A Note on the Relationship Between Temperature and Water Vapor over Oceans, Including Sea Surface Temperature Effects

An ideal and simple formulation is successfully derived that well represents a quasi-linear relationship found between the domain-averaged water vapor, Q （ram）, and temperature, T （K）, fields for the three tropical oceans （i.e., the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans） based on eleven GEOS-3 [Goddard Earth Observing System （EOS） Version-3] global re-analysis monthly products. A Q - T distribution analysis is also performed for the tropical and extra-tropical regions based on in-situ sounding data and numerical simulations [GEOS-3 and the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble （GCE） model]. A similar positively correlated Q - T distribution is found over the entire oceanic and tropical regions; however, Q increases faster with T for the former region. It is suspected that the tropical oceans may possess a moister boundary layer than the Tropics. The oceanic regime falls within the lower bound of the tropical regime embedded in a global, curvilinear Q - T relationship. A positive correlation is also found between T and sea surface temperature （SST）; however, for one degree of increase in T, SST is found to increase 1.1 degrees for a warmer ocean, which is slightly less than an increase of 1.25 degrees for a colder ocean. This seemingly indicates that more （less） heat is needed for an open ocean to maintain an air mass above it with a same degree of temperature rise during a colder （warmer） season [or in a colder （warmer） region]. Q and SST are also found to be positively correlated. Relative humidity （RH） exhibits similar behaviors for oceanic and tropical regions. RH increases with increasing SST and T over oceans, while it increases with increasing T in the Tropics. RH, however, decreases with increasing temperature in the extratropics. It is suspected that the tropical and oceanic regions may possess a moister local boundary layer than the extratropics so that a faster moisture increase than a saturated moisture increase is favored for the former regions. T, Q, saturated water vapor, RH, and SST are also examined with regard to the warm and cold ＂seasons＂ over individual oceans. The Indian Ocean warm season dominates in each of the five quantities, while the Atlantic Ocean cold season has the lowest values in most categories. The higher values for the Indian Ocean may be due to its relatively high percentage of tropical coverage compared to the other two oceans. However, Q is found to increase faster for colder months from individual oceans, which differs from the general finding in the global Q - T relationship that Q increases slower for a colder climate. The modified relationship may be attributed to a possible seasonal （warm and cold） variability in boundary layer depth over oceans, or to the small sample size used in each individual oceanic group.

THE RELATION BETWEEN CHRONIC HBsAg CARRIER STATE AND GENETIC FACTOR

HBsAg positive families including 375 indiduals were investigated in genetic epidemiology.The results showed the HBsAg carrier rate of the blood relatives was significantly higherthan that of the non-blood relatives(P<0.01).The HBsAg carrier rate decreased with the degreeof relatives,that is,the HBsAg carrier rate of the lst degree relatives was higher than that of the 2nddegree relatives and the HBsAg carrier rate or the 2nd degree relatives wus higher than that of the3rd degree relatives(P<0.01).The HBsAg carrier rate of the individuals living together with theprobands was higher than that of those living apart (P<0.01).But the other two marker of HBVinfectivity,anti-HBs and anti-HBc didn't show significant difference mentioned above.The resultsanalysed by means of Logistic Regression model showed blood relationship played an important rolein HBsAg carrier state.In addition,the history of common environment was associated with HBsAgcarrier state.The average of heritability in the 1st,2nd,3rd degree relatives was 88.80%.Analysis.of genetic model showed HBsAg carrier saute corresponded to the ckaracteristic of multifactorial genetic disease,excluding the possibility of single gene genetic disease.

Peasant Household Oriented Land Circulation from the Perspective of State Governance

Based on the state governance background of peasant household oriented land circulation,I analyzed characteristics of peasant household oriented land circulation.The characteristics mainly include uncertain definition of rural land circulation,significant off-media feature of land circulation,long-term land circulation contract,farmers' preference of peasant household oriented land circulation,and progressive path of land circulation.The essential feature is the progressive mode of land circulation.Under the existing property right,it realizes the perfect combination of modern production factors and traditional agricultural,and the combination of traditional family safeguarding function and modern social mutual growth spirit.Thus,it shows relative independence and manifests the idea of common prosperity.The opportunity cost of peasant household oriented land circulation is minimal,institutional cost will increase circulation risk,and what's more,the cost for state governance of peasant household oriented land circulation is minimal.It comes to conclusion that building proper and harmonious land circulation mechanism is responsibility of central government and favorable for healthy development of peasant household oriented land circulation.

QSAR Study of the Action Strength of DOM of Phenyl-isopropyl-amine Dopes Using MLR and BP-ANN

Based on Hall et al. electrotopological state indices（EK） of atom types, two quantitative structure-activity relationship（QSAR） models were developed to estimate and predict the action strength（W） of D（OM）（dimethoxy-methyl-amphetamine） for 18 phenyl-isopropyl-amine dopes（PPAD） through linear method（multiple linear regression, MLR） and non-linear method（Back propagation artificial neural network, BP-ANN）. On the basis of EK, the optimal three-parameter（E14, E9, E7） QSAR model of W for 18 PPAD was constructed. The traditional correlation coefficient（R^2） and cross-validation correlation coefficient（Rcv^2） are 0.878 and 0.815, respectively. The result demonstrates that the model is highly reliable（from the point of view of statistics） and has good predictive ability by using R^2, Rcv^2, VIF, FIT, AIC and F tests. Form the three parameters of the model, it is known that the dominant influence factors of inhibited activity are the molecular structure fragments： =CH–（secondary carbon）, =C〈（tertiary carbon atom） in aromatic ring and –O–（phenol ether bond）. The results showed that the structure parameters E14, E9 and E7 have good rationality and efficiency for the W of phenyl-isopropyl-amine dope（PPAD） analogues. A BP-ANN with 3-3-1 architecture was generated by using three electrotopological state index descriptors（E14, E9, E7） appearing in the MLR model, the above descriptors were inputs and its output was action strength（W）. The nonlinear BP-ANN model has better predictive ability compared to the linear MLR model with R^2 and Rcv^2 of leave-one-out（LOO） to be 0.995 and 0.994, respectively. The regression method gave support to the neural network with physical explanation, which offers a more accurate model for QSAR. Those models can be used in the rational design of higher stimulating extent PPAD, which provide meaningful reference information to improve the detection methods of PPAD.

Physico-Chemical Soil Properties and Their Correlations with Maize and Cassava Production in Ebonyi, Nigeria

This study analyzed relationships between soil properties and food crop production in Ebonyi State of southeast Nigeria. Free survey was conducted after three zones (Agbaja, Akaeze and Ikwo) in the state were purposely selected for representation of the soil sampling. Two types of sampling were conducted;Auger sampling at 0 - 20 and 20 - 40 cm depths and soil profile sampling. Annual crop yield data on maize and cassava for the state from 1988 to 2017 were collected from Agriculture Development Program. Variations in properties among soil horizons were obtained using coefficient of variations while soil parameters were regressed against crop yields to establish their relationships. Results showed that fine sand, total sand, bulk density, total porosity, soil pH, and available phosphorus significantly (p = 0.05) differ from 0 - 20 cm and 20 - 40 cm depths. Also, cassava yield correlated negatively with base saturation, and organic matter at 0.05 probability level;with exchangeable Ca and Na at 0.01 probabilities level but correlated positively with bulk density and available water capacity at 0.01 and 0.05 probability levels, respectively. Similarly, maize yield correlated negatively with available phosphorus and total nitrogen at 0.05 probability level;and with total porosity and exchangeable Ca at 0.01 probability level;and then correlated positively with available water capacity, and bulk density, at 0.01 probability level;with coarse sand at 0.05 probability level. However, soils of Ebonyi State are fertile but some of the chemical properties are still low, therefore, it is paramount to improve the quality of the soil to achieve improved food security in the state.

Stress perceptions and leadership orientation of Malaysians： Exploring their similarities and differences with Americans

To explore the management orientation of employees in Malaysia and the United States, this paper focuses on comparing the leadership and stress perception of respondents in these two different countries. It appears that Malaysians and Americans have a significantly higher score on the relationship-orientation than task-orientation. Similarly, the female respondents in Malaysia had a significantly higher score on the relationship orientation. Finally, the responses of these 216 Malaysian respondents were compared with the 87 Americans, demonstrating significantly higher scores for respondents from the U.S. on both orientations. For management and practical application, suggestions and implications for future studies are presented.

The mechanism of hydrogen abstraction by high valence transition metal oxo compounds

We present here a systematic theoretical study to explore the underlying mechanisms of the H abstraction reaction from methane. Various abstracting agents have been modeled, using oxygen radicals and a set of high valence metal oxo compounds. Our calculations demonstrate that although H abstraction from CH3-H by metal oxoes can be satisfactorily fitted into the Polanyi correlation on the basis of oxygen radicals, the mechanisms behind are significantly different. The frontier orbital analyses show that there are three electrons and three active orbitals (3e, 3o) involved in H abstraction by oxygen radicals; whereas an additional orbital of pi(M-O)* is involved in H abstraction by M = O, resulting in a (4e, 4o) interaction. In terms of valence bond state correlation diagram, we find that H abstraction by a metal oxo may benefit from the contribution of ionic resonance structures, which could compensate the penalty of opening the M-O pbond. We believe that these findings can help to design more effective catalysts for the activation of light alkanes. (C) 2016 Science Press and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B. V. and Science Press. All rights reserved.

FINE STRUCTURES OF BOTH INTERFACES AND INTERFACIAL REACTION PRODUCTS

The characteristic of interface depending on the atomic structure exerts an inportant,and sometime controlling,influence on performance of the interacial materials. The present paper reviews the main studies on fine structure of both the materials inter- faces and interfacial reaction products in semiconductor uperlattice,metal multilayer ceram- ics and composite materials by mean of selected area electron doffraction patterns and high resolution electron microscopy. The following features of interfaces are reviewed:the orientation relationships;the char- acteristic of steps,facets and ronghness of interfaces;atomic bonding across the interface;the degree of coherency,the structure of misfit dislocations and elastic relaxations at the inter- faces:the presence of defects at the onterfaces:the structure of the interfacial reaction prod- ucts as well as the reaction kinetics and reaetion mechanism.

History and Evolution of Nigeria-US Military, Security, and Political Relations

This paper examines the dynamics, the politics, and the significance of the security relationship between Nigeria and the United States. Both countries, operating at different levels of military strengths, consider and regard themselves as partners who should establish some form of cooperation for defence purposes. Though the United States enjoys massive military capability advantage over Nigeria, the relationship between the two of them was meant to assist Nigeria, the weak partner, or better still, the client state, to overcome the challenge of its defence policies, and to reinforce its military infrastructure. This will be in the areas of training, technology, equipment, professional orientation, and political management. However, there seems to be lack of trust between the two of them with Nigeria becoming too sensitive and concerned about its defence infrastructural deficits, and the possibility of the United States exploiting this to its own advantage. Such worrisome suspicions are capable of tinkering with the objectives of the security arrangements between the two of them. In this kind of suspect friendship where one partner has transformed into a protector state, it became difficult for defence pacts and agreements to achieve the desired objectives. Hence, the regular collapse of such pacts and lack of definitive defence policy actions between the two countries. The findings showed that every attempt by the United States to help stabilize Nigeria’s political system and environment was seen by Nigeria as an unwarranted intervention and meddlesomeness capable of destroying the fragility of its polity as it almost did during the June 12 crisis of 1993.

共同富裕视域下乡村治理共同体建设的理论逻辑与实现路径

实现农民农村共同富裕是实现全体人民共同富裕中最艰巨最繁重的任务,这意味着加强和创新乡村治理将承担更多实现共同富裕的目标任务。为此,需在共同富裕视域下建设乡村治理共同体,实现农民农村共同富裕与乡村治理有效的高度统一。就其联系而言,实现共同富裕是乡村治理共同体建设的基本前提与价值导向,乡村治理共同体建设则是共同富裕的实现方式与本质要求,由此表现出二者互为实现途径与目的的内在耦合关系。就其理论逻辑而言,马克思共同体思想和城乡关系理论内在统一的思想奠基是其理论本源,习近平共同富裕观与乡村治理思想内在统一的现实指引是其理论创新,中华优秀传统文化中的“大同”理想与乡村治理思想的当代升华是其理论底蕴。就其实现路径而言,需坚持和加强党建引领,强化统筹乡村治理共同体的“内涵”和“外延”;发展壮大农村集体经济,筑牢乡村治理共同体建设的物质基础;健全“三治融合”乡村治理体系,完善乡村治理共同体的治理机制;积极推动城乡融合,激活乡村治理共同体建设的内生动力。

Pairs Trading Strategy for A and H Shares Based on Kalman-HMM Approach

Pairs trading is a statistical arbitrage strategy that takes advantage of unbalanced financial markets.A common difficulty for quantitative trading participants is the detection of market institutional changes in financial markets.In order to solve this issue,the hidden Markov model(HMM)is applied for status detection.The research objective is to use Kalman filter to predict and the hidden Markov model(HMM)to identify state transitions on the basis of screening transaction pairs with obvious co-integration relationship.This research would prove the profitability of the strategy and the ability to resist risk through the combination of these two methods with real data.The empirical results showed that compared with the traditional cointegration strategy,the holding yield increased from 1.6%to 16.2%and the maximum pullback reduced to 0.02%.Further research is required to improve trading rules.

乡村振兴中国家与农民关系的社会化调适

乡村振兴战略实施中的政策实践,指向了社会学持续关注的国家与农民关系问题。公共资源下乡中国家与农民之间的互动不仅在器物和组织两个层面展开,还集中体现在价值层面。在乡村振兴的积极案例中,国家与农民关系的新形态表现为器物层面上国家资源与社会需求的有效对接,组织层面上社会动员能力的提升,价值层面上农民国家认同感的强化。国家输入的公共资源只有以高度社会化的方式与农民互动时,农民才可能按照特定的行动逻辑将“国家”内化于心,国家权力才算实现了社会合法性的确认和再生产。为了实现国家与农民关系的社会化调适,社会治理公共性的建设不应停留于权力运作的策略层面。国家应充分发掘、激活蕴藏于乡村社会中的本土资源,将自上而下输入的公共资源转化为推动乡村社会开展自主建设的内生要素。如此,公共资源的下乡才能在推动乡村振兴的过程中,促成国家濡化能力在基层的再造,实现现代国家在社会中的扎根和成长。

知识状态集合准确界定的意义

教育认知诊断基于被试的作答反应估计其知识状态从而进行分类.尽管给定属性及其层级关系,其知识状态集合是唯一的,但对此并未形成共识.如有的软件包认为同一属性层级关系可对应2种不同的知识状态集合;有的研究仅仅给出属性及其层级关系的知识状态集合的真子集.针对这些情况,该文从理论上和应用上进行了分析,并给出修正的建议.

国有企业推进关键核心技术突破对协同创新网络竞合关系的治理机制——基于“华龙一号”核电技术案例研究

国有企业是科技创新的主力军,在“卡脖子”关键核心技术突破中如何对创新网络多主体竞合关系进行有效治理是推进科技创新的关键。选取中核工程作为案例研究对象,基于竞合关系与利益相关者视角探究国有企业作为核心企业对创新网络竞合关系的治理机制。研究发现:①国有企业对协同创新网络主体存在行政要素驱动、技术要素驱动和利益要素驱动3类竞合关系;②针对不同类型竞合关系,分别采取行政协调、柔性治理与规范合作3种细分机制,促进创新网络主体良性合作,同时对价值创造与分配中存在的竞合关系进行有效治理。研究结论有助于丰富国有企业情境下的关键核心技术突破研究,为国有企业管理协同创新网络主体提供参考。

数字化转型程度与国有示范企业治理效率

随着物联网以及大数据等技术的更迭升级与广泛应用,通过数字化提升国有企业治理效率变得愈发重要。选取2003—2022年入选“双一流”示范企业名单61家A股上市国有示范企业为研究对象,实证研究数字化转型程度对国有示范企业治理效率的影响。研究发现:数字化转型程度与国有示范企业治理效率之间存在“U”型关系,随着数字化转型程度由过渡阶段上升到适度阶段,其对国有示范企业的影响由抑制效应转为促进效应;Utest检验结果表明,现阶段绝大多数国有示范企业处于“阵痛区间”,表现为对治理效率的负向影响;数字转型程度“U”型影响资本密集型行业和东部地区的国有示范企业的治理效率,负向影响劳动密集型行业和中西部地区的国有示范企业的治理效率。因此,管理者要认识到数字化转型的两面性;企业应遵循与自身发展相契合的数字化转型路径;政府应科学评估企业数字化转型,并持续夯实数字化转型的基础环境。

国有企业创新动力何在——“合法”与“效率”的整合性研究

国有企业创新是应对经济发展新格局和建设全球领先创新型国家的必由之路。由此,如何有效促进国有企业创新成为亟待解决的关键问题。基于企业创新行为与制度环境、市场环境及关系环境逻辑,以追求“合法”还是“效率”为视角,构建合法性机制、效率机制和政企关系整合性研究框架,并以国有石油企业为样本进行回归分析与结构方程模型检验,结果发现:(1)国有企业创新行为受合法性机制驱动,规范合法性、认知合法性的作用显著;(2)国有企业创新行为受效率机制驱动,绩效水平的作用显著;(3)国有企业创新行为受合法性机制与效率机制交互作用的驱动;(4)政企关系构成国有企业创新的情境条件,能够影响国有企业创新策略选择。结论可为发挥国有企业核心技术创新先锋职能提供微观层面的经验证据,对于我国依靠国有企业实现创新驱动发展具有重要意义。

我国保障性住房建设新模式与政策应对:基于政府—市场—社会关系演进的视角

保障性住房建设是解决住房民生问题、促进社会经济健康发展的重要举措。当前,在房地产市场供求关系发生重大变化及其带来政府财政负担这一宏观社会经济背景下,结合国家层面“加快构建房地产发展新模式、加大保障性住房建设和供给”这一住房保障理念,从政府—市场—社会关系视角,梳理我国保障性住房建设的阶段性特征,讨论我国住房建设面临的实践挑战,并进一步提出应从政府—市场—社会关系再调整视角,以多元合作共建模式予以应对。具体包括:在城市更新与乡村振兴等国家战略推进背景下多路并举统筹解决保障性住房短缺难题,创新规划管制举措以激励多主体充分参与住房保障建设与住区治理,完善土地财税金融法律等配套政策以保障住房市场有序运行等。

战国时期铅钡硅酸盐制品相互关系的新思考

铅钡硅酸盐是中国古代费昂斯和玻璃制品的典型成分类型。本文首先明确了铅钡硅酸盐制品包含铅钡釉陶、铅钡釉砂、铅钡玻璃以及硅酸铜钡颜料四大类,并重点讨论前三者,强调不宜用“铅钡玻璃”指代铅钡硅酸盐制品。其后,文章整体梳理了战国时期铅钡硅酸盐制品的出土范围和存续时间。在此基础上,重新讨论了铅钡釉陶、铅钡釉砂、铅钡玻璃的关系问题,提出铅钡釉陶和铅钡釉砂都不是铅钡玻璃的先驱,三者在战国早期的出现更像是铅钡这种全新助熔剂在不同材质上的应用。

基于平滑性假设的锂电池开路电压-荷电状态映射提取

开路电压(OCV)是准确估计电动汽车锂离子电池荷电状态(SoC)的重要参数。由于OCV-SoC的映射关系随着电池老化而持续变化,因此在某一特定阶段确定的OCVSoC函数无法适用于电池全生命周期内的SoC估计,由此需要对OCV进行定期测试及老化校准。受OCV-SoC曲线迟滞现象的影响,传统的OCV测试通常需要数天时间才能获得一个或多个完全充放电周期的数据,因此从电动车实际运行的维度上缺乏OCV实时测试和校准的可实现性。本文提出了一种快速灵活的OCV-SoC提取方法,主要基于锂电池放电过程的OCV-t曲线平滑性假设,利用非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)实现基于任意电流-电压测量数据的OCV-SoC关系提取;随后在UDDS工况下结合拓展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)进行了SoC验证。结果表明,基于平滑性假设可以有效地构建OCV-SoC的映射关联,其中SoC的最大估计误差为2%,且不受滤波器SoC初值的影响。

Application of Finite State Machine Theory to the Simulation of Reversed Non-Linear Hysteretic Relationships

This paper presents the application of finite state machine (FSM) theory to the programming of nonlinear hysteretic model simulation for both known and newly created rules. The complicated reversed internal paths involved in the nonlinear relationship which not only depend on material properties, but also on load history, often confuse rule creators and scholars. In this paper, we first describe the development of past hysteretic models. Then we introduce the FSM theory conceptually, and explain how it is applied to reversed and diverse routes. Next, state definitions and procedures are explained with a specific data example using the bilinear model. Finally, the successful application to UC-win/FRAME (3D) is described and several characteristics are summarized. By using FSM’s states and the linkages to represent a hysteresis model, we can quickly realize the programming of the defined complex model rules, and the nonlinear modeling becomes more efficient and feasible.