Hybrid 1DCNN-Attention with Enhanced Data Preprocessing for Loan Approval Prediction

In order to reduce the risk of non-performing loans, losses, and improve the loan approval efficiency, it is necessary to establish an intelligent loan risk and approval prediction system. A hybrid deep learning model with 1DCNN-attention network and the enhanced preprocessing techniques is proposed for loan approval prediction. Our proposed model consists of the enhanced data preprocessing and stacking of multiple hybrid modules. Initially, the enhanced data preprocessing techniques using a combination of methods such as standardization, SMOTE oversampling, feature construction, recursive feature elimination (RFE), information value (IV) and principal component analysis (PCA), which not only eliminates the effects of data jitter and non-equilibrium, but also removes redundant features while improving the representation of features. Subsequently, a hybrid module that combines a 1DCNN with an attention mechanism is proposed to extract local and global spatio-temporal features. Finally, the comprehensive experiments conducted validate that the proposed model surpasses state-of-the-art baseline models across various performance metrics, including accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and AUC. Our proposed model helps to automate the loan approval process and provides scientific guidance to financial institutions for loan risk control.

Review of Arbitral Award of Network Loan and Analysis of Construction of Implementation Review Rules

The network arbitration cases arising from the network lending disputes are pouring into the courts in large numbers.It is reported that the network arbitration system of some arbitration institutions even“can accept more than 10,000 cases every day,”while online lending is booming,it has also caused a lot of contradictions and disputes,and traditional dispute resolution methods have failed to effectively respond to the need for efficient and convenient resolution of online lending disputes.This paper tries to study the arbitral award of online loans and proposes the construction of implementation review rules.

A Knowledge-based System for the Analysis of the Ability of Paying back Loans

This paper describes the development of a knowledgebased system (KBS) for determining whether or not, and under what conditions, a bank Ioan officer should grant a business loan to a company. The prototype system developed focuses on what is bank loans risks management, how to prevent risk by the analysis of the ability of paying back loans. The paper makes the structural analysis involved in the system's decision situation, the structured situation diagram or model, dependency diagram and the document needed by the KBS prototype system thus are developed. Through testing the samples from loan business, the quality for the analysis of the ability of paying back loans can be effectively evaluated by the KBS prototype system.

Intelligent Decision Support System for Bank Loans Risk Classification

Intelligent Decision Support System (IISS) for Bank Loans Risk Classification (BLRC), based on the way of integration Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Expert System (ES), is proposed. According to the feature of BLRC, the key financial and non-financial factors are analyzed. Meanwhile, ES and Model Base (MB) which contain ANN are designed . The general framework,interaction and integration of the system are given. In addition, how the system realizes BLRC is elucidated in detail.

Designing of Commercial Bank Loans Risk Early Warning System Based on BP Neural Networks

According to the index early warning method, a commercial bank loans risk early warning system based on BP neural networks is proposed. The warning signal is mainly involved with the financial situation signal of loaning corporation. Except the structure description of the system structure the demonstration of attemptive designing is also elaborated.

Global Financial Crisis and Accounting Rules： The Implications of the New Exposure Draft （ED） Financial Instruments： Expected Credit Losses on the Evaluation of Banking Company Loans

During the financial crisis, the delayed recognition of credit losses on loans and other financial instruments was identified as a weakness in existing incurred loss model of impairment stated by International Accounting Standards （IAS） 39, because it is believed that this delay might generate pro-cyclical effects. In response to the recommendations of G20, Financial Crisis Advisory Group （FCAG）, and other international bodies, the International Accounting Standards Board （IASB） has undertaken, since 2009, as a part of the project to replace IAS 39, a project （partially shared with Financial Accounting Standards Board （FASB）） aimed at introducing an expected loss model of impairment. Within the scope of this subset project, the IASB has previously issued two exposure documents proposing models to account for expected credit losses： an exposure draft （ED） Financial Instrument： Amortized Cost and Impairment, published in November 2009, and a supplementary document （SD） Financial Instrument： Impairment, published jointly with the FASB in January 2011. However, neither of the two proposals received strong support from interested parties. Recently, the IASB, after the FASB＇s decision to withdraw from the joint project and to develop a separate expected credit loss model based on a single measurement approach consisting in the sole recognition of lifetime expected credit losses, published a third proposal--Ahe so-called expected credit losses model （ED/2013/3 Financial Instruments： Expected Credit Losses）.

Problems in Development of Micro-credit Loans to Farmers in China and Countermeasures

There are problems of inadequate natural endowment and weak stamina in the development of micro-credit loans to farmers in China. Specifically,existing problems include narrow profit space,serious non-agricultural trend of funds,high dependence on government support,short life cycle,and constantly increasing operating risks. These problems are related to endogenous drawback in design,defect in operating procedure,lagging in relevant policies and measures,and vacancy in risk compensation mechanism.

An Empirical Study of the Allocation Efficiency of Rural Financial Resources in Hubei Province from the Perspective of Agricultural Loans

The incompatibility of China's economy and finance has to some extent inhibited the development of rural economy. Taking Hubei Province for example,we measure the allocation efficiency of rural financial resources from the perspective of agricultural input and output,and use the modern rural financial development theory to set forth some policy recommendations on how to build a new rural financial resource allocation system. Studies have shown that the allocation efficiency of rural financial resources is low in China,and improving the allocation efficiency of rural financial resources is the key to perfecting rural financial environment while increasing financial support for agriculture.

The Impact of Bank-Specific and Macroeconomic Factors on Non-performing Loans in Sri Lankan Commercial Banks

The main purpose of this study is to ascertain the effect of bank-specific and macroeconomic factors on non-performing loans in systemically and non-systemically important commercial banks in Sri Lanka over 10 year’s period from 2004 to 2013.Also,the study examines the impact of civil war that prevailed in the country for 30 years on the ex-post credit risk of the banking sector.The study employed panel data methodology to investigate the effect of bank-specific and macroeconomic factors on non-performing loans.Panel unit root test has been undertaken in order to test the stationary of the variables.Hausman test and Wald coefficient restriction test were used to select the appropriate model out of pooled,random,and fixed effect.A dummy variable panel regression model adopted to study the war effect,considering 2009 as the structural year.Findings revealed that return on assets as a proxy for bank efficiency has a significant negative influence,while non-interest income as a proxy for income diversity is positively correlated with non-performing loans of systemically important banks.Both real gross domestic products and lending rates were highly significant in both bank types.On contrary with literature,growth in bank branches is negatively correlated.Public banks do not account for higher level of non-performing loans compared to their private counterpart.Finally,it was identified that civil war had an effect on the level of non-performing loans in commercial banks.The research would have benefited if the analysis is carried out among classified types of loans offered by commercial banks.Future researchers should involve in identifying the most significant contributing loan type to the non-performing loans and its determinants.This study is one of the few studies which have investigated the causes of non-performing loans in the commercial banking industry in Sri Lanka.The analysis of civil war and its impact on non-performing loans is the first study of that nature to be conducted in the context.

Loans to Foreign-Funded Enterprises

With the implementation of the opening policy, the Bank of China(BOC) started lending to foreignfunded enterprises early in the 1980s. At the end of 1993, 50 percent of foreignfunded enterprise had opened accounts with the BOC. BOC has made US dollar loans worth $16.8 billion, and RMB ioans of ￥ 135.55 billion to

Research in the Securitization of the Non-performing Loans of China＇s State-owned Banks

In this paper, through analyzing the necessity of the securitization of the non-performing loans of China＇s state-owned banks, the author proposes some tentative ideas for the securitization of the non-performing loans and works out some problems that need to be solved in this process.

World Bank loans help ease Central China's power Supply Shortage

Central China’s power sup-ply will get a major boostfrom the expansion of Henan Province’sYanshi Thermal Power Plant --a project involving $180 million worth of WorldBank loans. Yanshi Plant is situated on thesouth bank of Yellow River, about 30 kmeast of Luoyang Municipality. Once com-pleted at the end of 1995, the plant willboast an installed capacity of 1000 MW,

Predictive Modeling and Expectable Loss Analysis for Borrower Defaults of Mortgage Loans

Home mortgage loan lending firms are exposed to many business risks.This paper focuses on the mortgage loan borrower risks and proposes a prospective loss analysis approach in regard to loan repayment defaults of borrowers.For this purpose,a predictive modeling is presented in three stages.In the first stage,occurrence of borrower defaults in a mortgage loans portfolio is modeled through the generalized linear models(GLMs)type regressions for which we specify a logistic distribution for default events.The second stage of modeling develops a survival analysis in order to estimate survival probability and hazard rate functions for individual loans.Ultimately,an expectable loss amount model is presented in the third stage as a function of conditional survival probabilities and corresponding hazard rates at loan levels.Throughout all modeling stages,a large and real data set is used as an empirical analysis case by which detailed interpretations and practical implications of the obtained results are stated.

Non-performing Loans in Turkish Banking Sector and Balance Sheets Effects

In the 21st century, while the scope of banking activities has been expanding every day, collecting deposits and providing credit remain as their main and most important functions. They transfer the collected funds thanks to the market confidence they create back to the market in terms of the credits they give. For the organizations operating in the banking sector, crediting is the highest revenue earning source. However, uncollected loans may disrupt the activities of banks and may reduce their effectiveness. Therefore, the control of bank credits has a particular importance in the bank balance sheets. In this study, the relationship between bank balance sheets and non-performing loans （NPL） will be analyzed using Granger causality test and vector autoregressive （VAR） method. This study aims to discuss the impact of NPL on balance sheets and contribute to making correct credit decisions. It also intends to assist to reduce the NPL ratios of banks and minimize the level of negativity in their financial statements.

Guidelines Procurement under IBRD Loans and IDA Credits

I. INTRODUCTIONPurpose1.1 The purpose of these Guidelines is to informthose carrying out a project that is financed in wholeor in part by a loan from the International Bank forReconstruction and Development (IBRD) or a creditfrom the International Development Association(IDA), of the arrangements to be made for procur-ing the goods and works (including relatedservices) required for the project. The Loan Agree-ment governs the legal relationships between the Bor-rower and the Bank, and the Guidelines are made ap-plicable to procurement of goods and works for theproject, as provided in the agreement. The rightsand obligations of the Borrower and the providers ofgoods and works for the project are governed by thebidding documents, and by the contracts signed bythe Borrower with the providers of goods and works,and not by these Guidelines or the Loan Agreements.No party other than the parties to the Loan Agree-ment shall derive any rights therefrom or have anyclaim to loan proceeds.

家庭贷款对在婚育龄女性生育意愿影响的实证分析

目前我国育龄妇女生育水平低,总和生育率远低于世代更替水平,“三孩”生育政策的实施还需要相关配套政策的进一步完善。影响育龄女性生育意愿的因素很多,本研究基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,探析家庭贷款对在婚育龄女性生育意愿的影响及生育观的中介效应。研究发现在婚育龄女性平均家庭贷款金额为6.11万元,其中住房贷款占比超过80%,其他贷款占比较小;在婚育龄女性的平均生育意愿为1.93,其中有房贷的生育意愿为1.84,有其他贷款的生育意愿为1.97。通过使用有序Logistic模型分析家庭贷款对在婚育龄女性的生育意愿的影响,结果表明住房贷款对生育意愿具有显著的负向影响;与无住房贷款相比,有住房贷款的在婚育龄女性的多孩生育意愿下降了19.3%。通过替换核心解释变量进行稳健性检验,分析结果不仅验证了基本回归的可靠性,还验证了住房贷款金额越大,在婚育龄女性生育意愿越低。住房贷款影响在婚育龄女性的生育意愿,是因为在家庭收入一定的情况下,住房贷款对生育支出具有挤出效应。异质性分析表明住房贷款对非农业户籍在婚育龄女性的生育意愿的负向影响更大,除房贷外的其他贷款对农业户籍在婚育龄女性的生育意愿有正向影响。造成这种异质性的原因是非农业户籍住房贷款金额较高,对生育支出的挤出效应更大;而农业户籍的其他贷款金额较小,有助于提高家庭当期收入和未来收入预期,对生育支出有一定的支持效应。生育观在住房贷款与生育意愿的关系中具有明显的中介效应,住房贷款通过影响在婚育龄女性生育观进而降低在婚育龄女性的生育意愿,中介效应占比14.03%。这是因为住房贷款能帮助年轻人建立核心小家庭,阻隔长辈传统生育观的代际传递,接受少生优生的现代生育观。为提高育龄女性的生育意愿,建议全社会加强生育支持,降低生育成本;满足育儿需求,缓解女性家庭与工作的冲突;拓宽女性就业渠道,助力增收创收;降低房贷压力,强化住房保障支持;增加农村小额贷款供给,完善农村金融服务体系。

银行科技贷款对创新质量的影响机制及效应研究

银行科技贷款作为科技金融的重要组成部分之一,对企业创新质量的提高具有至关重要的作用。本文基于高科技产业面板数据,构建了银行科技贷款对创新质量的影响机制,并采用面板回归模型、面板门槛模型对其中的线性关系、非线性关系进行了实证研究。研究发现,银行科技贷款总体上对创新质量产生正向影响。银行科技贷款水平较低时,其对创新质量的促进作用较大;企业创新质量水平较低时,银行科技贷款对创新质量的促进作用不足。随着企业研发经费投入水平由低到高,银行科技贷款对创新质量的贡献呈“U”型。因此,为实现企业创新质量的提高,应优化研发经费来源配置。

中国绿色信贷发展状况、基本特征与政策建议

绿色信贷市场是中国绿色金融体系中发展最早、规模最大的市场,在支持绿色领域融资、推动“双碳”目标实现的过程中将发挥举足轻重的作用。目前全球尚无绿色信贷的统一标准,国内外标准各有侧重。近年来中国的绿色信贷市场快速发展,其规模、增速及占总贷款的比重均持续攀升。从结构特征看,其资金主要投向绿色交通运输和清洁能源领域,参与机构从大型银行拓展到中小银行。从变化趋势看,其政策目标从号召引导过渡到制度规范,政策重点措施从限制性转变为鼓励性,产品类别从单一化发展到多样化,绿色信贷市场逐渐走向规范和完善。但是,当前中国绿色信贷市场在制度环境、激励约束、信息披露监管等方面仍存在一些缺陷。基于上述分析,提出促进中国绿色信贷市场发展的四点建议:促进绿色信贷制度的完善,加大政策激励与支持的力度,加快数据与信息披露体系建设,加强全流程的跟踪监管。

中小企业融资难背景下的商业银行信用风险缓释行为研究:信用风险转移or贷款出售?

在面临高风险的中小企业贷款时,商业银行如何签订信用衍生产品合约来缓解自身信用风险,进而在支持中小企业和民营企业融资时实现自身的最大效用,成为商业银行支持中小企业融资需要重点考虑的问题。本文将信用风险转移工具与贷款出售相结合,比较了存在道德风险与不存在道德风险情况下商业银行的效用差异。理论模型分析表明,当不存在道德风险时,贷款出售市场会保证商业银行实现贷款的期望收益;但监管成本的存在使得信用风险转移工具的使用效用低于贷款的预期收益,且合约支付没有呈现出状态分离特征,商业银行会倾向于使用贷款出售来转移信用风险。在存在道德风险时,贷款出售市场并没有完全对冲商业银行的信用风险;而对于信用风险转移工具而言,当信用风险缓释工具卖方资产管理能力非常强,且大于监管惩罚的期望值时,商业银行能够获得高于贷款预期收益的效用,信用风险转移工具是更优的选择。