Theory and application of equivalent transformation relationships between plane wave and spherical wave

Based on the governing equations and the equivalent models, we propose an equivalent transformation relationships between a plane wave in a one-dimensional medium and a spherical wave in globular geometry with radially inhomogeneous properties. These equivalent relationships can help us to obtain the analytical solutions of the elastodynamic issues in an inhomogeneous medium. The physical essence of the presented equivalent transformations is the equivalent relationships between the geometry and the material properties. It indicates that the spherical wave problem in globular geometry can be transformed into the plane wave problem in the bar with variable property fields, and its inverse transformation is valid as well. Four different examples of wave motion problems in the inhomogeneous media are solved based on the presented equivalent relationships. We obtain two basic analytical solution forms in Examples I and II, investigate the reflection behavior of inhomogeneous half-space in Example III, and exhibit a special inhomogeneity in Example IV, which can keep the traveling spherical wave in constant amplitude. This study implies that our idea makes solving the associated problem easier.

The Harmony Concept between Government Program and Community Need to Achieve Sustainability

The background of research was conditions of settlement in slum area at Tallo which are most apprehensive; lack of facilities, the houses made of flammable materials, and some criminal action occurred in the density settlement. Upgrading Programs has been twice implemented in this area. However, those have the same aim, to improve street and drainage condition around the area. The different between of them is the using of material which are the first program used asphalt as street cover material and the second one used paving blok. Although the upgrading programs had done, the condition of the settlement did not improve significantly. The problems in settlement were not only leak in infrastructure condition and needs, but also lake of community welfare, unemployment, housing conditions, and the existence of the warehouses in the settlement. The flood problems also appeared in this area which closed with the water channel to the city disposal channel so when rainy season, the area is always flooded and enter into the entrance of the houses. The objective of this research was to find the root of the problems and find good solutions for the environment and how to meet the major needs of the settlement upgrading program into the local community point of view. Field research and questioners was conducted as research method to the research objectivities in the needs of community for good environment. Furthermore, the data from the field research was analyzed by making synchronization with the theory of environmental sustainability. Results from this research showed the comparison study between first and the last condition of the settlement area which had the upgrading program implementation. These findings could provide a new guideline for the government in policy related to slum upgrading.

The Nexus between Nigerian Government Spending and Domestic Output in the Presence of Long-Term Crude Oil Price Shock: A Conditional Unrestricted Equilibrium Correction Model Approach

This paper is an empirical analysis of provisional unrestricted level relationship between Nigerian domestic output measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and government spending proxied by capital and recurrent expenditures in the presence of static regressors such as crude oil prices and federal government retained revenues. We estimate an ARDL (1,0,1) using a single-equation approach. Results show that government expenditures have negative but statistically insignificant effects on domestic output in the long-run. Similarly, negative short run effects are established amongst the variables. However, recurrent expenditure is statistically significant in the short-run. Whilst federal government retained revenue has a positive and significant effect, crude oil price exhibited negative relationships with domestic output both at level and in the short-run dynamics. Also a high speed of adjustment implies that Nigerian Gross Domestic Product is extremely sensitive to shocks on the government spending in the long-run. An upward trend forecast between 2014 and 2020 is an indication of the continued positive impact and the government retained revenue will exert on the domestic output in the long-run.

China's Maritime Governance:Practical Evolution and Theoretical Construction

Increasingly engaged in maritime governance,China has developed its distinct vision and gradually established a complete theoretical system surrounding it.In terms of discourse,China has proposed a collection of concepts and ideas including a maritime community with a shared future,the 2lst Century Maritime Silk Road,Blue Partnerships,and marine ecological civilization.In terms of connotations,China champions such values as lasting peace,common prosperity,openness and inclusiveness,and cleanness and beautifulness.Exteriorly and interiorly,we can observe the unique character of China's vision concerning maritime governance,which will continue to upgrade and bear fruit in future practices,boosting the development of Chinese maritime governance theories,multilateral maritime cooperation,and ocean-related international legislation.Guided by its vision,China is expected to contribute more to global maritime security and marine ecological civilization.

Revisiting the Spirit of the UDHR and Discussing Human Rights Development——Summary of Views from the Seminar Commemorating the 75th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

On December 4,2023,the China Society for Human Rights Studies hosted a seminar in Beijing commemorating the 75^(th) Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.Participants discussed topics such as the significance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,China’s theories and practices in respecting and safeguarding human rights,the three global initiatives and global human rights governance,human rights protection in the digital age,and telling Chinese stories of human rights in the new era.The discussions led to a broad consensus and achieved positive results.

Birds in rocky habitats of the Tatra Mountains (Carpathians)： species diversity and multiple ecological relationships

Rocky habitats are regarded as biodiversity hot-spots. Along with high species diversity, diverse ecological relationships can be observed in these habitats. Large groups of bird species use rocks in various ways： as perching/roosting sites, breeding or foraging habitats, information exchange sites, display arenas or as sources of minerals and water. Because of the inaccessibility of these environments, their role and importance to animals has been underestimated. We evaluated the use of rocky habitats by birds in the Tatra Mountains （49°13′N; 19°57′E, Carpathians, central Europe）. Rocky habitats were used by 29 bird species, eight of which used cliffs directly （i.e. for nesting, foraging or resting）. The number of species recorded as using cliffs was correlated with the surface area of the cliff face. A total of 2o forms of rocky habitat use were recorded, in five behavioural categories： vocalization, foraging, perching, flight and nesting. Prevailing behaviours were flying by a rock face, circling above the face, and vocalization on a tree/shrub growing next to a rock. Rocks provide a nesting habitat for specialized petrophilic species and permit the existence of numerous ecological relations between species and habitats. The results of this study show that rocky habitats support the diversity of ecological relationships.

Community structure of mesopelagic fauna and the length-weight relationships of three common fishes in the Cosmonaut Sea,Southern Ocean

This study used specimens of marine organisms caught by rectangular midwater trawl in the Cosmonaut Sea,Southern Ocean,in austral summer 2019/2020,to determine species composition and spatial distributions of mesopelagic fauna in this sea.The data were also used to calculate the length-weight relationships of three common fishes captured during the survey(Electrona antarctica,Bathylagus antarcticus,and Cyclothone microdon).A total of 385 individual organisms with a total weight of 15462.2 g and representing 17 species were collected across the 11 stations visited.The small-sized crown jellyfish Atolla wyvillei(order Coronatae)was the most-dominant species by number(96 individuals),and the zooplankton Cyllopus lucasii(Amphipoda)also showed high abundance(54 individuals).Among fishes,81 individuals of Notolepis coatsorum(Paralepididae)were caught,followed by 71 individuals of E.antarctica(Myctophidae),25 individuals of B.antarcticus(Bathylagidae),and 16 individuals of C.microdon(Gonostomatidae).Clustering analysis divided the mesopelagic community into“west”and“east”groups,and a greater number of individuals were collected in the western part of the sea.The length-weight relationships of the three common fishes revealed positive allometric growth for B.antarcticus(b=3.16),and negative allometric growth for E.antarctica and C.microdon(both b=2.53).Our descriptions of the mesopelagic-zone community structure and biological features of three common fishes provide basic information on the ecology of the Cosmonaut Sea,Southern Ocean,and will be useful for ecosystem-based fisheries management in this region.

Digital Media Ethics： Challenges Between the Public and the Private for ICTs

There have never been more ways for us to ＂communicate＂ than what we may have today as we keep developing new technologies that allow us with alternative forms of interaction other than face-to-face conversation. Our age indeed distinguishes itself by its ever more rapid transformations in the kinds of mediation for such encounters. But, especially when they are new, technologies may deeply affect how we see the world, our communities, our relationships, and ourselves. For, as people usually respond to new media with much excitement as well as a big amount of confusion, and these media may conduct to social and cultural reorganization, they should as well incite more sober reflections about such changes before they become so taken for granted to appear as almost ＂invisible＂

The Centenary of the CPC:Exploration and Improvement of Central-Local Economic Relationship

Decentralization is a global phenomenon,but growth is not.The economic relationship between central and local governments is an important yet unresolved question in China’s economic development.As a large country with unbalanced political and economic development,China is faced with unbalanced and inadequate development as the primary constraint to meeting people’s ever-growing needs for a better life.The Communist Party of China(CPC)has been exploring to mobilize the initiatives of both central and local governments.During the planned economy era,China experienced a few rounds of centralization of economic powers but failed to strike a balance in maximizing the initiatives of both central and local governments.After the reform and opening up policy enacted in 1978,China’s central and local governments have succeeded in combining economic decentralization with administrative decentralization.China’s central government,local governments and enterprises have become resource allocation entities.China’s economic growth miracle has been driven by promoting the initiatives of central and local governments.Entering the new era,the central-local economic relationship represents an institutional strength of concentrating resources to accomplish great undertakings and leveraging the initiatives of both central and local governments.With the principal contradiction facing China’s development shifted into one between people’s growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development,the management of central and local government relationship has taken on greater theoretical significance and salient implications in the new era.

Full Empowerment and the Participatory Governance in Rural Communities: A Comparative Study Based on Two Cases

Participatory governance is a feasible method in the context of a need for effective governance.With the introduction of participatory governance,the focus has shifted to how to empower.A comparative study of two cases in this paper finds that full empowerment is the key to effective governance in participatory governance.Full empowerment can motivate a community to participate through the empower of rights and resources and can improve community participation capacity through the introduction of technical services.The full empowerment encourages a community to undertake its due responsibility and thus forms a mechanism of the simultaneous downward shift of right and responsibility;the refined technical services enhance community participation capacity and thus develop the mechanism of self-management and adaptation,and the interactions between multiple agents produces a coordinating mechanism for government empowerment and community acceptance.

How do altitude and soil properties influence the taxonomic and phylogenetic structure and diversity of Brazilian páramo vegetation?

Altitude and environmental variables such as edaphic properties are considered determinants of species distribution and community composition in mountain ecosystems.Here,we aimed to outline the effects of distinct mountain peaks,altitude and soil properties on community composition,species density,phylogenetic structure and diversity of angiosperm páramo communities from the Serra do Brigadeiro State Park,Minas Gerais,southeastern Brazil.For that,we identified all angiosperm species found in 300 plots(1 m×1 m)from three mountain peaks,measured soil depth and analyzed soil fertility and texture in each plot.To reduce the number of soil variables and species composition,we computed principal coordinates based on soil properties and principal coordinates based on species-plot matrix for each plot.Furthermore,we computed the standard effect sizes of the mean phylogenetic pairwise distance and the mean nearest phylogenetic taxon distance for each plot to investigate differences in the degree of relatedness among coexisting species.We compared differences in response variables between peaks and modelled them in function of altitude and principle components of soil properties using mixed effect models.Species density and phylogenetic diversity differed between peaks,but,contrary to the previous findings,no relationships between species richness or phylogenetic diversity and altitude or soil properties were found,indicating that further investigations are necessary to understand the altitude-biodiversity relationship in Brazilian páramo vegetation.Community composition differed between peaks and depended on altitude,soil properties and interactions between them,indicating that upward shifting of bioclimatic conditions due to climate changes may alter communities of this ecosystem.Phylogenetic structure differed between peaks and was influenced by altitude and soil properties.As phylogenetic clustering increased with altitude,eventual upward movements of species in Brazilian páramo vegetation due to climate change may alter community composition and the degree of relatedness among coexisting species,increasing the risk of species from higher altitudes to disappear.Therefore,conservation priorities arise for higher landscape portions,where these high altitude species may find refuges.

Research on the Path of Improving the Efficiency of Urban Community Governance from the Perspective of Collaborative Governance:A Case Study of Daqing City,China

Under the background of“co-construction,co-governance,and sharing,”the role of the grassroots level is becoming increasingly important.In the past,the governance body was single with blocked information,and the inefficient governance mode required gradual transformation.In order to achieve collaborative governance and break through the obstacles in grassroots governance,the key lies in how to play the role of the community,coordinate the relationship between citizens and the community,and allow the community to better play the role of grassroots governance.Under the guidance of the concept of collaborative governance and combined with relevant data,this paper discusses the problems and current situation of community governance in Daqing City,China,explores the path to improve the efficiency of urban community governance,and puts forward relevant constructive suggestions to better realize the role of community in grassroots governance.

The Transformation of Rural Household Reproduction Model and Its Impact on Family Relations

Under the pressure of marketization and urbanization,rural family reproduction mode has transformed from simple reproduction to expanded family reproduction,thus changing the family structure and family relationship.Under the mode of expanded family reproduction,family relationship is a highly rational and deeply mobilized interaction pattern.And the family element configuration profoundly reflects the practical form of family relationship.Under the mode of expanded family reproduction,the changes in rural family relations are mainly reflected in three aspects:the decline of the paternal authority and the increasing family status of the offspring;the increasing status of women along with a decisive role in family decision-making;the more independent,equal,competitive and rational relationship among brothers.These changes bring forward new requirements on rural governance system,which requires improvements on social security and public culture.

Forest protected area governance in Bangladesh:a focus on the legal and policy framework

In the context of renewed interest in collaboration in natural resource management,the collaborative governance approach has lately been introduced to the forest Protected Areas(PAs)in Bangladesh.The adoption of this co-management approach is seen as an attempt to influence the governance process towards a transformation from the conventional custodian system to a more participatory management regime.Recognition of rights and responsibilities,effective participation,and equitable distribution of benefits amongst the key stakeholders working under a facilitative policy and legal framework are believed to address the broader goals of sustainable development Notwithstanding the resurgence of interest in governance of forest PAs through the co-management approach,academic research on the subject remains limited.This article attempts to review selected key information and milestones on the forest PAs governance with special reference to the major policies and legal documents.With a brief introductory section,this article focuses on the genesis and selected major features of the Forest PAs in the country.The discussion then dwells on the policy and legal framework and provides a critique on its relevance for promoting community participation.The existing institutional arrangements for community engagement in protected area governance are also analyzed in light of the national and international commitment and policy obligations on the part of the country.The salient observations and key findings of the study include the following:(1)despite its limitations,comanagement as concept and practice has gradually taken roots in Bangladesh;(2)the degree and level of active community participation remain low and limited,and there is also clear weakness in conscientizing and orientating the local community on the key legal and policy issues related to PA governance in the country;and(3)policy makers,practitioners,and other local stakeholders related to PA governance need to be oriented on international commitment and national development strategies.The study calls for systematic focus on regular research on the performance of co-management in the country,and efforts towards improving the implementation mechanisms in the field.

Community Participation in the Decentralized Health and Water Services Delivery in Tanzania

This article examined community participation in the delivery of water and primary health care services in the Local Government Authorities (LGAs) in Tanzania. This was the descriptive research study which employed both qualitative and quantitative research designs involving a total of 208 respondents. Where 127 respondents filled in the questionnaires, 51 respondents participated in the in-depth interviews and 30 respondents participated in the Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The results indicate that decentralization reforms have facilitated the formation of health and water services governance structures that facilitate community participation in the service delivery. The findings further revealed the means through which community participated in the delivery of services, i.e., from participating in the meetings, project initiation and management, to membership in various statutory services boards and committees.

A Community with a Shared Future for Human Beings in the Vision of Modernization of Global Governance: China's Expression and Practice

The human rights cause in the world still faces structural challenges and crises, the factor of which including scarcity of living material resources, global environmental crisis and global terrorism. However, the existing global governance model and governance pattern have made it difficult to deal effectively with the above structural challenges and crises facing the development of human rights in the world. Therefore, it’s necessary to advance and modernize global governance. In order to realize these ends, the Chinese government presents the ideal of a Community with a Shared Future for Human Beings as the modernization of global governance and the Belt and Road Initiative as the proper project for this process of modernization. It calls on all countries to work hand in hand and work together to build a community with a shared future for mankind so as to realize the modernization of global governance and hence the comprehensive development of human beings.

What factors explain anger and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic? The case of Israeli society

BACKGROUND What factors affected the levels of anger and emotional distress experienced during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic?We hypothesized that(1)sociodemographic factors and resiliency factors would partially explain psychological distress and anger,with stronger resiliency associated with lower levels of distress and anger;(2)women would report more trust in national leadership,as well as more psychological problems;(3)individuals of low socioeconomic status would report less resiliency,less trust in national leadership,and greater distress than individuals of higher socioeconomic status;and(4)hope would mediate the relationships between the other resiliency factors and both anger and distress.AIM To explore whether community resilience,hope,and trust in leaders were associated with lower levels of anger and emotional distress during the COVID-19 pandemic.METHODS For this observational study,data were gathered in Israel during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic,just before the Jewish New Year(mid-September 2020),as a second lockdown was announced.Data were gathered from 636 Israeli adults,who were recruited by the Midgam research panel.The participants filled out self-reported questionnaires including one on state anger,the Brief Symptom Inventory as a measure of mental-health problems(i.e.,somatization,depression,and anxiety),and questionnaires about trust in the state’s leaders,community resilience(CCRAM),and hope as measures of coping resources and resiliency.t-tests were used to explore differences between men and women and between those of lower and higher socioeconomic status.A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was then used to examine whether and how the sociodemographic and resiliency variables explained state anger and psychological distress.A Sobel test was used to evaluate the possible effects of hope on community resilience and trust in leadership in the context of both distress and anger.RESULTS Our results revealed differences between women and men in terms of anger and mental-health problems,but not in terms of coping resources.Women reported higher levels of both anger and mental-health problems.Participants of lower socioeconomic status reported more mental-health problems,more anger,and greater trust in the state’s leaders;whereas those of higher socioeconomic status reported greater hope.Furthermore,hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that the sociodemographic factors of gender,age,and socioeconomic status,as well as community resilience,trust in the state’s leaders,and hope explained mental health with a total of 19% of the variance and anger with a total of 33% of the variance.The Sobel tests showed that hope mediated the relationships between community resilience and mental health(z=3.46,P<0.001),community resilience and anger(z=2.90,P<0.01),and trust in leaders and anger(z=3.26,P<0.01),but did not affect the relationship between trust in leaders and mental health(z=1.53,P>0.05).CONCLUSION Personal and communal factors affect psychological distress.Personal resilience is an important factor that should be strengthened throughout life.Trust in leadership is important for citizens’mental health.

Social Welfare Transformation and Community Governance Model for the Aging Generation:Rural Community Care in Chiayi County as a Case Study

Over the past two decades,Taiwan’s welfare policies for the elderly have prepared for the arrival of an aged society with the aim of facilitating aging in place(AIP).The Long-Term Care Services Act passed by the Legislative Yuan in 2015 set regulations for long-term care personnel,thereby improving the welfare system for the elderly.The government’s AIP policies focus on providing welfare institutions or service units and do not sufficiently explore key factors such as the relationship between care services and community governance models.Since the basic focus of elderly welfare policies is AIP,it is important to actively empower grassroots community organizations and consider the elderly as important subjects of community participation.AIP policies emphasize providing long-term care and nurturing the elderly until death;such policies will be more proactive and innovative if coproduction is incorporated.This study briefly discusses theories related to coproduction using the case study of Chiayi County’s Dingcaiyian Community Development Association,which links six communities in remote rural villages and establishes a community care network based on the coproduction concept.Follow-up issues related to community care are considered and potential practices and ideas to guide social welfare transformation and community governance in the future are discussed.

Urban Geography and the Production of Socio-Environmental Inequalities

In this article we use the Urban Political Ecology approach to show that by analysing governance networks we can better understand the production of certain socio-environmental transformations that negatively affect some social groups while benefiting others. Drawing upon two case studies in the UK, the article explores the dialectical relationships between different modes of urban governance on one hand and the socio-environmental transformations fulfilled in each case study on the other hand. The article concludes that although urban regeneration policies are always constrained by the neoliberal established framework of power relations, policy outputs and outcomes could be very different from one place to another, shaping uneven socio-environmental constructions. Finally, we make some recommendations in order to stimulate the production of more sustainable communities in the future.