The 2023 Turkey earthquake doublet: Earthquake relocation, seismic tomography, and stress field inversion

On February 6,2023,two earthquakes with magnitudes of M_(W) 7.8 and M_(W) 7.5 struck southeastern Turkey,causing significant casualties and economic losses.These seismic events occurred along the East Anatolian Fault Zone,a convergent boundary between the Arabian Plate and the Anatolian Subplate.In this study,we analyze the M_(W) 7.8 and M_(W) 7.5 earthquakes by comparing their aftershock relocations,tomographic images,and stress field inversions.The earthquakes were localized in the upper crust and exhibited steep dip angles.Furthermore,the aftershocks occurred either close to the boundaries of low and high P-wave velocity anomaly zones or within the low P-wave velocity anomaly zones.The East Anatolia Fault,associated with the M_(W) 7.8 earthquake,and the SürgüFault,related to the M_(W) 7.5 earthquake,predominantly experienced shear stress.However,their western sections experienced a combination of strike-slip and tensile stresses in addition to shear stress.The ruptures of the M_(W) 7.8 and M_(W) 7.5 earthquakes appear to have bridged a seismic gap that had seen sparse seismicity over the past 200 years prior to the 2023 Turkey earthquake sequence.

Relocation of Uppermost Mantle Earthquakes in the Atlas Mountains, Morocco

Upper mantle earthquakes are usually associated with plate boundary tectonics, but rarely occur beneath intracontinental orogenic belts. In the Moroccan Atlas Mountains, earthquakes determined at subcrustal depths are a controversial topic because they are few in number compared to subduction zones and are not related to plate boundary tectonics. A recent increase of broadband stations in Morocco has revealed numerous events below the Atlas belts, thought to occur from the upper mantle. Using additional available stations, these Atlas events were relocated and new epicenter resolutions were acquired following rigorous depth and RMS error criteria. 309 events were reprocessed and epicenter depths obtained were between 31 and 240 km during the last 23 years. Temporal variations of High Atlas events appear to be continually dipping while Anti Atlas events show no temporal variation trends. In addition, a recent strong event M6.8 occurred in September 2023 at the transition crust-uppermost mantle followed by several aftershocks which have been relocated at uppermost mantle depths. These events support delamination model under the High-Middle Atlas which could flow southward beneath the Anti Atlas lithosphere, and explain the large variation observed in lithosphere thickness between the High-Middle Atlas, and the Anti Atlas. Subcrustal events beneath the Atlas may be related to upper mantle earthquakes beneath the neighboring Canary Islands which have experienced recent swarms and eruptions. This possible correlation cannot be excluded since descending and ascending material is necessary for a regional geodynamic balance.

From Poverty to Prosperity How relocation to Aktas Town is a living-standards leap for Xinjiang people

"3,000 yuan per month,"proclaimed Abdulaziz Mehmet,a Uygur worker at Dena Shoes Factory in Kargilik County of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.Why is it noteworthy?Bangkok's minimum wage in 2024 is US$327.65,while Jakarta is US$332.92.Mehmet is earning significantly more than what he would getin either of the national capitals.

Adaptive Route Sink Relocation Using Cluster Head Chain Cycling Model in WSN

Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN)have revolutionized the processes involved in industrial communication.However,the most important challenge faced by WSN sensors is the presence of limited energy.Multiple research inves-tigations have been conducted so far on how to prolong the energy in WSN.This phenomenon is a result of inability of the network to have battery powered-sensor terminal.Energy-efficient routing on packetflow is a parallel phenomenon to delay nature,whereas the primary energy gets wasted as a result of WSN holes.Energy holes are present in the vicinity of sink and it is an important efficient-routing protocol for WSNs.In order to solve the issues discussed above,an energy-efficient routing protocol is proposed in this study named as Adaptive Route Decision Sink Relocation Protocol using Cluster Head Chain Cycling approach(ARDSR-CHC2H).The proposed method aims at improved communica-tion at sink-inviting routes.At this point,Cluster Head Node(CHN)is selected,since it consumes low energy and permits one node to communicate with others in two groups.The main purpose of the proposed model is to reduce energy con-sumption and define new interchange technology.A comparison of simulation results demonstrates that the proposed algorithm achieved low cluster creation time,better network error and high Packet Delivery Rate with less network failure.

The Reciprocal and Symbiotic Effects of Industrial Relocation between China and BRI Countries

Reciprocity and symbiosis are essential to the creation of“a community with a shared future for mankind”,and industrial relocation is a key strategy for implementing the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI).This paper investigates the reciprocal and symbiotic effects of industrial relocation between China and BRI countries,and performs an empirical test using the Eora global supply chain database of 2002-2020.Our findings suggest that there has been an increasing level of industrial reciprocity and symbiosis between China and BRI countries,but great differences exist across sectors and regions;industrial relocation between China and BRI countries is conducive to two-way industrial reciprocity and symbiosis primarily through regional value chain cooperation and an increasing level of industrial agglomeration.The most substantial effects have been observed in industrial relocation involving developed BRI countries,in medium-and high-tech sectors,and following the announcement of the BRI.

Narratives of Traumatic Memory and Relocation of Victims in The Lotus and the Storm

Since the 1990s,an increasing number of 1.5 generation Vietnamese-American writers who were raised and educated in America have emerged.Their writings have explored the devastating effects of the Vietnam War on immigrants,offering American literature an alternative angle on the conflict.Lan Cao,a Vietnamese-American,is the author of The Lotus and the Storm which set in war-torn Vietnam.The novel’s main characters go through the excruciating anguish of losing families and displacement.Meanwhile,they suffered from everlasting trauma although they immigrated to the United States.This essay examines the novel’s ongoing war trauma and post-war memories,illustrates the post-traumatic syndrome brought on by the Vietnam War in the Vietnamese people as a whole,and investigates how practitioners heal the trauma.

Review of the Relocation of General Zhang Fei’s Temple in View of the Three Gorges Dam Project

As a national cultural property,General Zhang Fei’s Temple is the largest ancient architectural complex in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River.It was built in the Han Dynasty and has a long history of nearly 2,000 years.In 1994,the Chinese government launched the Three Gorges Dam project at the Yangtze River and implemented the largest relocation project for the General Zhang Fei Temple to prevent it from being submerged.The temple was relocated 32 kilometers upstream along with the local people of Yunyang County,and the historic environment was rebuilt on the opposite side of the migrant city of New Yunyang County.The temple was restored successfully and the tradition of offering sacrifices to General Zhang Fei continued in the local community.The relocation project lasted for 8 years and became the largest cultural heritage conservation project of the People’s Republic of China at the end of the 20th century.This paper comprehensively summarizes and reviews the project goals,implementation process,and project highlights of this relocation,so as to provide an important case reference for heritage conservation projects in the future.

Relocation method of microseismic source in deep mines

A new method, named relocation, was proposed to reduce the impact of sensor errors systematically, especially whenavailable data of sensors are abundant. The procedure includes evaluating the reliability of every sensors datum, processing the initiallocation by the credible data, and selecting a set of equations with optimal noise tolerance according to the relative relationshipbetween the initial location and sensors location, then calculating the final location by k-mean voting. The results obtained in thisresearch include comparing traditional location method with the presented method in both simulation and field experiment. In thefield experiment, the location error of relocation method reduced 41.8% compared with traditional location method. The resultssuggested that relocation method can improve the fault-tolerant performance significantly.

Income effects of poverty alleviation relocation program on rural farmers in China

This paper analyses the impact of the poverty alleviation relocation(PAR)program on rural household income and evaluates the heterogeneous income effects of various relocation modes,based on a panel dataset of relocated households from 16 counties in eight Chinese provinces.The results show that participation in the PAR increases the income of both rural and urban resettlers.More specifically,it has a significant positive effect on agricultural and wage income for rural and urban resettlers,respectively.Further analyses show that the income increase for rural resettlers was mainly due to agricultural technology training and that the income increase for town resettlers was attributed to medical security.For the village resettlers,policies should focus on strengthening the development of local industries and training of agricultural technologies.For the urban resettlers,non-agricultural employment and public services in the urban resettlement areas should be promoted.

Energy-saving Architectural Designs for Relocation Residential Districts in North Jiangsu Province of China

By investigating present relocation residential districts for peasants whose houses are removed for the unified planning of rural areas in north Jiangsu Province, as well as residents' feelings about the environment of residential district, main architectural structures and energy consumption conditions, the indoor thermal environment, use of main heating and cooling facilities, residents' satisfaction on the acoustical and luminous environment, major space-enclosing structures and calculation of energy-saving designs are analyzed, and suggestions are given for the architectural design of relocation residential districts in the study area. It is stressed that the relationship between energy conservation and architectural layout, orientation, lighting, ventilation, selection of enclosing-structure materials, facade, color and style should be properly handled in the planning, and the focus is to control building orientation and shape coefficient, on the basis of which energy-saving designs of windows, exterior walls and roofs can be done. Energy consumption of present residential buildings is calculated and analyzed to bring forth new ideas to the energy-saving designs for relocation residential districts in north Jiangsu Province, and establish an architectural energy-saving system suitable for climatic and natural conditions of north Jiangsu to instruct the energy-saving designs of relocation residential districts in the study area.

Relocation of the 10 March 2011 Yingjiang,China,earthquake sequence and its tectonic implications

An earthquake with Ms5.8 occurred on 10 March 2011 in Yingjiang county, western Yunnan, China. This earthquake caused 25 deaths and over 250 injuries. In order to better understand the seismotectonics in the region, we collected the arrival time data from the Yunnan seismic observational bulletins during 1 January to 25 March 2011, and precisely hand-picked the arrival times from high-quality seismograms that were recorded by the temporary seismic stations deployed by our Institute of Crustal Dynamics, China Earthquake Administration. Using these arrival times, we relocated all the earthquakes including the Yingjiang mainshock and its aftershocks using the double-difference relocation algorithm. Our results show that the relocated earthquakes dominantly occurred along the ENE direction and formed an upside-down bow-shaped structure in depth. It is also observed that after the Yingjiang mainshock, some aftershocks extended toward the SSE over about 10 km. These results may indicate that the Yingjiang mainshock ruptured a conjugate fault system consisting of the ENE trending Da Yingjiang fault and a SSE trending blind fault. Such structural features could contribute to severely seismic hazards during the moderate-size Yingjiang earthquake.

High-precision relocation of the aftershock sequence of the January 8,2022,M_(S)6.9 Menyuan earthquake

The 2022 Menyuan M_(S)6.9 earthquake,which occurred on January 8,is the most destructive earthquake to occur near the Lenglongling(LLL)fault since the 2016 Menyuan M_(S)6.4 earthquake.We relocated the mainshock and aftershocks with phase arrival time observations for three days after the mainshock from the Qinghai Seismic Network using the double-difference method.The total length and width of the aftershock sequence are approximately 32 km and 5 km,respectively,and the aftershocks are mainly concentrated at a depth of 7-12 km.The relocated sequence can be divided into 18 km west and 13 km east segments with a boundary approximately 5 km east of the mainshock,where aftershocks are sparse.The east and west fault structures revealed by aftershock locations differ significantly.The west fault strikes EW and inclines to the south at a 71°-90°angle,whereas the east fault strikes 133°and has a smaller dip angle.Elastic strain accumulates at conjunctions of faults with different slip rates where it is prone to large earthquakes.Based on surface traces of faults,the distribution of relocated earthquake sequence and surface ruptures,the mainshock was determined to have occurred at the conjunction of the Tuolaishan(TLS)fault and LLL fault,and the west and east segments of the aftershock sequence were on the TLS fault and LLL fault,respectively.Aftershocks migrate in the early and late stages of the earthquake sequence.In the first 1.5 h after the mainshock,aftershocks expand westward from the mainshock.In the late stage,seismicity on the northeast side of the east fault is higher than that in other regions.The migration rate of the west segment of the aftershock sequence is approximately 4.5 km/decade and the afterslip may exist in the source region.

Effects of Industrial Relocation on Chinese Regional Economic Growth Disparities: Based on System Dynamics Modeling

The economic growth of China has led to increasing growth disparities between regions. Such disparities are uncontrolled and are severely negative symptoms in the process of economic development. On the basis of system dynamics(SD) modeling and the relationship between industrial relocation and regional economic growth, we construct a model of the interrelationship between the two aforementioned phenomena. The model is an effective and creative exploration for examining effects of industrial relocation on Chinese regional economic growth disparities. The SD model is employed in this study to build an inter-regional labor migration SD model, an inter-regional capital migration SD model, an intra-industry SD model, an intra-regional population SD model, and an intra-regional SD model which are based on realities in labor and capital flow from the view of industrial relocation. VENSIM software is utilized to perform a system simulation based on the data of the eastern, middle, and western regions from 2000 to 2010. Results show that industrial relocation gradually narrows the relative disparity in GDP among the three regions. Moreover, the absolute one is enlarged continuously. The absolute and relative disparities in per capita GDP among eastern, middle, and western regions generally exhibit decreasing trends.

Relocation of the Yellow River Estuary in 1855 AD Recorded in the Sediment Core from the Northern Yellow Sea

Relocation of the Yellow River estuary has significant impacts on not only terrestrial environment and human activities, but also sedimentary and ecological environments in coastal seas. The responses of regional geochemical characteristics to the relocation event, however, have not been well studied. In the present study, we performed detailed geochemical elemental analyses of a sediment core from the northern Yellow Sea and studied their geochemical responses to the 1855AD relocation of the Yellow River estuary. The results show that TOC/TN, Co/A1203, Cr/A1203, Ni/A1203 and Se/A1203 ratios all decreased abruptly after 1855 AD, and similar decreases are observed in the sediments of the mud area southwest off the Cheju Island. These abrupt changes are very likely caused by the changes in source materials due to the relocation of the Yellow River estuary from the southern Yellow Sea to the Bohai Sea, which the corresponding decreasing trends caused by the changes in main source materials from those transported by the Liaohe River, the Haihe River and the Luanhe River to those by the Yellow River. Because the events have precise ages recorded in historical archives, these obvious changes in elemental geochemistry of sediments can be used to calibrate age models of related coastal sea sediments.

Fine relocation, mechanism, and tectonic indications of middle-small earthquakes in the Central Tibetan Plateau

The medium-small earthquakes that occurred in the middle part of Tibetan Plateau(32°N–36°N, 90°E–93°E) from August 2016 to June 2017 were relocated using the absolute earthquake location method Hypo2000. Compared to the reports of Chinese Seismological Networks, our relocation results are more clustered on the whole, the horizontal location differences exceed 10 km, and the focal depths are concentrated in 0–8 km, which indicates that the upper crust inside the Tibetan Plateau is tectonically active. In June2017 altogether eight earthquakes above magnitude 3.0 took place; their relocated epicenters are concentrated around Gêladaindong.The relocation results of M<3.0 small earthquakes also showed obvious differences. Therefore, we used the CAP method to invert for the focal mechanisms of the M ≥3.0 earthquakes; results generally tally with the surface geological structures, indicating that the Tibetan Plateau is still under the strong compressional force from the India Plate. Among them the eight earthquakes that occurred near Gêladaindong in June 2017 are all of normal fault type or with some strike-slip at the same time; based on previous research results we conjecture that these events are intense shallow crust responses to deep crust-mantle activities.

A METHOD OF INITIAL VORTEX RELOCATION AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS ON TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACK

Using the technique of smooth filtering and cylindrical filtering,the initial vortex circulation and large-scale environmental field were separated from the background field.Then the separated initial vortex circulation was translated and reinserted in the location where it was observed.This led to the determination of a method of initial vortex relocation.For seven tropical cyclones at 23 points of measurement time in the years of 2006 and 2007,two schemes,either directly adding a tropical cyclone bogus model in the background or adding it after the relocation of the initial vortex in the background field,were employed.Simulation experiments were compared.The results showed that the mean errors of the simulated tropical cyclone tracks at 24 and 48 hours were both smaller with the scheme of adding tropical cyclone bogus model after the relocation of the initial vortex in the background field.The relocation method of the initial vortex decreases the error caused by the deviation of the initial tropical cyclone location in tropical cyclone models.The relocation method is conducive to improving the track forecast of tropical cyclone models and has a good perspective for operational application.

A Relocation-based Initialization Scheme to Improve Track-forecasting of Tropical Cyclones

A relocation procedure to initialize tropical cyclones was developed to improve the representation of the initial conditions and the track forecast for Panasonic Weather Solutions Tropical Operational Forecasts. This scheme separates the vortex perturbation and environment field from the first guess, then relocates the initial vortex perturbations to Lhe observed position by merging them with the environment field. The relationships of wind vector components with stream function and velocity potential are used for separating the vortex disturbance from first guess. For the separation of scalars, a low-pass Barnes filter is employed. The irregular-shaped relocation area corresponding to the specific initial conditions is determined by mapping the edge of the vortex radius in 36 directions.Then, the non-vortex perturbations in the relocation area are removed by a two-pass Barnes filter to retain the vortex perturbations, while the variable fields outside the perimeter of the modified vortex are kept ide.ntical to the original first guess. The potential impacts of this scheme on track forecasts were examined for three hurricane cases in the 2011-12 hurricane season. The experimental results demonstrate that the initialization scheme is able to effectively separate the vortex field from the environment field and maintain a relatively balanced and accurate relocated first guess. As the initial track error is reduced, the following track forecasts are considerably improved. The 72-h average track forecast error was redu,~ed by 32.6% for the cold-start cases, and by 38.4% when using the full-cycling data assimilation because of the accumulatedL improvements from the initialization scheme.

Relocation and seismogenic structure of the 1998 Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake sequence

On January 10, 1998, an earthquake of ML=6.2 occurred in the border region between the Zhangbei County and Shangyi County of Hebei Province. This earthquake has been the most significant event occurred in the northern China in the recent years. Historical seismicity in the Zhangbei-Shangyi region was very low. In the epicentral area no active fault capable of generating a moderate earthquake like this event was found. The earthquake locations of the main shock and its aftershocks of the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake sequence given by several agencies and authors were diverse and the resulted hypocentral distribution revealed no any dominant horizontal lineation. To study the seismogenic structure of the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake, in this paper the main shock and its aftershocks with ML3.0 of the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake sequence were relocated using the master event relative relocation algorithm. The relocated results show that the epicentral location of the main shock was 41.145癗, 114.462癊, which was located 4 km to the NE of the macro-epicenter of the main shock. The relocated focal depth of the main shock was 15 km. The hypocenters of the aftershocks distributed in a nearly vertical N20E-striking plane and its vicinity. The relocated results of the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake sequence clearly indicated that the seismogenic structure of this event was a nearly N-S- to NNE-SSW-striking fault with right-lateral and reverse slip, and that the occurrence of this event was associated with the horizontal and ENE-oriented compressive tectonic stress, which was compatible with the tectonic stress field in the northern China.

DYNAMIC RELOCATION OF PLANT/WAREHOUSE FACILITIES: A FAST COMPACT GENETIC ALGORITHM APPROACH

The problem of dynamic relocation and phase-out of combined manufacturingplant and warehousing facilities in the supply chain are concerned. A multiple time/multipleobjective model is proposed to maximize total profit during the time horizon, minimize total accesstime from the plant/warehouse facilities to its suppliers and customers and maximize aggregatedlocal incentives during the time horizon. The relocation problem keeps the feature of NP-hard andwith the traditional method the optimal result cannot be got easily. So a compact genetic algorithm(CGA) is introduced to solve the problem. In order to accelerate the convergence speed of the CGA,the least square approach is introduced and a fast compact genetic algorithm (fCGA) is proposed.Finally, simulation results with the fCGA are compared with the CGA and classical integerprogramming (IP). The results show that the fCGA proposed is of high efficiency for Paretooptimality problem.

Moving particle semi-implicit simulation on the molten Wood's metal downward relocation process

In the case of a severe accident involving nuclear reactors,an important aspect that should be considered is the leakage of molten material from the inside of the reactor into the environment.These molten materials damage other reactor components,such as electrical tubes,grid plates and core catchers.In this study,the moving particle semi-implicit(MPS)method is adopted and improved to analyze the twodimensional downward relocation process of molten Wood’s metal as a representation of molten material in a nuclear reactor.The molten material impinges the Wood’s metal plate(WMP),which is mounted on a rigid dummy stainless steel in a cylindrical test vessel.The breaching process occurs because of heat transfer between the molten material and WMP.The formed breach areas were in good agreement with the experimental results,and they showed that the molten Wood’s metal spread above the WMP.The solid WMP fraction decreased with time until it reached the termination time of the simulation.The present results show that the MPS method can be applied to simulate and analyze the downward relocation process of molten material in the grid plate of a nuclear reactor.