Reliability Growth Modeling and Optimal Release Policy Under Fuzzy Environment of an N-version Programming System Incorporating the Effect of Fault Removal Efficiency

Failure of a safety critical system can lead to big losses. Very high software reliability is required for automating the working of systems such as aircraft controller and nuclear reactor controller software systems. Fault-tolerant softwares are used to increase the overall reliability of software systems. Fault tolerance is achieved using the fault-tolerant schemes such as fault recovery （recovery block scheme）, fault masking （N-version programming （NVP）） or a combination of both （Hybrid scheme）. These softwares incorporate the ability of system survival even on a failure. Many researchers in the field of software engineering have done excellent work to study the reliability of fault-tolerant systems. Most of them consider the stable system reliability. Few attempts have been made in reliability modeling to study the reliability growth for an NVP system. Recently, a model was proposed to analyze the reliability growth of an NVP system incorporating the effect of fault removal efficiency. In this model, a proportion of the number of failures is assumed to be a measure of fault generation while an appropriate measure of fault generation should be the proportion of faults removed. In this paper, we first propose a testing efficiency model incorporating the effect of imperfect fault debugging and error generation. Using this model, a software reliability growth model （SRGM） is developed to model the reliability growth of an NVP system. The proposed model is useful for practical applications and can provide the measures of debugging effectiveness and additional workload or skilled professional required. It is very important for a developer to determine the optimal release time of the software to improve its performance in terms of competition and cost. In this paper, we also formulate the optimal software release time problem for a 3VP system under fuzzy environment and discuss a the fuzzy optimization technique for solving the problem with a numerical illustration.

Optimal Static Partition Configuration in ARINC653 System

ARINC653 systems, which have been widely used in avionics industry, are an important class of safety-critical applications. Partitions are the core concept in the Arinc653 system architecture. Due to the existence of partitions, the system designer must allocate adequate time slots statically to each partition in the design phase. Although some time slot allocation policies could be borrowed from task scheduling policies, no existing literatures give an optimal allocation policy. In this paper, we present a partition configuration policy and prove that this policy is optimal in the sense that if this policy fails to configure adequate time slots to each partition, nor do other policies. Then, by simulation, we show the effects of different partition configuration policies on time slot allocation of partitions and task response time, respectively.

Delayed seed dispersal species and related traits in the desert of the United Arab Emirates

The ability of plants to safely retain seeds in the mother plant is an adaptive mechanism described in many desert plants.However,research about delayed seed dispersal species in the desert of the United Arab Emirates(UAE)is lacking.This study aims to identify these delayed seed dispersal species and assess the relationships of the presence of delayed seed dispersal with plant growth form,habit,spatial dispersal,antitelechoric mechanism,and seed release time.The relationships between the presence of delayed seed dispersal and the above studied traits were assessed by using the Pearson Chi-square test and Nonlinear Principal Components Analysis(NLPCA).Results showed that a total of 46 delayed seed dispersal species were recorded(15.0%of 307 studied species)and the highest incidence occurred in the Fabaceae family(17.4%).Delayed seed dispersal species were predominantly perennial plants(73.9%)with spatial restricted dispersal(67.4%),which released seed in the dry season(45.7%).The dominant groups of delayed seed dispersal species were persistent fruits species and synaptospermy(28.3%).All graminoids showed persistent lignified fruits,while prostrate annuals were basicarpic species with myxospermy.Sandy habitats had the highest number of delayed seed dispersal species(54.3%),whereas salt flats had the lowest(23.9%).In the desert of the UAE,delayed seed dispersal species spread seeds until the end of the dry and windy season,thus breaking seed dormancy at this time and ensuring seed germination in the next arrival of the rainy season.This morphological and ecological adaptation of delayed dispersal species is essential to the survival and sustainable development of vegetation in desert environments.

Scheduling Jobs with Release and Delivery Times Subject to Nested Eligibility Constraints

The problem of scheduling jobs with release and delivery time subject to machine eligibility constraints is considered.The eligible sets of the jobs are nested,and pre-emptions are not allowed.The goal is to minimize the maximum delivery completion time,i.e.,the time by which all jobs are delivered.For the special case of equal release time,a 2-approximation algorithm is presented whose running time depends linearly on the number of jobs.For the general case of unequal release time,a polynomial time approximation scheme is derived.

SiZer for exploration of inhomogeneous structure in temporal distribution of earth-quakes

In this paper, the inhomogeneous structure of generalized seismic strain release time series (GSSRTS) of earth- quakes in East, West China and their subtectonic regions as Xinjiang, Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau, Northeast China, North China, South China and Taiwan have been analyzed by using the method of significant analysis on zero crossings of derivatives (SiZer). Results show that when index η for estimating GSSRTS is close to zero and bandwidth is large enough, GSSRTSs feature significant increasing in Xinjiang, Northeast China, South China and Taiwan tectonic regions and decreasing in Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan Platean) and North China tectonic regions from January 1, 1970 to January 1, 2000. While with the dwindling of bandwidth GSSRTSs in all the above tec- tonic regions characterize clustering, that is to say, significant increasing and decreasing emerge alternatively. When η is large enough, GSSRTSs would have no significant statistical variation in most of above tectonic regions except Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan Platean) and Taiwan where significant increasing or decreasing hold in several time intervals within limited bandwidths.

A Cooperated Imperialist Competitive Algorithm for Unrelated Parallel Batch Machine Scheduling Problem

This study focuses on the scheduling problem of unrelated parallel batch processing machines(BPM)with release times,a scenario derived from the moulding process in a foundry.In this process,a batch is initially formed,placed in a sandbox,and then the sandbox is positioned on a BPM formoulding.The complexity of the scheduling problem increases due to the consideration of BPM capacity and sandbox volume.To minimize the makespan,a new cooperated imperialist competitive algorithm(CICA)is introduced.In CICA,the number of empires is not a parameter,and four empires aremaintained throughout the search process.Two types of assimilations are achieved:The strongest and weakest empires cooperate in their assimilation,while the remaining two empires,having a close normalization total cost,combine in their assimilation.A new form of imperialist competition is proposed to prevent insufficient competition,and the unique features of the problem are effectively utilized.Computational experiments are conducted across several instances,and a significant amount of experimental results show that the newstrategies of CICAare effective,indicating promising advantages for the considered BPMscheduling problems.

“Five-Year Plan” for State-Level Municipal Infrastructure Released for the First Time

The“13th Five-Year Plan”for the Construction of Municipal Infrastructures in Cities of China that was compiled by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and the National Development and Reform Commission was released for enforcement on May 26,2017.It is a first state-level and comprehensive plan for municipal infrastructures construction,which changes the conventional method of compiling different plans in different domains.As a systematic integration of