongst the variables. However, recurrent expenditure is statistically significant in the short-run. Whilst federal government retained revenue has a positive and significant effect, crude oil price exhibited negative relationships with domestic output both at level and in the short-run dynamics. Also a high speed of adjustment implies that Nigerian Gross Domestic Product is extremely sensitive to shocks on the government spending in the long-run. An upward trend forecast between 2014 and 2020 is an indication of the continued positive impact and the government retained revenue will exert on the domestic output in the long-run.展开更多
Aimed at the negligence of literature side in foreign language teaching, the reduction of literary texts in foreign language teaching for non-foreign language majors, and the minimized proportion of literary criticism...Aimed at the negligence of literature side in foreign language teaching, the reduction of literary texts in foreign language teaching for non-foreign language majors, and the minimized proportion of literary criticism in the related teachers books, this paper stressed the dialectic complementary relationship between foreign language teaching and literature teaching, advances the application of the literature criticism approach with an attached analytic case study and a summary of the advantage of the approach.展开更多
水平桩的p–y曲线大多是基于试验数据(A P I规范,双曲线),旨在从理论出发推导桩侧土体的p–y曲线。首先,推导了与上限解等价的分步弹性加载理论,并结合刚性圆盘在环状弹性介质中受水平力作用下的弹性力学解以研究桩身水平位移和桩周平...水平桩的p–y曲线大多是基于试验数据(A P I规范,双曲线),旨在从理论出发推导桩侧土体的p–y曲线。首先,推导了与上限解等价的分步弹性加载理论,并结合刚性圆盘在环状弹性介质中受水平力作用下的弹性力学解以研究桩身水平位移和桩周平均剪应变间的关系;再应用该平均剪应变和土体的双曲线应力应变关系建立联系以得到桩周土体在加载过程中的平均屈服应力即已发挥的土体强度;以此确立二维情况下桩身位移和桩周土反力的关系即p–y骨干曲线。再进一步根据三维的桩侧初始地基模量和桩侧极限承载力,将其推广至三维。该p–y曲线的优点在于可以考虑土体应力应变关系、桩身刚度和长细比对p–y曲线的影响。最后,将本文p–y曲线和传统p–y曲线分别与工程实例以及有限元结果进行对比,并指出传统p–y曲线的不足及恰当的使用范围。展开更多
文摘This paper is an empirical analysis of provisional unrestricted level relationship between Nigerian domestic output measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and government spending proxied by capital and recurrent expenditures in the presence of static regressors such as crude oil prices and federal government retained revenues. We estimate an ARDL (1,0,1) using a single-equation approach. Results show that government expenditures have negative but statistically insignificant effects on domestic output in the long-run. Similarly, negative short run effects are established amongst the variables. However, recurrent expenditure is statistically significant in the short-run. Whilst federal government retained revenue has a positive and significant effect, crude oil price exhibited negative relationships with domestic output both at level and in the short-run dynamics. Also a high speed of adjustment implies that Nigerian Gross Domestic Product is extremely sensitive to shocks on the government spending in the long-run. An upward trend forecast between 2014 and 2020 is an indication of the continued positive impact and the government retained revenue will exert on the domestic output in the long-run.
文摘Aimed at the negligence of literature side in foreign language teaching, the reduction of literary texts in foreign language teaching for non-foreign language majors, and the minimized proportion of literary criticism in the related teachers books, this paper stressed the dialectic complementary relationship between foreign language teaching and literature teaching, advances the application of the literature criticism approach with an attached analytic case study and a summary of the advantage of the approach.
文摘水平桩的p–y曲线大多是基于试验数据(A P I规范,双曲线),旨在从理论出发推导桩侧土体的p–y曲线。首先,推导了与上限解等价的分步弹性加载理论,并结合刚性圆盘在环状弹性介质中受水平力作用下的弹性力学解以研究桩身水平位移和桩周平均剪应变间的关系;再应用该平均剪应变和土体的双曲线应力应变关系建立联系以得到桩周土体在加载过程中的平均屈服应力即已发挥的土体强度;以此确立二维情况下桩身位移和桩周土反力的关系即p–y骨干曲线。再进一步根据三维的桩侧初始地基模量和桩侧极限承载力,将其推广至三维。该p–y曲线的优点在于可以考虑土体应力应变关系、桩身刚度和长细比对p–y曲线的影响。最后,将本文p–y曲线和传统p–y曲线分别与工程实例以及有限元结果进行对比,并指出传统p–y曲线的不足及恰当的使用范围。
